442 Wet-Steam Turbines for Nuclear Power Plants
Conversion Table for Main Units Used
Physical qualities |
SI to US Customary System |
US Customary System to SI |
||
Length |
1 m = 3.28 ft = 39.36 in |
1 ft = 0.305 m; 1 in = 0.0254 m |
||
Area |
1 m2 = 10,76 ft 2 |
1 ft2 = 0.093 m2 |
||
Volume |
1 m3 = 35.3 ft 3 |
1 ft 3 = 0.0283 m 3 |
||
Velocity, speed |
1m/s = 3.28 ft/s |
1 ft/s = 0.305 m/s |
||
Density |
1 kg/m3 = 0.0624 lbm/ft3 |
1 lbm/ft 3= 16.02 kg/m3 |
||
Force |
1 N = 0.225 lbf |
1 lbf = 4.45 N |
||
Mass |
1 kg = 2.205 lbm |
1 lbm = 0.454 kg |
||
Pressure, stress |
1 MPa = 106 N/m2 = 10 bar = 145.0 psi |
1 psi = 6.9 kPa = 0.0069 MPa |
||
|
(lbf/in2) |
1 in. Hg = 3.39 kPa |
||
|
1 kPa = 0.145 psi |
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|
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Energy, work, heat |
1 kJ = 0.948 Btu |
1 |
Btu = 1.055 kJ |
|
Power, heat flow |
1 W = 1 J/s = 3.41 Btu/h |
1 |
Btu/h = 0.293 W |
|
Heat flux per unit area |
1 W/m2 = 0.317 Btu/(h×ft2) |
1 |
Btu/(h×ft2) = 3.154 W/m2 |
|
Energy per unit mass, |
1 kJ/kg = 0.43 Btu/ lbm |
1 |
Btu/ lbm = 2.33 kJ/kg |
|
enthalpy |
|
|
|
|
Temperature |
t ºC = |
(t ºF - 32)/ 1.8 |
t ºF = 1.8×t ºC + 32 |
|
|
T ºK = |
(t ºF - 32)/ 1.8 + 273.16 |
t ºF = 1.8× (T ºK-273.16) + 32 |
|
Temperature difference |
1 ºC = 1 ºK = 0.556 ºF |
1 |
ºF = 1.8 ºC |
|
Specific heat capacity, |
1 kJ/(kg ׺C) = 0.239 Btu/ (lbm׺F) |
1 |
Btu/ (lbm׺F) = 4.187 kJ/(kg׺C) |
|
entropy |
|
|
|
|
Thermal conduction |
1 W/(m׺C) = 0.578 Btu/(h×ft׺F) |
1 |
Btu/(h×ft׺F) = 1.73 (W/m׺C) |
|
Heat transfer coefficient |
1 W/(m2׺C) = 0.176 Btu/(h×ft2׺F) |
1 |
Btu/(h×ft2׺F) = 5.68 W/(m2׺C) |
|
Dynamic viscosity |
1 kg/(m×s) = 0.672 lbm/(ft×s) |
1 lbm/(ft×s) = 1.49 kg/(m×s) |
||
Temperature conduction, |
1 m2/s = 10.76 ft2/s |
1 ft2/s = 0.0929 m2/s |
||
cinematic viscosity |
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INDEX
Index Terms |
Links |
|
|
|
A |
|
|
|
|
Abbreviations |
435 |
|
|
|
Acronyms |
436 |
|
|
|
Advanced BWR (ABWR) projects |
27 |
|
|
|
Advanced gas-cooled reactor (AGR) |
24 |
|
|
|
Advanced PWR (APWR) projects |
27 |
|
|
|
Aerodynamics |
74 |
152 |
165 |
174 |
|
180 |
198 |
|
|
LSB design |
180 |
|
|
|
Alarm |
356 |
|
|
|
Algorithm |
346 |
|
|
|
All-volatile treatment |
83 |
|
|
|
ALSTOM upgrade experience (SONGS) |
421 |
|
|
|
HP and LP cylinders |
421 |
|
|
|
ALSTOM wet-steam turbines |
106 |
|
|
|
Arabelle |
106 |
|
|
|
Mirabelle |
108 |
|
|
|
Amines-based surfactant (steam and |
|
|
|
|
water paths) |
305 |
|
|
|
Annular exhaust |
108 |
|
|
|
Antirad additive |
158 |
|
|
|
APR1400 reactor |
28 |
|
|
|
