Refurbishment 429
36Oeynhausen, H., H.-P. Classen, and J. Riehl. 2003. Upgrading the low-pressure turbines of the Emsland nuclear power plant. VGB PowerTech 83 (1/2): 85–90.
37 |
Jacobsen, Advanced LP turbine installation. 991–1001. |
|
38Ibid.
39Classen, Upgrading of the low-pressure steam turbines. 26–29.
40Marlow, B. A., and R. D. Brown. 1998. Upgrading of HP turbines for nuclear power plants. Proceedings of the American Power Conference 60: 260–264.
41Eckel, Upgrading of turbine generator sets. 376–384.
42Weschenfelder, K. D., H. Oeynhausen, D. Bergman, et al. 1994. Turbine steam path replacement at the Grafenrheinfeld Nuclear Power Station. Proceedings of the American Power Conference 56: 1522–1529.
43Ibid.
44Atkinson, R. B., G. R. Sealy, and M. W. Smiarowski. 1999. Turbine retrofit project overview at Limerick Generating Station for reliability and performance improvement. Proceedings of the American Power Conference 61: 899–904.
45Smith, D. J. 2003. Steam turbine upgrades improve reliability. Power Engineering 107 (6): 38–41.
462002. Siemens PG sheds UK staff. Modern Power Systems 22 (9): 11.
47Brown, R. D., F. Y. Simma, and R. J. Chetwynd. 2000. Efficiency improvement features of recent ABB -ALSTOM HP-LP turbine retrofit at Southern California Edison’s San Onofre Nuclear Generating Station. In Proceedings of the International Joint Power Generating Conference 85–93. New York: ASME, 2000.
48Ibid.
49Riolett, G. 1983. Outlook for the large steam turbines of tomorrow. Modern Power Systems 3 (1): 35–37.
50Aubry, Retrofit of LP rotors in Belgium. 166–171.
51 |
Brown, Efficiency improvement features. 85–93. |
|
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Refurbishment 431
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As the steam turbine turns, SCC still comes a calling. 1996. Power 140 (6): 6–8.
Atkinson, R. B., G. R. Sealy, and M. W. Smiarowski. 1999. Turbine retrofit project overview at Limerick Generating Station for reliability and performance improvement. Proceedings of the American Power Conference 61: 899–904.
Aubry, P., B. Billerey, and J. P. Goffin. 1996. Retrofit of LP rotors on nuclear turbines in Belgium. Proceedings of the American Power Conference 58: 166–171.
Brown, R. D., F. Y. Simma, and R. J. Chetwynd. 2000. Efficiency improvement features of recent ABB -ALSTOM HP-LP turbine retrofit at Southern California Edison’s San Onofre Nuclear Generating Station. In Proceedings of the International Joint Power Generating Conference, 85–93. New York: ASME, 2000.
Bütikofer, J., M. Händler, and U. Wieland. 1980. ABB low-pressure steam turbines— the culmination of selective development. ABB Review, 1980 (8/9): 9–16.
, and U. Wieland. 1991. Modern LP steam turbines (in German). VGB Kraftwerkstechnik 71 (4): 341–346.
Classen, H.-P., H. Oeynhausen, and J. Riehl. 2000. Upgrading of the low-pressure steam turbines of nuclear power plants. Power Journal, January 2000: 26–29.
Cramer, E. P., J. A. Moreci, C. W. Camp, et al. 1998. Advanced LP turbine retrofits: An economical approach to gain competitiveness. In Proceedings of the International Joint Power Generating Conference, PWR-Vol. 33, Part 2, 79–87. New York: ASME, 1998.
Davids, J., R. E. Warner, M. E. Schlatter, and L. R. Southal. 1988. Testing and service experience with ruggedized turbine designs. Proceedings of the American Power Conference 50: 65–71.
Eckel, M., W. Braitsch, and M. Jansen. 1995. Upgrading of turbine generator sets operated by Bayernwek AG. VGB Kraftwerkstechnik 75 (5): 376–384.
