Design 215
Centrifugal-type devices called high-velocity separators (HVS) were developed and implemented at several French nuclear power plants by EdF, in collaboration with Stein Industrie.124 The main advantage of these MSRs is a ten-fold reduction in size compared to common chevron-plate separators due to much higher steam velocities—up to 50 m/s. However, the same circumstance, that is, the smaller size, causes larger pressure drops in HVSs, which is its main disadvantage.
Scientists of MEI investigated different kinds of external turbo separators with different types of rotating elements settled in the crossover pipes between the HP and LP sections. 125 Extensive experimental research was conducted to analyze the separation efficiency of external turbo separators, and many design improvements were developed to increase their effectiveness.
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Design 217
References
1International Atomic Energy Agency. 2001. Operating Experience with Nuclear Power Stations in Member States in 2000 Vienna: International Atomic Energy Agency.
2Stanley, W. 1969. The impact of changing economics on electric utilities
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3Moriya, K., M. Ohtsuka, M. Aoyama, and M. Matsuura. 2001. Development study of nuclear power plants for the 21st century. Hitachi Review 50 (3): 61–67.
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5Troyanovskii, B. M. 1978. Turbines for Nuclear Power Plants, 2d ed. (in Russian). Moscow: Energiya, 1978.
61997. Arabelle—A World Record. Chooz B Power Station, France. 2×1531 MW
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7Leyzerovich, Large Power Steam Turbines
8Drahy, J. 1976. Progress in steam turbine field of Shkoda (in Czech). Shkoda Review 1976, no. 11: 19–30.
9Levchenko, E. V. 1995. Steam turbines manufactured by Turboatom NPO, their specifics, and ways of improving them. Thermal Engineering 42 (1): 13–20.
10Troyanovskii, Turbines for Nuclear Power Plants
11Leyzerovich, Large Power Steam Turbines
12Petrenya, Y. K., L. A. Khomenok, I. A. Kovalev, and Y. Y. Kachuriner. 2003.
Prospects for the development of high-speed steam-turbine installations for nuclear power-generating units with a capacity of 1500 MW and higher.
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13Pichugin, I. I., Y. N. Nezhentsev, and B. M. Troyanovskii. 1990. Development of a low-pressure cylinder of increased throughout for large steam turbines.
Thermal Engineering 37 (5): 225–230.
14Kosyak, Y. F. 1978. Development by Turboatom of turbine construction for nuclear power plants. Thermal Engineering 34 (8): 405–408.
15Bannister, R. L., and G. J. Silvestri, Jr. 1989. The evolution of central station steam turbines. Mechanical Engineering 111 (2): 70–78.
16Jacobsen, G., H. Oeynhausen, and H. Termuehlen. 1991. Advanced LP turbine installation at 1300 MW nuclear power station Unterweser. Proceedings of the American Power Conference 53: 991–1001.
17Ibid.
182004. Site work underway on Finland’s 1600 MWe EPR. Modern Power Systems 24 (3): 30–34.
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19 Harris, F. R. 1984. The Parsons centenary—A hundred years of steam turbines.
Proceedings of the Institute of Mechanical Engineers 198A(9): 183–224.
20Spalthoff, F. J., H. Haas, and F. Heinrichs. 1976. First year of operation of the world’s largest tandem compound turbine-generator. Proceedings of the American Power Conference 38: 555–569.
21 Troyanovskii, Turbines for Nuclear Power Plants
22Gyarmathy, G. 1990. Innovation and tradition in steam turbine engineering.
Proceedings of the Institute of Mechanical Engineers, Part A: Journal of Power and Energy 204: 217–231.
23Hesketh, J. A., and J. Muscroft. 1990. Steam turbine generators for Sizewell ‘B’ nuclear power station. Proceedings of the Institute of Mechanical Engineers
204 (Ser. A3): 183–191.
24Kosyak, Y. F. 1978. Development by Turboatom of turbine construction for nuclear power plants, 405–408.
25 Levchenko, E. V. 1995. Steam turbines manufactured by Turboatom NPO, their specifics, and ways of improving them, 13–20.
