Operation 377
39Ibid.
40Egli, A. J., and R. U. Danz. 1993. Experiences in testing the refurbished LP turbines in the Maanshan nuclear power plant. In The Steam Turbine Generator Today: Materials, Low Path Design, Repair and Refurbishment
PWR-Vol. 21, 7–19. New York: ASME, 1993.
41Bornstein, A simplified ASME acceptance test procedure. 40–47.
42ASME. 1983. Interim Test Code for an Alternative Procedure for Testing Steam Turbines. ASME -PTC 6 -1983. New York: ASME, 1983.
43Cotton, K. C., H. S. Shafer, T. H. McCloskey, and R. Boettcher. 1983. Demonstration and verification of the alternative ASME steam turbinegenerator acceptance test. Proceedings of the American Power Conference
45: 169–176.
44ASME. 1996. ASME Performance Test Codes: Code on Steam Turbines. ANSI/
ASME -PTC 6 -1996. New York: ASME, 1996.
45Bornstein, A simplified ASME acceptance test procedure. 40–47.
46Sakharov, Heat-Rate Performance Tests of Steam Turbines
47Buzulukov, V. A., M. G. Teplitskii, A. A. Maksimenko, and T. V. Poruchinskii. 1989. Full-scale testing of the KhTZ K-1000 - 60/1500 -2 turbine plant at Zaporozh’e nuclear power station. Thermal Engineering 36 (2): 69–75.
48Konovalov, G. M., V. D. Kanaev, F. M. Sukharev, et al. 1984. Thermal tests of the KhTZ K-500 - 60/1500 turbine plant. Thermal Engineering 31 (4): 188–193.
49Buzulukov, Full-scale testing of the KhTZ K-1000 - 60/1500 -2 turbine Plant. 69–75.
50 Ibid.
51 Ibid.
52Teplitskii, M. G. 1986. Investigating the efficiency of the KhTZ K-1000 - 60/1500 turbine plant and the 1000 MW generating unit at the Southern-Ukrainian nuclear power station. Thermal Engineering 33 (12): 649–656.
53Garbuzov, I. P., L. B. Oiberman, M. G. Teplitskii, and Y. V. Flak. 1991. Experiments and calculations to determine the effectiveness of modernizing the flow section of the high-pressure cylinder in KhTZ K-1000 - 60/1500 turbines. Thermal Engineering 38 (2): 61–65.
54Jacobsen, Advanced LP turbine installation. 991-1001.
55 Ibid.
56Aubry, P., S. Bayard, and A. Anis. 1986. Nuclear LP turbine design and operating experience. Proceedings of the American Power Conference 48: 166–171.
57 Weschenfelder, K. D., H. Oeynhausen, D. Bergman, et al. 1994. Turbine steam path replacement at the Grafenrheinfeld nuclear power station. Proceedings of the American Power Conference 56: 1522–1529.
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378 Wet-Steam Turbines for Nuclear Power Plants
582001. EPRI seeks additional participants in development of turbine probe.
Power Engineering 105 (3): 18.
59Samoylovich, G. S., and B. M. Troyanovskii. 1982. Variable and Transient Operation Conditions in Steam Turbines, 2d ed. (in Russian). Moscow: Energoatomizdat, 1982.
60Arkad’ev, Operating Conditions of Steam Turbosets
61Buzulukov, Full-scale testing of the KhTZ K-1000 - 60/1500 -2 turbine Plant. 69–75.
62Sill, U., and W. Zörner. 1996. Steam Turbine Generators Process Control and Diagnostics. Erlangen, Germany: Publicis MCD Verlag, 1996.
63Arkad’ev, Operating Conditions of Steam Turbosets.
64Weschenfelder, Turbine steam path replacement at the Grafenrheinfeld nuclear power station. 1522–1529.
65Jacobsen, Advanced LP turbine installation at 1300 MW nuclear power station Unterweser. 991–1001.