Egli, A. J., and R. U. Danz. 1993. Experiences in testing the refurbished LP turbines in the Maanshan nuclear power plant. In The Steam Turbine Generator Today: Materials, Flow Path Design, Repair and Refurbishment, PWR-Vol. 21, 7–19 New York: ASME, 1993.
German nuclear plant gains ‘free’ capacity. 2000 Power, 144 (5): 11–12.
Gloger, M., K. Neumann, D. Bermann, and H. Termuehlen. 1992. Advanced LP turbine blading: A reliable and highly efficient design. In Steam Turbine - Generator Developments for the Power Generation Industry, PWR-Vol. 18, 41–51. ASME, 1992.
Glover, J. J., A. Beecher, and J. Beverly. 2001. Evaluation, redesign, and repair of a nuclear steam turbine low-pressure rotor suffering from intergranular stress corrosion cracking. In Proceedings of the International Joint Power Generating Conference, 1–10. New York: ASME, 2001.
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432 Wet-Steam Turbines for Nuclear Power Plants
Groenendaal, J. C., L. G. Fowls, R. Subbiah, et al. 1996. LP turbine retrofit modernization: Improvements in performance and operation. Proceedings of the American Power Conference 58 (Part 2): 1224–1229.
Hesketh, A., and J. McCoach. 2002. Fulfilling the need for turbine retrofits which match demand on “date and duration” of outage. In Proceedings of the International Joint Power Generating Conference, 475–483. New York:
ASME, 2002.
Hesketh, J. A., H. Tritthart, and P. Aubry. 1994. Modernisation of steam turbines for improved performances. In Proceedings of Symposium on Steam Turbines and Generators. Monaco: GEC-Alsthom, 1994.
Hohn, A., and A. Roeder. 1984. ABB solution for low pressure rotors endangered by stress corrosion cracking. BBC Review 71 (3/4): 160–168.
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Refurbishment 433
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434 Wet-Steam Turbines for Nuclear Power Plants
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www.EngineeringBooksPdf.com
To my wife Lucy, our elder daughter Olga,
and to the memory of our younger daughter Irina– with love
Thee in thy panoply, thy measur’d dual throbbing and thy beat convulsive The black cylindric body, golden brass and silvery steel, …
Thy metrical, now swelling pant and roar …
And thy wet and hot breath that precipitates with heavy water dust on my hands and forehead…
Excerpt from “To a Locomotive in Winter” by Walt Whitman
www.EngineeringBooksPdf.com
List of Illustrations
Figure 1–1 |
Westinghouse nuclear wet-steam turbine (100-MW, 1,800 rpm) |
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used at Shippingport Station, 1957 |
2 |
Figure 1–2 |
U.S. nuclear power plants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
11 |
Figure 1–3 Schematic diagram for a nuclear power unit with PWR . . . . . . . . . . |
18 |
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Figure 1–4 Schematic diagram for a nuclear power unit with BWR |
19 |
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Figure 1–5 Schematic diagram for a nuclear power unit with PHWR . . . . . . . . . |
22 |
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Figure 1–6 Schematic diagram for a nuclear power unit with |
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LWGR (RBMK) |
23 |
Figure 2–1 |
Schematic diagram of a large double-circuit nuclear |
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power unit turboset with operating conditions |
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corresponding to 100% MCR |
40 |
Figure 2–2 Mollier diagram with characteristic steam expansion |
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lines for wet-steam turbines compared to superheated |
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steam turbines of fossil fuel plants |
41 |
Figure 2–3 Areas of various levels intensity of erosion-corrosion |
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processes in the wet-steam region for turbine stator |
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elements made of carbon steels |
43 |
Figure 2–4 Influence of the end steam pressure in the condenser, pc |
48 |
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on wet-steam turbine thermal efficiency . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
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Figure 2–5 Gain in the output (a) and efficiency (b) for a 750-MW |
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wet-steam turbine with three serially connected |
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condensers, related to the turbine load and cooling |
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water inlet temperature |
50 |
Figure 2–6 Configurations of wet-steam turbines with different |
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combinations of external moisture separators (MS) and |
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single-stage and two-stage reheaters (R) |
51 |
Figure 2–7 Influence of partition steam pressure (between the HP and LP |
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cylinders) on wet-steam turbine efficiency, according to GE . . . . . . |
52 |
Figure 2–8 Various forms of water existing in a wet-steam turbine stage |
54 |
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Figure 2–9 Changes of maximum achievable subcooling temperature and |
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critical droplet radius with initial saturated steam pressure, |
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p0s, and steam expansion velocity |
56 |
Figure 2–10 Steam expansion process with subcooling shown on h-s axes |
57 |
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Wet-Steam Turbines for Nuclear Power Plants |
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Figure 2–11 Energy loss with subcooling of wet steam depending on |
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pressure ratio |
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Figure 2–12 Drop paths of water in a nozzle channel depending on |
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the drop size . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
