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Смирнова С.Н. English grammar Guide for technical students

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МИНИСТЕРСТВО ОБРАЗОВАНИЯ И НАУКИ РОССИЙСКОЙ ФЕДЕРАЦИИ

НАЦИОНАЛЬНЫЙ ИССЛЕДОВАТЕЛЬСКИЙ ЯДЕРНЫЙ УНИВЕРСИТЕТ «МИФИ»

С.Н. СМИРНОВА

ENGLISH GRAMMAR

GUIDE FOR TECHNICAL STUDENTS

УЧЕБНОЕПОСОБИЕ

ПО АНГЛИЙСКОМУ ЯЗЫКУ

Рекомендовано УМО «Ядерные физика и технологии» в качестве учебного пособия

для студентов высших учебных заведений

Москва 2010

УДК 802.0(075)

ББК 81.2 АНГЛя7

С 50

Смирнова С.Н. English Grammar Guide for Technical Students: Учеб-

ное пособие поанглийскому языку. – М.: НИЯУ МИФИ, 2010. – 84 с.

Данное учебное пособие включает в себя основные грамматические сведения по английскому глаголу и систему упражнений для формирования навыков чтения специальной научной и технической литературы. Разработаны упражнения двух уровней: тренировочные упражнения для отработки умений и навыков владения грамматическим материалом и упражнения различной степени сложности для практического применения полученных умений и навыков. Большое внимание уделяется изучению общенаучной лексики.

Предназначено для студентов энергетических специальностей. Подготовленов рамках Программы создания и развития НИЯУ МИФИ.

Рецензенты: Н.А. Некрасова, Е.Н. Курашвили

ISBN 978-5-7262-1247-0

Национальный исследовательский ядерный университет «МИФИ», 2010

ГЛАГОЛ (THE VERB)

«Глагол во главе угла!

Глагол – это сила, власть, голос самой жизни. Глагол и ставит вопросы и отвечает на них, выражает чувства, подытоживает результаты, зовет, клеймит, утверждает, грозит, благодарит, превращает речь в силу, управляющую миллионами людей».

Формы английского глагола делятся на личные (Finite Forms) и неличные (Verbals). К личным формам относятся формы глагола во всех временах действительного и страдательного залога в изъявительном и сослагательном наклонении. Они служат в предложении сказуемым и всегда употребляются при наличии подлежащего, с которым глагол-сказуемое согласуется в лице и числе. К личным формам относится также форма повелительного наклонения, поскольку она служит сказуемым, при котором подразумевается подлежащее во 2 лице.

Неличными формами глагола являются инфинитив (the Infinitive), причастие (the Participle), герундий (the Gerund).

Неличные формы глагола так или иначе называют действие, не указывая лица, числа и наклонения. Они не могут выступать в предложении в роли сказуемого.

Английские глаголы имеют 3 основные формы:

I. Infinitive

II. Past Simple

III. Past Participle

По способу образования Past Simple и Past Participle глаголы делятся на правильные и неправильные.

3

Система времен в английском языке

Tenses (Active Voice)

 

 

Simple – факт

Continuous (Progressive) – процесс

 

 

в определенный момент

 

 

 

 

to ask

 

 

 

 

to be в соотв. вр. + ing

 

 

 

 

 

 

I ask

1) often – seldom

I am asking

now

P

He asks

 

always – never

He is asking

at present

She asks

 

usually – sometimes

She is asking

at the moment

r

It asks

 

 

 

It is asking

 

e

 

 

 

 

s

We ask

2) every day

 

 

e

You ask

 

every week

 

 

tn

They ask

every month

We are asking

 

 

 

 

every year

You are asking

 

 

 

 

from time to time

 

 

 

 

They are asking

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

I/he asked

yesterday

I was asking

 

 

I/he wrote

the day

He was asking

 

P

 

 

 

before yesterday

She was asking

 

 

 

 

last week

It was asking

 

a

 

 

 

last month

We were asking

 

s

 

 

 

last year

You were asking

 

t

 

 

 

2 days ago

They were asking

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

the other day

1) at 5 o’clock yesterday

 

 

 

 

in 1945

2) when you came

 

 

 

 

«when» (did)...