66Gordinsky A., E. Plotkin, E. Benenson, and A. Leyzerovich. 2000. A new approach to statistic processing of steam parameter measurements in the steam turbine path to diagnose its condition. In Proceedings of the 2000 International Joint Power Generation Conference, 1–5. New York: ASME, 2000.
67Wesselmann, C. 2003. Nuclear power production (in German). Brennstoff- Wärme-Kraft (BWK) 55 (6): 40–47.
68McCloskey, T. H., R. B. Dooley, and W. P. McNaughton. 1999. Turbine Steam Path Damage: Theory and Practice, Vols. 1–2. Palo Alto, CA: EPRI, 1999.
69Ibid.
70 Bush, S. H. 1982. Failures in large steam turbine rotors. In Rotor Forgings for Turbines and Generators (Proceedings of the International Workshop, Palo Alto, Calif., Sept. 1980). 1.1-1.27. New York: Pergamon Press, 1982.
71 Leyzerovich, A. Large Power Steam Turbines
72Lyle, F. F., Jr., A. McMinn, and G. R. Leverant. 1985. Low-pressure steam turbine disc cracking—An update. Proceedings of the Institute of Mechanical Engineers 199 (A1): 59 - 67.
73 Krämer, E., H. Huber, and B. Scarlin. 1996. Low-pressure steam turbine retrofits. ABB Review 5: 4–13.
74Martynova, O. I., O. A. Povarov, O. A. Petrova, et al. Formation on corrosive media in the region of the phase transition in steam turbines. Thermal Engineering 45 (7): 568574.
75 Engelke, W. 1976. Operating experience of wet-steam turbines. In Two - Phase Steam Flow in Turbines and Separators: Theory, Instrumentation, Engineering, ed. M.J. Moore and C.H. Sieverding, 291–315. Washington, D.C.: Hemisphere Publishing Corp., 1976.
www.EngineeringBooksPdf.com
Operation 379
76Engelke, W., K. Schleithoff, H.-A. Jestrich, and H. Termuehlen. 1983. Design, operating and inspection considerations to control stress corrosion of LP turbine disks. Proceedings of the American Power Conference 45: 196–206.
77Jacobsen, Advanced LP turbine installation at 1300 MW nuclear power station Unterweser. 991–1001.
78 Joyce, J. S., and D. Lambrecht. 1979. Monitoring the fatigue effects of electrical disturbances of steam turbine-generators. Proceedings of the American Power Conference 41: 1153–1162.
79 1996. As the steam turbine turns, SCC still comes a calling. Power 140 (6): 6–8.
80Chynoweth, J. M., G. S. Gerzen, and R. W. Tomala. 1996. Root cause of low pressure turbine blade failure. Proceedings of the American Power Conference
58: 1230–1236.
81Kalderon, D. 1972. Steam turbine failure at Hinkley Point A. Proceedings of the Institute of Mechanical Engineers 186 (31): 341–377.
82Povarov, O. A., and E. V. Velichko. 1989. Corrosion cracking in the metal of steam turbines. Soviet Energy Technology 4: 10–18.
83Engelke, Design, operating and inspection considerations. 196–206.
84Cheruvu, N. S., and B. B. Seth. 1993. Key variable affecting the susceptibility of shrunkon discs to stress corrosion cracking. In The Steam Turbine Generator Today: Materials, Flow Path Design, Repair and Refurbishment, PWR-Vol. 21, 43–53. New York: ASME, 1993.
85 Aubry, Nuclear LP turbine design and operating experience. 166–171.
86Ibid.
87Krämer, Low-pressure steam turbine retrofits. 4–13.
88Aubry, P., B. Billerey, and J. P. Goffin. 1996. Retrofit of LP rotors on nuclear turbines in Belgium. Proceedings of the American Power Conference 58: 166–171.
89 Krämer, Low-pressure steam turbine retrofits. 4–13.
90David, W., G. Röttger, K. Schleithoff, et al. 1993. Disk-type LP turbine rotors experience. In The Steam Turbine Generator Today: Materials, Flow Path Design, Repair and Refurbishment, PWR-Vol. 21, 83–91. New York: ASME, 1993.