26Ogurtsov, A. P., V. K. Ryzhkov, Y. N. Nezhentsev, and L. Y. Bal’va. 1981. Steam turbines of LMZ for nuclear power industry. Thermal Engineering 28 (9): 497–504.
27 Kosyak, Y. F., M. A. Virchenko, V. P. Sukhinin, et al. 1980. The problem of selecting speed of turbines for nuclear power stations. Thermal Engineering 27 (5): 256–259.
28 Buzulukov, V. A., M. G. Teplitskii, A. A. Maksimenko, and T. V. Poruchinskii. 1989. Full-scale testing of the KhTZ K-1000 - 60/1500 -2 turbine plant at Zaporozhe nuclear power station. Thermal Engineering 36 (2): 69–75.
29Kosyak, Y. F., M. A. Virchenko, V. A. Matveenko, et al. 1985. Turbine plants with noncontrolled pressure in the extractions for combined generation of power and heat. Thermal Engineering 32 (7): 359–365.
30 Arkad’ev, B. A. 1986. Operating Conditions of Steam Turbosets for Nuclear Power Plants (in Russian). Moscow: Energoatomizdat, 1986.
31Virchenko, M. A., B. A. Arkad’ev, and V. Y. Ioffe. 1982. The use of high-capacity condensing turbine plant as a source of heat supply. Thermal Engineering 29 (4): 188–191.
32de Paul, M. V., M. Wallon, and A. Anis. 1989. Twenty years’ progress in steam turbine aerodynamics. Proceedings of the American Power Conference 51: 166–173.
33Arkad’ev, Operating Conditions of Steam Turbosets
34Safonov, L. P., V. I. Nishnevich, M. V. Bakuradze, et al. 1981. Future 2000 MW turbine unit for nuclear power stations. Thermal Engineering 28 (9): 505–508.
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35Simon, V., and H. Oeynhausen. 1998. 3DV threedimensional blades—A new generation of steam turbine blading. In Proceedings of International Joint Power Generation Conference, PWR-Vol. 33, Part 2, 89–96. New York: ASME, 1998.
36Cramer, E. P., J. A. Moreci, C. W. Camp, et al. 1998. Advanced LP turbine retrofits: An economical approach to gain competitiveness. In Proceedings of the International Joint Power Generation Conference, PWR-Vol. 33, 79–87. New York: ASME, 1998.
37 Maughan, J. R., L. D. Willey, J. M. Hill, and S. Goel. 2000. Development of the dense pack steam turbine: A new design methodology for increased efficiency. In Proceedings of the International Joint Power Generation Conference
1–11. New York: ASME, 2000.
38 Weschenfelder, K. D., H. Oeynhausen, D. Bergmann, P. Hosbein, and H. Termuehlen. 1994. Turbine steam path replacement at the Grafenrheinfeld nuclear power station. Proceedings of the American Power Conference, 56: 1522–1529.
39Franc, J. C. and D. Gilchrist. 1994. Continuing progress and experience with turbines for nuclear power stations—Ten million hours of operation. In
Symposium on Steam Turbines and Generators, 1–16. Monaco: GEC Alsthom, 1994.
40Shcheglyaev, A. V. 1993. Steam Turbines, 6th ed., Vols. 1–2 (in Russian). ed. B. M. Troyanovskii. Moscow: Energoatomizdat, 1993.
41Engelke, W., K. Schleithoff, H.-A. Jestrich, and H. Termuehlen. 1983. Design, operating and inspection considerations to control stress corrosion of LP turbine disks. Proceedings of the American Power Conference 45: 196–206.
42Engelke, W. 1976. Operating experience of wet-steam turbines. In Two - Phase Steam Flow in Turbines and Separators: Theory, Instrumentation,
Engineering, ed. M. J. Moore and C. H. Sieverding, 291–315. Washington, D.C.: Hemisphere Publishing Corp., 1976.
43Virchenko, M. A. 1986. Adjustment and improvement of KhTGZ wet-steam turbines. Thermal Engineering 33 (6): 297–303.