Arabelle wet-steam turbine |
106 |
118 |
152 |
160 |
|
258 |
|
|
|
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Index Terms |
Links |
|
|
|
ASME Performance Test Codes |
|
|
|
|
Code on Steam Turbines (PTC 6) |
260 |
265 |
272 |
|
Atmospheric corrosion |
305 |
|
|
|
Atomic Energy of Canada Limited |
|
|
|
|
(AECL) |
28 |
|
|
|
Automated control and information |
|
|
|
|
support (turbine transients) |
350 |
356 |
|
|
Automated control |
311 |
350 |
356 |
|
turbine operating conditions |
350 |
|
|
|
turbine transients |
350 |
356 |
|
|
information support |
350 |
356 |
|
|
automaton system |
367 |
|
|
|
Automaton system (start-up control) |
367 |
|
|
|
B |
|
|
|
|
Backpressure |
155 |
169 |
|
|
Base load mode |
16 |
154 |
233 |
242 |
|
258 |
276 |
|
|
Basement condenser |
133 |
|
|
|
Baumann factor/rule |
69 |
80 |
116 |
|
Bearings (turbine design) |
122 |
124 |
157 |
|
Bending stress |
167 |
|
|
|
Blade damages |
296 |
|
|
|
Blade erosion |
105 |
190 |
255 |
409 |
protection |
190 |
|
|
|
Blade length |
49 |
70 |
105 |
118 |
|
161 |
171 |
189 |
|
design |
161 |
|
|
|
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Index Terms |
Links |
|
|
|
Blade profile/shape |
65 |
71 |
174 |
187 |
|
195 |
|
|
|
bowed |
71 |
187 |
|
|
curved |
71 |
187 |
|
|
inclined |
71 |
187 |
|
|
free-standing |
174 |
|
|
|
radial |
187 |
|
|
|
furrowed |
195 |
|
|
|
Blade repair |
398 |
|
|
|
Blade root |
170 |
292 |
|
|
fork-shaped |
170 |
|
|
|
Blade row |
54 |
|
|
|
Blade stress |
170 |
|
|
|
Blading |
40 |
49 |
54 |
65 |
|
70 |
104 |
111 |
118 |
|
136 |
140 |
161 |
255 |
|
292 |
296 |
398 |
409 |
last stage blades |
40 |
49 |
65 |
70 |
|
104 |
111 |
118 |
161 |
|
255 |
409 |
|
|
length |
49 |
70 |
105 |
118 |
|
161 |
171 |
|
|
blade row |
54 |
|
|
|
profile/shape |
65 |
71 |
174 |
187 |
|
195 |
|
|
|
impulse-type turbine |
73 |
136 |
140 |
|
reaction-type turbine |
73 |
136 |
140 |
|
erosion |
105 |
255 |
409 |
|
design |
136 |
161 |
|
|
stress |
170 |
|
|
|
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Index Terms |
Links |
|
|
|
Blading (Cont.) |
|
|
|
|
root |
170 |
292 |
|
|
damages |
296 |
|
|
|
repair |
398 |
|
|
|
Bleedings |
39 |
53 |
129 |
199 |
Boiling water reactor (BWR) |
xxx |
18 |
27 |
46 |
|
102 |
104 |
143 |
|
advanced BWR projects |
27 |
|
|
|
Bored rotor |
122 |
124 |
|
|
Bucket profile/shape |
140 |
187 |
|
|
curved |
140 |
|
|
|
radial |
187 |
|
|
|
Butterfly cylinder arrangement |
127 |
|
|
|
Butterfly valve |
148 |
151 |
155 |
|
Bypass valve |
155 |
|
|
|
C |
|
|
|
|
Calandria |
21 |
|
|
|
Campbell diagram |
176 |
178 |
|
|
Canada deuterium uranium PWR |
|
|
|
|
(CANDU) |