91 Oeynhausen, H., G. Roettger, J. Ewald , K. Schleihoff, and H. Termuehlen. 1987. Reliable disc-type rotors for nuclear power plants. Proceedings of the American Power Conference 49: 113–122.
92Ibid.
93Ibid.
94Ibid.
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380 Wet-Steam Turbines for Nuclear Power Plants
95Virchenko, M. A., E. V. Levchenko, B. A. Arkad’ev, et al. 1997. Corrosion fatigue of rotating blades. Thermal Engineering 44 (6): 464–468.
96Busse, L., D. Heiberger, and E. Krämer. 1997. Corrosion effects in curved firtree fastenings. VGB Kraftwerkstechnik 77 (10): 729–732.
97Ibid.
98Povarov, O. A., G. V. Tomarov, and V. N. Zharov. 1990. Erosion-corrosion of saturated-steam turbine plant elements. Thermal Engineering 37 (12): 643–647.
99Troyanovskii, B. M., Y. F. Kosyak, M. A. Virchenko, et al. 1977. Experience with operation of saturated steam turbines at nuclear power stations. Thermal Engineering 24 (2): 15–23.
100Kosyak, Y. F., M. A. Virchenko, B. M. Troyanovskii, and M. Y. Grabovskii. 1983. Experience with operation of saturated-steam turbines at nuclear power stations. Thermal Engineering 30 (1): 7–11.
101 Leyzerovich, Large Power Steam Turbines
102 Engelke, Operating experience of wet-steam turbines. 291–315.
103 Sakamoto, T., S. Nagao, and T. Nanuma. 1992. Investigation of wet steam flow for steam turbine repowering. In Steam TurbineGenerator Developments for the Power Generation Industry, PWR-Vol. 18, 33–39. New York: ASME, 1992.
104 Engelke, Operating experience of wet-steam turbines. 291–315.
105 Troyanovskii, B. M. 1978. Turbines for Nuclear Power Plants, 2d. ed. (in Russian). Moscow: Energiya, 1978.
106 McCloskey, Turbine Steam Path Damage: Theory and Practice
107 Chynoweth, Root cause of low pressure turbine blade failure. 1230–1236.
108 Ibid.
109 Troyanovskii, Turbines for Nuclear Power Plants
110 Spalthoff, F. J., H. Haas, and F. Heindrichs. 1976. First year of operation of the world’s largest tandem compound turbine-generator. Proceedings of the American Power Conference 38: 555–569.
111Sokolov, V. S., A. I. Lebedeva, and V. I. Nogin. 1998. An estimate of the damage to the blade surface by pitting corrosion. Thermal Engineering 45 (8): 665–667.
112Leyzerovich, Large Power Steam Turbines
113Steigleder, K., and E. Krämer. 1989. Coupled vibrations of steam turbine blades and rotors due to torsional excitation by negative sequence current.
Proceedings of the American Power Conference 51: 94–101.
114Tsunoda, E., H. Mimuro, S. Hisa, et al. 1989. Torsional vibration evaluation technique for large-capacity steam turbines. Proceedings of the American Power Conference 51: 109–114.
115 Leyzerovich, Large Power Steam Turbines
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Operation 381
116Joyce, J. S., and D. Lambrecht. 1979. Monitoring the fatigue effects of electrical disturbances of steam turbine-generators. Proceedings of the American Power Conference 41: 1153 -1162.
117 Higuchi, M., and T. Tsuda. 1989. Telemetry test of blade shaft coupled torsional vibration at the Tsuruga no. 2 power plant. Proceedings of the American Power Conference 51: 103–108.
118 Ibid.
119 Chetwynd, R., M. Hojati, and D. Pilmer. 1999. An evaluation of the limits to safe operation for low pressure nuclear turbines with low margins from torsional resonance. In Proceedings of the Joint Power Generation Conference
PWR-Vol. 34, Part 2, 395–402. New York: ASME, 1999.
120 Filippov, G. A., A. N. Kukushkin, G. A. Saltanov, et al. 1999. Preservation of thermal power equipment using reagents based on film-forming amines.