44Ryzhkov, V. K., V. A. Pakhomov, Y. N. Nezhentsev, and A. P. Ogurtsov. 1978. Steam turbine K-1000 - 60/3000 for nuclear power plants. Thermal Engineering 25 (6): 5–12.
45Povarov, O. A., G. V. Tomarov, and V. N. Zharov. 1990. Erosion-corrosion of saturated-steam turbine plant elements. Thermal Engineering 37 (12): 643–647.
46Leyzerovich, Large Power Steam Turbines
47Troyanovskii, Turbines for Nuclear Power Plants.
48Hesketh, Steam turbine generators for Sizewell ‘B’, 183–191.
49Sill, U., and W. Zörner. 1996. Steam Turbine Generators Process Control and
Diagnostics. Erlangen, Germany: Publicis MCD Verlag, 1996.
50 de Paul, Twenty years’ progress in steam turbine aerodynamics, 166–173.
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220 Wet-Steam Turbines for Nuclear Power Plants
51Engelke, Operating experience of wet-steam turbines, 291–315.
52Spalthoff, First year of operation of the world’s largest tandem compound turbine-generator, 555–569.
53Ibid.
54Fragin, M., A. Leyzerovich, and M. Shapiro. 2001. Fire resistant fluids seek to expand application into turbine lubrication systems. Power Engineering 105 (11):106–112.
55Bruns, S., and T. Cooper. 2003. Prevention of turbine fires and loss. EnergyTech Special Issue: Rotating Equipment: 18–22.
56Vilyanskaya, G. D., V. V. Lysko, M. S. Fragin, and A. G. Vainshtein. 1991. VTI fireresistant turbine oils and the part played by them in increasing fire protection at thermal and nuclear power stations. Thermal Engineering 38 (7): 38–41.
57Franc, Continuing progress and experience with turbines for nuclear power stations.
58Leyzerovich, Large Power Steam Turbines
59 Mujezinovic, A. 2003. Bigger blades cut costs. Modern Power Systems 23 (2): 25–27.
60Weiss, A. P. 1998. Aerodynamic design of advanced LP steam turbines. ABB Review 5: 4–11.
61Kaneko, R., K. Ikeuchi, A. Okabe, et al. 1990. Development of 40 -inch titanium blades using titanium alloys. In Titanium Steam Turbine Blading, 111–128. New York: Pergamon Press, 1990.
62Machida, M., H. Yoda, E. Saito, and K. Namura. 2002. Development of long blades with continuous cover blade structure for steam turbines. Hitachi Review 51 (5): 143–147.
63Bütikofer, J., and U. Wieland. 1991. Modern LP steam turbines. (in German).
VGB Kraftwerkstechnik 71 (4): 341–346.
64Kishimoto, M., M. Hojo, M. Mase, et al. 1994. Development of 3600 rpm 40 inch titanium blade and actual operating results. MHI—Technical Review 31 (2): 61–65.
65Watanabe, E., H. Ohyama, Y. Kaneko, et al. 2002. Development of new advanced low-pressure end blades for high efficiency steam turbine. JSME International Journal, Series B 45 (3): 552–558.
66Hisa, S., T. Matsuura, and H. Ogata. 1983. The improvement in efficiency and reliability of last stage blades for steam turbines. Proceedings of the American Power Conference 45: 207–213.
67Suzuki, T., M. Watanabe, and M. Aoyama. 1993. Mechanical design of a titanium last stage blade for 3600 rpm large steam turbines. In The Steam Turbine Generator Today: Materials, Flow Path Design, Repair and Refurbishment
PWR-Vol. 21, 153–159. New York: ASME, 1993.
68Ibid.
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Design 221
691995. Improved 1500 MWe Arabelle begins operation. Modern Power Systems 15 (10): 49–52.
70Levchenko, E. V., V. P. Sukhinin, B. A. Arkad’ev, et al. 1994. Development of the last stages of the steam turbines of Turboatom Research and Production Association. Thermal Engineering 41 (4): 246–251.