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Figure 2–13 General pattern of water motion within a nozzle channel |
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Figure 2–14 Experimental characteristics of energy losses (a) and flow |
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amount factor (b) for slightly superheated and wet steam . . . . . . . |
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Figure 2–15 |
Influence of wetness in the exit section of a turbine blade row |
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on the flow amount factor |
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62 |
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Figure 2–16 |
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Influence of initial steam pressure, p |
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0, and wetness,y |
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63 |
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on the slide factor for a supersonic nozzle |
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Figure 2–17 |
Velocity triangles of a wet-steam turbine stage for |
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steam and water . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
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Figure 2–18 Changes in the internal efficiency and reaction degree for |
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tip and root zones related to velocity ratio and initial steam |
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wetness for an experimental turbine stage . . . . . . . . |
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Figure 2–19 Changes in optimal velocity ratio and internal stage |
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efficiency for turbine stages with different median- |
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diameter-to-height ratios, depending on initial wetness . . . . . . . . . |
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Figure 2–20 |
Influence of initial wetness on changes in efficiency |
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related to different rotating blade profiles |
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Figure 2–21 |
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Influence of wetness on efficiency for reaction-type |
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turbine stages |
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68 |
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Figure 2–22 |
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Influence of wetness on efficiency for impulse-type |
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turbine stages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
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Figure 2–23 Distribution of exit wetness along the height of an individual |
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stage, depending on the coarse-grain wetness portion . . . . . . . . . . |
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Figure 2–24 Development of reaction-type, integrally shrouded |
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blades for Siemens turbines |
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71 |
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Figure 2–25 Changes in meridional steam flow behavior in LP stages of |
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ABB turbines, due to using 3-D, bowed, and inclined vanes |
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in the last stage |
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72 |
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Figure 2–26 |
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Variation in wet-steam conditions along the steam path of the HP |
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cylinder of a K-220-44 turbine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
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75 |
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Figure 2–27 |
Installation of research probes into an LP turbine section |
76 |
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List of Illustrations |
xiii |
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Figure 2–28 Typical distribution of coarse-grain water before the |
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last LP stage of a 500-MW turbine |
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77 |
Figure 2–29 Steam wetness variation over the height of an |
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individual stage |
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79 |
Figure 2–30 Wetness distribution along the length of the last turbine |
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stage inlet, according to experimental data from |
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Westinghouse (1) and AEI (2) turbines . . . . . . . . . . . . |
. . . . . . . . . . |
. |
79 |
Figure 2–31 Optical attenuation probe for measuring fog droplet size |
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81 |
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Figure 2–32 Microvideo probe used for coarse-grain water |
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drop measurements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
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81 |
Figure 2–33 Experimental distributions of fog droplets and large drops |
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downstream of the LSB. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
. . . . . . . . . . . |
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82 |
Figure 2–34 Calculated energy losses due to wetness for LP stages of a |
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low-speed 600-MW wet-steam turbine |
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83 |
Figure 2–35 System for sampling primary condensate (a) and laser |
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probe (b) for investigating corrosive properties of wet |