Thermal Engineering 46 (9): 789–794.
121 Ibid.
122 Filippov, G. A., A. N. Kukushkin, G. A. Saltanov, et al. 1998. Experience of commissioning the secondary coolant circuit of power unit no. 2 at the Armenian nuclear power station after its preservation using film-forming amines. Thermal Engineering 45 (5): 397–400.
123Filippov, G. A., A. N. Kukushkin, G. A. Saltanov, et al. 1997. Protection, cleaning and preservation of steam/water paths of fossil-fuel and nuclear power plants using film-forming amine-based microadditives. Proceedings of the American Power Conference 59: 936–940.
124Deich, M. E., A. V. Kurshakov, A. A. Tishchenko, and V. M. Leonov. 1986. The effect of adding octadecylamine on the structural and power characteristics of two -phase flows. Thermal Engineering 33 (9): 482–486.
125 Filippov, G. A., G. A. Saltanov, O. I. Martynova, et al. 1990. The physico -technical problems involved in improving the reliability and efficiency of thermal power plant based on the use of microdoses of surfactants. Thermal Engineering 37 (2): 94–96.
126 Leyzerovich, Large Power Steam Turbines
127 Leyzerovich, A. S. 1978. Rational monitoring of heating and control of transients for wet-steam turbines (in Russian). Elektricheskie Stantsii 6: 4–8.
128 Leyzerovich, Investigating start-up operating conditions of the K-220 - 44. 34–39.
129 Akerman, V. S., N. S. Gabrijchuk, V. B. Kirillov, A. S. Leyzerovich, et al. 1984. Results of field start-up tests for K-500 - 60/1500 turbine (in Russian)
Elektricheskie Stantsii 2: 5–10.
130 Leyzerovich, A. S. 1983. Technological Fundamentals of Power Steam Turbine Start-up Automation (in Russian). Moscow: Energoatomizdat, 1983.
131 Kirillov, Flexibility characteristics of wet-steam turbines of nuclear power stations. 366–370.
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382 Wet-Steam Turbines for Nuclear Power Plants
132 Akerman, Results of field start-up tests for K-500 - 60/1500 turbine. 5–10.
133 Leyzerovich, Investigating start-up operating conditions of the K-220 - 44. 34–39.
134 Akerman, Results of field start-up tests for K-500 - 60/1500 turbine. 5–10. 135 Ibid.
136Leyzerovich, Investigating start-up operating conditions of the K-220 - 44. 34–39.
137 Leyzerovich, Large Power Steam Turbines
138 Kosyak, Y. F., V. N. Galatsan, and V. A. Paley. 1983. Operating Nuclear Power Plant Turbines (in Russian). Moscow: Energoatomizdat, 1983.
139Leyzerovich, Large Power Steam Turbines
140Ibid.
141Lyudomirskii, B. N., A. S. Leyzerovich, and Y. V. Kolomtsev. 1979. An experimental investigation of the conditions of heating up the welded rotor of the low pressure cylinder of a nuclear station turbine when starting. Thermal Engineering 26 (11): 664–668.
142Ibid.
143Ibid.
144Ibid.
145Leyzerovich, Large Power Steam Turbines
146Teplitskii, Investigating the efficiency of the KhTZ K-1000 - 60/1500 turbine plant. 649–656.
147Leyzerovich, Large Power Steam Turbines
148Lyudomirskii, An experimental investigation. 664–668.
149Ibid.
150 Kapinos, V. M., Y. Y. Matveev, V. N. Pustovalov, and V. A. Palei. 1988. Modeling the coolingdown process in highcapacity steam turbines. Thermal Engineering 35 (4): 196–200.
151 Ibid.
152Madoyan, A. A., and L. N. Kobzarenko. 2002. Investigation of a K-220 - 4.3 turbine of KhTZ under motor operating conditions. Thermal Engineering 49 (12): 996–1001.
153 Levchenko, B. L., V. S. Shargorodskii, N. N. Gudkov, and S. A. Ivanov. 1993. No -load temperature conditions of a K-1200 -23.5 turbine. Thermal Engineering 40 (11): 874–880.