71 Machida, Development of long blades, 143–147.
72 Gloger, M., K. Neumann, D. Bermann, and H. Termuehlen. 1992. Advanced LP turbine blading: A reliable and highly efficient design. In Steam TurbineGenerator Developments for the Power Generation Industry, PWR-Vol. 18, 41–51. ASME, 1992.
73Ibid.
74Gloger, M., M. Jung, H. Wolf, and H. Termuehlen. 1995. Blade vibration information system BeSSI for power plant operation. Proceedings of the Joint International Power Generation Conference, PWR-Vol. 28, Part 3: 375–387. New York: ASME, 1995.
75 Shibata, M., Y. Mitsuyama, and H. Fukuda. 2000. Development of noncontact blade vibration measuring system. Mitsubishi Heavy Industries—Technical
Review 37 (3): 97–100.
76Gloger, Advanced LP turbine blading: A reliable and highly efficient design, 41–51.
77Ibid.
78 Ibid.
79Krämer, E., and E. Plan. 1997. Optical vibration measured system for long, freestanding LP rotor blades. ABB Review 5: 4–9.
80Shnee, Y. I., Y. F. Kosyak, V. N. Ponomarev, et al. 1978. The main results of developing and gasdynamic investigations of the last stage of the K-500 and K-1000 - 60/1500 turbines. Thermal Engineering 25 (9): 1–7.
81 Shcheglyaev, Steam Turbines
82 Machida, Development of long blades. 143–147.
83Shcheglyaev, Steam Turbines
84Machida, Development of long blades. 143–147.
85 Borisov, F. P., M. Y. Ivanov, A. M. Karelin, et al. 1993. Steam turbine highefficiency stage design using ideal and viscous gas-flow calculations. Thermal Engineering 40 (5): 375–381.
86Shcheglyaev, Steam Turbines
87Deich, M. E., B. M. Troyanovskii, and G. A. Filippov. 1990. An effective way of improving the efficiency of turbine stages. Thermal Engineering 37 (10): 31–35.
88Troyanovskii, B. M. 1996. Improving the flow path of steam turbines. Thermal
Engineering 43 (1): 9–18.
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89 Simoyu, L. L., N. N. Gudkov, M. S. Indursky, et al. 1998. The influence of the saber shape of the nozzle vanes on the performance of the last stage in a steam turbine. Thermal Engineering 45 (8): 659–664.
90Weiss, Aerodynamic design of advanced LP steam turbines. 4–11.
91Borisov, Steam turbine highefficiency stage design. 375–381.
92Leyzerovich, Large Power Steam Turbines
93Ibid.
94Rezinskikh, V. F., A. F. Bogachev, A. L. Lebedeva, et al. 1996. An investigation of promising protective coatings for the exhaust blades of steam turbines.
Thermal Engineering 43 (12): 990–993.
95Beaudry, R. J., and K. S. McLeod. 1992. The development and application of welded cobalt-free erosion shields for low pressure steam turbine blades. In
Steam TurbineGenerator Developments for the Power Generation Industry
PWR-Vol. 18, 63–68. New York: ASME, 1992.
96Pichugin, Development of a low-pressure cylinder of increased throughout for large steam turbines, 225–230.
97Suzuki, Mechanical design of a titanium last stage blade for 3600 rpm large steam turbines, 153–159.
98Ibid.
99Ibid.
100Sakamoto, T., S. Nagao, and T. Tanuma. 1992. Investigation of wet steam flow for steam turbine repowering. In Steam TurbineGenerator Developments for the Power Generation Industry, PWR-Vol. 18, 33–39. New York: ASME, 1992.
101 Smith, A. 1976. Experimental development of wet-steam turbines. In Two - Phase Steam Flow in Turbines and Separators: Theory, Instrumentation,
Engineering, ed. M. J. Moore and C. H. Sieverding, 261–290. Washington, D.C.: Hemisphere Publishing Corp., 1976.