 

 

 

I/we shall ask

tomorrow

I/we shall be asking

 

 

I/we will ask

the day after

I/we will be asking

 

F

 

 

 

tomorrow

He will be asking

 

u

He will ask

next week

You will be asking

 

t

 

 

 

next month

They will be asking

 

u

 

 

 

next year

 

 

r

You will ask

in 2 days

 

 

e

They will ask

one of

1) at 5 o’clock tomorrow

 

 

 

 

these days

2) when you come

 

 

 

 

in 2020

 

 

4

Perfect – совершение действия

Perfect Continuous – процесс

к определенному моменту

вопределенныйпериод

to have в соотв. вр. +ed

to have been всоотв. вр. + ing

I have asked

1) сигналанет– важенре-

I have been asking

 

зультатвнастоящем;

He has been asking

He has asked

2) often – seldom;

She has been asking

She has asked

always – ever – never;

It has been asking

It has asked

 

 

 

We have asked

already – yet , just;

We have been asking

You have asked 3) this morning

You have been asking

They have asked

today

They have been asking

 

 

this week

 

 

 

this month

1) for an hour

 

 

lately-recently

2) since 10 o’clock

I/he had asked

 

I/he had been asking for an hour

1) by 5 o’clock yesterday

1) by 5 o’clock yesterday

2) when you came

2) when you came

 

 

 

I/we shall have asked

I/we shall have been asking

I/we will have asked

 

He will have asked

I/we will have been asking

You will have asked

He will have been asking

They will have asked

You will have been asking

 

 

 

1) by 5 o’clock tomorrow

They will have been asking

for an hour

2)when you come

1) by 5 o’clock tomorrow

 

 

 

2) when you come

 

 

5

 

Страдательный залог (The Passive Voice)

English Professor: “What is the difference between an active verb and a passive verb?”

Student: “An active verb shows action and a passive verb shows passion”.

Страдательный залог (The Passive Voice) – особая форма глагола, которая обозначает, что подлежащее не совершает действия, а подвергается действию другого лица или предмета. При этом лицо, совершающее действие, может не упоминаться.

e.g. Popov invented the radio in 1897.

The radio was invented (by Popov) in 1897.

Страдательный залог образуетсяприпомощи вспомогательного глаголаto be всоответствующемвременииIII формысмыслового глагола. Всевремена, кромеPerfect Continuous, имеютстрадательныйзалог.

Способы перевода страдательного залога на русский язык

I.The experiment was made yesterday.

1)

–ся:

Эксперимент проводился вчера.

2)

быть + страдательное

Эксперимент был проведен вчера.

 

причастие:

 

3)неопределенно-личное Эксперимент провели вчера. предложение:

II.This experiment was made by all the students.

4)действительный оборот Все студенты провели этот эксречи: перимент.

Особенность страдательного залога в английском языке состоит в том, что не только прямое дополнение (что?), но икосвенное (кому?), и предложное дополнения в английском языке могут стать подлежащим соответствующейстрадательнойконструкции.

6

Система времен в английском языке

Tenses (Passive Voice)

 

Simple

Continuous

Perfect

Perfect

 

Continuous

 

 

 

 

 

I am asked.

I am being asked.

I have been asked.

 

P

He is asked.

He is being asked.

He has been asked.

 

r

She is asked.

She is being asked.

She has been asked.

 

e

It is asked.

It is being asked.

It has been asked.

-----

s

We are asked.

We are being asked.

We have been asked.

 

e

You are asked.

You are being asked.

You have been

 

n

 

 

asked.

 

t

They are asked.

They are being

They have been

 

 

 

asked.

asked.

 

 

I was asked.

I was being asked.

I had been asked.

 

 

He was asked.

He was being asked.

He had been asked.

 

P

She was asked.

She was being asked.

 

-----

We were asked.

We were being

 

 

a

 

asked.

 

 

st

You were asked.

 

 

You were being

 

 

 

They were asked.

asked.

 

 

 

They were being

 

 

 

 

asked

 

 

 

I shall/will be

 

I shall/will have been

 

 

asked

 

asked.

 

 

He will be asked.

 

He will have been

 

F

She will be asked.

-----

asked.

-----

u

We shall/will be

 

She will have been

 

t

asked.

 

asked.

 

u

You will be

 

We shall/will have

 

r

asked.

 

been asked.

 

e

They will be

 

You will have been

 

 

asked.

 

asked.

 

 

 

 

They will have been

 

 

 

 

asked.