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steam on a model turbine |
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84 |
Figure 2–36 Content of chlorides (a) and sulfates (c) in primary |
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condensate ; variation of droplet size over the stage height |
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for different impurity levels in steam at the turbine inlet (b) |
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85 |
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Figure 2–37 Schematic diagram of steam wetness measurement |
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system (a); wetness distribution over the stage height |
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at a model turbine outlet (b) |
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87 |
Figure 2–38 Schematic diagram for measuring water quantities |
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withdrawn through suction slots on surfaces of the |
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hollow vane (a); pressure distribution along the vane |
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profile (b); relative erosion rate of the blade |
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inlet edge (c) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
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88 |
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Figure 2–39 Boroscope probe (a); inserted into the model turbine |
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steam path (b); behavior of water flow at outlet edge of |
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the nozzle vane (c) |
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89 |
Figure 2–40 Water motion on the pressure surface of the last stage |
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nozzle vane . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
. . . . . . . . . . . |
90 |
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Figure 2–41 Theoretical characteristic water flow field for LP |
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rotating blades |
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91 |
www.EngineeringBooksPdf.com
xiv |
Wet-Steam Turbines for Nuclear Power Plants |
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Figure 3–1 |
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Longitudinal section of the HP cylinder and two of |
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three LP cylinders of ALSTOM’s 1,500-MW 1,500-rpm |
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wet-steam turbine the Arabelle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
107 |
Figure 3–2 |
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Longitudinal section of the HP cylinder and one of three |
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LP cylinders of ALSTOM’s 1,200-to-1,500-MW 1,800-rpm |
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wet-steam turbine |
109 |
Figure 3–3 Outline drawing and plan view of ALSTOM’s 1,200-to- |
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1,500-MW 1,800-rpm wet-steam turbine |
110 |
Figure 3–4 |
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Longitudinal section of the HP cylinder and one of two |
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LP cylinders (a) and cross-section of the HP cylinder (b) of |
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Turboatom’s K-220-44 wet-steam turbine |
112 |
Figure 3–5 |
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Longitudinal section of the HP cylinder and one of two |
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LP cylinders of Skoda’s 220-MW 3,000-rpm |
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wet-steam turbine |
113 |
Figure 3–6 |
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Longitudinal section of Turboatom’s K-220-44 wet-steam |
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turbine, with one LP cylinder and a 920-mm last stage blade . . . |
114 |
Figure 3–7 |
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Longitudinal section of the HP cylinder and one of three |
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LP cylinders of Siemens’ 1,040-MW 3,000-rpm |
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wet-steam turbine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
119 |
Figure 3–8 |
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Longitudinal section of the HP cylinder and one of three |
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LP cylinders of Siemens’ 1,300-MW 1,500-rpm |
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wet-steam turbine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
120 |
Figure 3–9 Three-dimensional view of Siemens’ 1,700-MW |
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1,500-rpm wet-steam turbine |
121 |
Figure 3–10 |
Longitudinal section of the HP cylinder and one of three |
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LP cylinders (a) and general view (b) of Brown Boveri’s |
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1,100-to-1,300-MW 1,800-rpm wet-steam turbine |
123 |
Figure 3–11 |
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Longitudinal section of MHI’s 900-MW-class low-speed |
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wet-steam turbine |
125 |
Figure 3–12 |
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Longitudinal section and general view of GEC Alsthom’s |
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630-MW 3,000-rpm wet-steam turbine for the |
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double-turbine Sizewell-B nuclear power unit |
126 |
Figure 3–13 |
Longitudinal section of the HP cylinder and one of three |
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LP cylinders of Turboatom’s 1,000-MW 1,500-rpm |
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K-1000-60/1500-2 wet-steam turbine |
128 |
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