102Faddeev, I. P., S. V. Radik, and M. V. Mokravtsov. “Some ways of improving the reliability and economic efficiency of wet-steam power turbines.” Thermal Engineering 40, no. 3 (1993): 187–190.
103 Troyanovskii, Turbines for Nuclear Power Plants
104 Ibid.
105 Sanders, W. P. 2001. Turbine Steam Path. Maintenance & Repair, Vols. 1–2. Tulsa, OK: PennWell Publishing, 2001.
106 Troyanovskii, Turbines for Nuclear Power Plants
107 Kirillov, I. I., and Shpenzer, G. G. 1993. Problems of steam-water separation and water drainage when designing flow path elements of steam turbines. Thermal Engineering 40 (3): 191–193.
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Design 223
108 Troyanovskii, B. M., Y. F. Kosyak, M. A. Virchenko, et al. 1977. Experience with operation of saturated steam turbines at nuclear power stations. Thermal Engineering 24 (2): 15–23.
109 Pichugin, I. I., A. M. Tsvetkov, and M. S. Simkin. 1993. Features of steam turbine design at the Leningrad Metallic Works. Thermal Engineering 40 (5): 355–366.
110 Kiryukhin, V. I., G. A. Filippov, O. A. Povarov, and V. I. Dikarev. 1975. Investigation of inside-channel separation of moisture in a multistage turbine.
Thermal Engineering 22 (8): 26–29.
111Sakamoto, Investigation of wet steam flow for steam turbine repowering
112Troyanovskii, B. M., G. A. Filippov, and A. E. Bulkin. 1985. Steam and Gas Turbines for Nuclear Power Plants (in Russian). Moscow: Energoatomizdat, 1985.
113 Troyanovskii, Turbines for Nuclear Power Plants
114Oeynhausen, H., G. Roettger, J. Ewald, et al. 1987. Reliable disk-type rotors for nuclear power plants. Proceedings of the American Power Conference 49:
113–122.
115 Filippov, G. A., and O. A. Povarov. 1980. Moisture Separation in Nuclear Power Plants’ Turbines (in Russian). Moscow: Energiya, 1980.
116Kiryukhin, V. I., G. A. Filippov, and O. I. Nazarov. “A study of the moisture separation systems of turbine units for nuclear power stations.” Thermal Engineering 45, no. 8 (1998)(8): 619–625.
117 Coit, R. L., P. D. Ritland, T. F. Rabas, and P. W. Viscovich. 1976. External moisture separator-reheaters. In Two -Phase Steam Flow in Turbines and Separators: Theory, Instrumentation, Engineering, ed. M. J. Moore and C. H. Sieverding, 337–366. Washington, D.C.: Hemisphere Publishing Corp., 1976.
118 Ibid.
119Ibid.
120Franc, Continuing progress and experience with turbines for nuclear power stations. 1–16.
121 Haraguchi, M., Q. Liu, and S. Oda. 2001. Steam-turbine equipment for inshan phase-III nuclear power station in China. Hitachi Review 50 (3): 95–99.
122 Gyarmathy, Innovation and tradition in steam turbine engineering, 217–231.
123 von Boeckh, P., M. Stiefel, and U. Frick. 1986. Experience with the moisture preseparator (MOPS) and with the special cross under pipe separator (SCRUPS) in the Leibstadt nuclear plant. Proceedings of the American Power Conference
48: 718–725.
124Dueymes, E., and J. P. Peyrelongue. 1991. A wider range of application for the high velocity separators (HVSs). In Design, Repair, and Refurbishment of Steam Turbines, PWR-Vol. 13, 127–131. New York: ASME, 1991.
125 Povarov, O. A., A. I. Derkach, and V. F. Chertushkin. 1989. The effectiveness of turbo separators. Thermal Engineering 36 (2): 87–90.
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Design 225
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, K. Neumann, D. Bermann, and H. Termuehlen. 1992. Advanced LP turbine blading: A reliable and highly efficient design. In Steam TurbineGenerator Developments for the Power Generation Industry, PWR-Vol. 18, 41–51. ASME, 1992.
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