xxx |
21 |
28 |
|
CANDU 6 reactor |
28 |
|
|
|
NG-CANDU |
28 |
|
|
|
Capacity factor |
13 |
233 |
|
|
Carbon dioxide |
xxxi |
10 |
24 |
26 |
Casing flange |
337 |
|
|
|
Cathode ray tube (CRT) |
357 |
|
|
|
Centrifugal stress |
124 |
161 |
167 |
171 |
|
245 |
|
|
|
Centrifugation |
195 |
|
|
|
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Index Terms |
Links |
|
|
|
Channel reactor of large capacity |
|
|
|
|
(RBMK) |
22 |
29 |
102 |
143 |
Chernobyl catastrophe (1986) |
xxx |
xxxiv |
23 |
|
Chevron/chevron plate |
206 |
208 |
|
|
Chromium |
191 |
|
|
|
Chromium steel |
145 |
|
|
|
Coal fuel |
xxxi |
45 |
104 |
|
Cobalt |
191 |
|
|
|
Cold start-up |
352 |
|
|
|
Commercial nuclear plant (first) |
1 |
|
|
|
Common saddle valve unit |
148 |
150 |
|
|
Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) |
xxxiii |
72 |
131 |
400 |
|
424 |
|
|
|
Condensate sampling/analysis |
83 |
|
|
|
Condensation |
55 |
73 |
83 |
301 |
spontaneous |
55 |
58 |
301 |
|
condensation shock |
55 |
|
|
|
Condenser |
49 |
53 |
133 |
|
cooling water connection |
49 |
|
|
|
basement |
133 |
|
|
|
Condition–oriented maintenance |
|
|
|
|
(COM) |
395 |
|
|
|
Control and instrumentation (C&I) |
|
|
|
|
systems |
356 |
|
|
|
Control systems |
311 |
350 |
356 |
|
automated control |
311 |
350 |
356 |
|
C&I systems |
356 |
|
|
|
automaton |
367 |
|
|
|
Control valve |
148 |
150 |
155 |
|
Conversion table |
442 |
|
|
|
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Index Terms |
Links |
|
|
|
Cooling–down process |
257 |
330 |
|
|
characteristics |
257 |
|
|
|
Correction (variables) |
272 |
|
|
|
Corrosion process |
42 |
144 |
|
|
Corrosion rate |
194 |
206 |
282 |
|
Corrosion resistant alloy |
145 |
|
|
|
Corrosion-fatigue and stress-corrosion |
|
|
|
|
cracking (wet-steam turbines) |
279 |
|
|
|
Corrosivity (environment/materials) |
42 |
83 |
115 |
144 |
|
194 |
206 |
279 |
305 |
corrosion process |
42 |
144 |
|
|
corrosion resistant alloy |
145 |
|
|
|
rate |
194 |
206 |
282 |
|
downtime |
305 |
|
|
|
Countermeasure (overspeeding) |
155 |
|
|
|
Crack propagation |
276 |
|
|
|
Crevice corrosion |
145 |
280 |
296 |
|
Criteria of similarity |
441 |
|
|
|
Critical elements (turbine operating |
|
|
|
|
condition) |
315 |
346 |
355 |
362 |
|
370 |
|
|
|
Cross-compound (CC) turbine |
105 |
115 |
|
|
Crossover pipes |
110 |
|
|
|
Curved-entry fir–tree root |
170 |
|
|
|
Cylinder upgrading |
415 |
|
|
|
Siemens experience |
415 |
|
|
|
Mitsubishi Heavy Industries |
|
|
|
|
experience |
419 |
|
|
|
ALSTOM experience at SONGS |
421 |
|
|
|
This page has been reformatted by Knovel to provide easier navigation.