154Malev, V. V., and Y. N. Nezhentsev. 1992. New developments in steam turbine construction at Leningrad Metalworking Factory. Thermal Engineering 39 (6): 289–293.
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Operation 383
155Kaneko, R., K. Ikeuchi, A. Okabe, et al. 1990. Development of 40 -inch titanium blades using titanium alloys. In Titanium Steam Turbine Blading, 111–128. New York: Pergamon Press, 1990.
156Kirillov, V. B., A. S. Leyzerovich, and Y. V. Kolomtsev. 1979. Temperature state of the main steam-lines of K-220 - 44 turbine at transients (in Russian).
Elektricheskie Stantsii 9: 10–13.
157 Ibid.
158 Leyzerovich, Large Power Steam Turbines
159 Engelke, W., J. S. Joyce, D. Lambrecht, et al. 1982. Rotor forgings for KWUdesigned turbine generators. In Rotor Forgings for Turbines and Generators (Proceedings of the International Workshop, Palo Alto, CA, Sept. 1980), 3.147–3.163. New York: Pergamon Press, 1982.
160Oeynhausen, “Reliable disc-type rotors for nuclear power plants.” 113–122.
161Brailovskaya, V. A., V. R. Kogan, A. S. Leyzerovich, and V. I. Polezhaev. 1980. Influence of free convection within the internal cavity on heating of welded rotors of large steam turbines at start-ups (in Russian). Izvestiya Akademii Nauk SSSR: Energetika i Transport (Proceedings of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR: Power Engineering and Transport) 5: 109–116.
162Ibid.
163Ibid.
164Leyzerovich, Large Power Steam Turbines
165Ibid.
166Leyzerovich, Mathematical investigation of variable operational conditions. 20–25.
167Leyzerovich, A. S. A. S., V. B. Kirillov, V. A. Paley, and V. L. Yasnogorodsky. 1978. Flexibility characteristics of steam turbines for nuclear power plants
(in Russian). Flexibility of Large Power Plant Units (Proceedings of the VTI
No. 14), 153 -156. Moscow: Energiya, 1978.
168Kirillov, Flexibility characteristics of wet-steam turbines of nuclear power stations. 366–370.
169Ibid.
170Mizuki, F., Y. Miyamoto, and T. Seiji. Control and instrumentation for ABWR plant. Hitachi Review 47 (5): 164–167.
171 Ibid.
172 Seiji, T., Y. Ohga, and M. Koyama. 2001. Advanced supervisory and control systems for nuclear power plants. Hitachi Review 50 (3): 79–167.
173 Yamamori, T., T. Ichikawa, S. Kawaguchi, and H. Honma. 2000. Recent technologies in nuclear power plant supervisory and control systems. Hitachi Review 49 (2): 61–65.
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384 Wet-Steam Turbines for Nuclear Power Plants
174Butkus, K., and M. Pakstys. 2000. Major process computer upgrade improves safety at Lithuania’s nuclear giant. Modern Power Systems 20 (2): 45–46.
1752000. European nuclear plants upgrade controls. Power 144 (2): 12, 14.
176Leyzerovich, Large Power Steam Turbines
177Ibid.
178 Leyzerovich, A. S. 1981. Mathematical modeling the heating of steam turbine rotors for operating monitoring (in Russian). Izvestiya Akademii Nauk SSSR. Energetika i Transport (Proceedings of Academy of Sciences of the USSR. Power Engineering and Transport), 1: 123–131.
179 Ibid.
180 Kosyak, Operating Nuclear Power Plant Turbines.
181 Leyzerovich, Technological Fundamentals of Power Steam Turbine Start-up
Automation
182 Leyzerovich, A. S., A. D. Melamed, V. B. Kirillov, et al. 1976. Experience of automation of start-up operating conditions of the nuclear-plant turbine (in Russian). Elektricheskie Stantsii 11: 29–34.
183 Ibid.
184Ibid.
185Ibid.
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Operation 385
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