 

7

Система времен в английском языке

Tenses (Active and Passive)

 

 

Active Voice

Time Signals

 

Passive Voice (to be + ed)

 

Pre-

I ask

usually, often, seldom, every day, every week, every

I am asked

Indefinite (Simple)

sent

He asks

month, from time to time, sometimes

 

He is asked

Past

I asked

yesterday, last week, last month, last year, ago, the

I was asked

 

other day, in 1998, “when”

 

They were asked

 

 

 

 

 

Future

I shall/will ask

tomorrow, next week, next month, next year, in

2

I shall/will be asked

 

 

He will ask

days, one of these days

 

He will be asked

ed)

Pre-

I have asked

1) no signal

 

I have been asked

2) today, this week, this month, this year,

 

sent

He has asked

 

He has been asked

Perfect have+

3) ever, never, often, seldom, already, just, yet, since

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Past

I had asked

by 5 o’clock, before 5 o’clock, when he came

 

I had been asked

(to

Future

I shall/will have asked

by 5 o’clock, before 5 o’clock, when he comes

 

I shall/will have been asked

 

 

He will have asked

 

 

He will have been asked

 

Pre-

I am asking

now, at present, still

 

I am being asked

Continuous +be(toing)

sent

He is asking

 

He is being asked

 

We are asking

 

 

We are being asked

 

 

 

 

 

Past

I was asking

at 5 o’clock, from 5 to 7 o’clock, when he came

 

I was being asked

 

 

We were asking

 

 

We were being asked

 

Future

I shall/will be asking

at 5 o’clock, from 5 to 7 o’clock, when you come

 

-----------

 

He will be asking

 

PerfectCont. haveTo been+ ing

Pre-

I have been asking

for some time

 

-----------

Future

I shall/will have been asking

 

for some time by 5 tomorrow

 

-----------

 

sent

He has been asking

 

 

 

 

Past

I had been asking

for some time by 5 o’clock yesterday

 

-----------

 

 

He will have been asking

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Exercise 1. Comment on the use of tenses.

1.Nuclear power plants provide clean and cheap energy.

2.The experiments have already provided and will provide useful information for the program.

3.Nuclear power plants have demonstrated remarkable safety and efficiency recently.

4.Experiments require skill and effort.

5.The development of the innovative reactor design has required a lot of resources.

6.The problem will require further investigation.

7.Matter absorbs radiation.

8.This process continues as long as the atom is absorbing energy.

9.We are still learning about these structures, and what we have learned so far is very exciting.

10.Engineers worldwide are studying physical and electronic properties of nanomaterials.

11.Investigators have been studying the interaction between these phenomena for a long time.

12.Nanotechnology is developing rapidly.

13.Nanotechnology has been developing at a great speed recently.

14.In the 19th century scientists discovered many secrets of nature.

15.Man’s curiosity has discovered many secrets about the world we

live in.

16.Scientists have identified almost all the elements in the sun by their spectra.

17.Scientists have developed a number of theories on the structure of matter.

18.They had developed the basic ideas by the turn of the 20th cen-

tury.

19.Rutherford had studied physics for more than 20 years when he proposed the idea of the nucleus.

20.When Newton started to write his great “Principia”, he had been collecting and establishing facts for many years.

21.They had worked on the project for a long time before they obtained positive results.

22.Young scientists will have developed incredible things by 2050.

23.Have you ever wondered what you will be doing in ten years’ time?

9

Exercise 2. Translate. Pay attention to the passive forms.

1.Mathematics is used in all branches of science.

2.This method is well known and is being widely used.

3.You and everything around you are made of atoms.

4.Only part of the heat generated in the reactor is transformed into electricity.

5.Electricity is a special product, it is not stored.

6.Electricity is converted into virtually any other form of energy.

7.Nuclear energy is derived and will be derived from nuclear reactors.

8.Tremendous energy is released when the nucleus is split.

9.Light is radiated as quanta of energy, though today they are more generally called photons.

10.Radiant energy is emitted in the form of photons.

11.Many different types of reactors are built for special purposes, for example, for use in medicine, industry, agriculture and research.

12.The first nuclear reactor was built in Chicago by the Italian physicist Enrico Fermi in1942.

13.The first nuclear reactor was being built during World War II.

14.A number of test facilities have been built recently.

15.A high-tech research laboratory is being built to realize the project.

16.Fossil fuels are being used up faster than they are being replaced.

17.New generations of nuclear power plants have been developed and are being developed.

18.This value was determined experimentally and compared with the calculated values.

19.Numerous methods had been used for this type of measurements before the most efficient method was developed.

20.Since the early fifties extensive research and development programs have been carried out in many countries, much progress has been achieved and the basic technical problems have been solved. Several prototype fast breeder reactors have been built and operated.

Exercise 3. Pay attention to the modal predicates.

1.The terms must be defined.

2.New power plants must be designed.

3.All conditions must be clearly stated.

10