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Index Terms |
Links |
|
|
D |
|
|
|
Damage mechanisms (steam path) |
277 |
|
|
Damages and causes (wet-steam |
|
|
|
turbines) |
276 |
|
|
steam path |
277 |
|
|
stress-corrosion and corrosion- |
|
|
|
fatigue cracking |
279 |
|
|
erosion-corrosion of turbine casings |
293 |
|
|
blading |
296 |
|
|
Data acquisition and control system |
|
|
|
(DACS) |
357 |
|
|
data presentation |
360 |
|
|
information storage/presentation |
360 |
|
|
Data presentation |
360 |
|
|
Deactivation process |
191 |
|
|
Deaerator |
39 |
|
|
Decommissioning |
305 |
|
|
Demister/wire mesh |
206 |
208 |
|
Dense pack turbine |
73 |
137 |
140 |
design |
73 |
|
|
Depassivation |
283 |
|
|
Design (wet-steam turbines) |
101 |
|
|
general design features |
104 |
|
|
influence of single capacity and |
|
|
|
rotation speed |
104 |
|
|
blading, gland seals, and protection |
|
|
|
against erosion–corrosion wear |
136 |
|
|
steam admission elements |
148 |
|
|
bearings |
157 |
|
|
This page has been reformatted by Knovel to provide easier navigation.
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Index Terms |
Links |
|
Design (wet-steam turbines) (Cont.) |
|
|
last stage blades |
161 |
|
blade length |
161 |
|
roots, shrouds, and snubbers |
170 |
|
aerodynamics |
180 |
|
protection against WDE |
190 |
|
water removal from turbines |
194 |
|
moisture separation and removal |
|
|
between stage rows |
195 |
|
intrachannel moisture separation |
199 |
|
moisture separating stages/stage-separators |
204 |
|
external moisture separators and |
|
|
reheaters |
206 |
|
references |
217 |
|
bibliography |
225 |
|
Design features (last stage blades) |
136 |
161 |
blade length |
161 |
|
roots, shrouds, and snubbers |
170 |
|
aerodynamics |
180 |
|
protection against WDE |
190 |
|
Design features (water removal |
|
|
from turbines) |
194 |
|
peripheral moisture separation |
|
|
and removal between stage rows |
195 |
|
intrachannel moisture separation |
199 |
|
moisture separating stages/ |
|
|
stage-separators |
204 |
|
external moisture separators and |
|
|
reheaters |
206 |
|
Disk-type rotor |
402 |
|
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Index Terms |
Links |
|
|
|
Double-shaft turbine |
105 |
|
|
|
Double-turbine nuclear power unit |
4 |
102 |
|
|
Dovetail attachment |
171 |
|
|
|
Downtime corrosion |
305 |
|
|
|
E |
|
|
|
|
Efficiency and heat–rate performance |
|
|
|
|
tests (wet-steam turbines) |
258 |
|
|
|
Efficiency value (turbine performance) |
44 |
52 |
|
|
Efficiency-oriented maintenance (EOM) |
395 |
|
|
|
Electric output measurement |
263 |
|
|
|
Electricity production cost |
9 |
258 |
|
|
nuclear power plants |
9 |
|
|
|
fossil fuel plants |
11 |
|
|
|
Electric-spark machining |
191 |
|
|
|
Electrochemical theory |
282 |
|
|
|
Emissions/emission control |
xxxi |
9 |
26 |
29 |
Endoscope method |
76 |
89 |
|
|
boroscope |
89 |
|
|
|
End steam pressure (turbine) |
47 |
|
|
|
pressure reduction |
47 |
|
|
|
Energy Information Administration |
|
|
|
|
(EIA) |
10 |
|
|
|
Energy loss |
44 |
50 |
60 |
63 |
|
68 |
80 |
91 |
108 |
|
136 |
140 |
157 |
174 |
|
181 |
|
|
|
Enriched nuclear fuel |
21 |
23 |
|
|
uranium |
21 |
|
|
|
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