Смирнова С.Н. English grammar Guide for technical students
.pdfМИНИСТЕРСТВО ОБРАЗОВАНИЯ И НАУКИ РОССИЙСКОЙ ФЕДЕРАЦИИ
НАЦИОНАЛЬНЫЙ ИССЛЕДОВАТЕЛЬСКИЙ ЯДЕРНЫЙ УНИВЕРСИТЕТ «МИФИ»
С.Н. СМИРНОВА
ENGLISH GRAMMAR
GUIDE FOR TECHNICAL STUDENTS
УЧЕБНОЕПОСОБИЕ
ПО АНГЛИЙСКОМУ ЯЗЫКУ
Рекомендовано УМО «Ядерные физика и технологии» в качестве учебного пособия
для студентов высших учебных заведений
Москва 2010
УДК 802.0(075)
ББК 81.2 АНГЛя7
С 50
Смирнова С.Н. English Grammar Guide for Technical Students: Учеб-
ное пособие поанглийскому языку. – М.: НИЯУ МИФИ, 2010. – 84 с.
Данное учебное пособие включает в себя основные грамматические сведения по английскому глаголу и систему упражнений для формирования навыков чтения специальной научной и технической литературы. Разработаны упражнения двух уровней: тренировочные упражнения для отработки умений и навыков владения грамматическим материалом и упражнения различной степени сложности для практического применения полученных умений и навыков. Большое внимание уделяется изучению общенаучной лексики.
Предназначено для студентов энергетических специальностей. Подготовленов рамках Программы создания и развития НИЯУ МИФИ.
Рецензенты: Н.А. Некрасова, Е.Н. Курашвили
ISBN 978-5-7262-1247-0
Национальный исследовательский ядерный университет «МИФИ», 2010
ГЛАГОЛ (THE VERB)
«Глагол во главе угла!
Глагол – это сила, власть, голос самой жизни. Глагол и ставит вопросы и отвечает на них, выражает чувства, подытоживает результаты, зовет, клеймит, утверждает, грозит, благодарит, превращает речь в силу, управляющую миллионами людей».
Формы английского глагола делятся на личные (Finite Forms) и неличные (Verbals). К личным формам относятся формы глагола во всех временах действительного и страдательного залога в изъявительном и сослагательном наклонении. Они служат в предложении сказуемым и всегда употребляются при наличии подлежащего, с которым глагол-сказуемое согласуется в лице и числе. К личным формам относится также форма повелительного наклонения, поскольку она служит сказуемым, при котором подразумевается подлежащее во 2 лице.
Неличными формами глагола являются инфинитив (the Infinitive), причастие (the Participle), герундий (the Gerund).
Неличные формы глагола так или иначе называют действие, не указывая лица, числа и наклонения. Они не могут выступать в предложении в роли сказуемого.
Английские глаголы имеют 3 основные формы:
I. Infinitive |
II. Past Simple |
III. Past Participle |
По способу образования Past Simple и Past Participle глаголы делятся на правильные и неправильные.
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Система времен в английском языке
Tenses (Active Voice)
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Simple – факт |
Continuous (Progressive) – процесс |
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в определенный момент |
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to ask |
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to be в соотв. вр. + ing |
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I ask |
1) often – seldom |
I am asking |
now |
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P |
He asks |
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always – never |
He is asking |
at present |
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She asks |
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usually – sometimes |
She is asking |
at the moment |
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r |
It asks |
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It is asking |
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s |
We ask |
2) every day |
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e |
You ask |
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every week |
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tn |
They ask |
every month |
We are asking |
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every year |
You are asking |
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from time to time |
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They are asking |
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I/he asked |
yesterday |
I was asking |
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I/he wrote |
the day |
He was asking |
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P |
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before yesterday |
She was asking |
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last week |
It was asking |
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a |
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last month |
We were asking |
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s |
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last year |
You were asking |
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t |
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2 days ago |
They were asking |
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the other day |
1) at 5 o’clock yesterday |
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in 1945 |
2) when you came |
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«when» (did)... |
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I/we shall ask |
tomorrow |
I/we shall be asking |
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I/we will ask |
the day after |
I/we will be asking |
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F |
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tomorrow |
He will be asking |
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u |
He will ask |
next week |
You will be asking |
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t |
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next month |
They will be asking |
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u |
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next year |
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r |
You will ask |
in 2 days |
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e |
They will ask |
one of |
1) at 5 o’clock tomorrow |
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these days |
2) when you come |
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in 2020 |
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Perfect – совершение действия |
Perfect Continuous – процесс |
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к определенному моменту |
вопределенныйпериод |
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to have в соотв. вр. +ed |
to have been всоотв. вр. + ing |
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I have asked |
1) сигналанет– важенре- |
I have been asking |
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зультатвнастоящем; |
He has been asking |
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He has asked |
2) often – seldom; |
She has been asking |
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She has asked |
always – ever – never; |
It has been asking |
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It has asked |
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We have asked |
already – yet , just; |
We have been asking |
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You have asked 3) this morning |
You have been asking |
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They have asked |
today |
They have been asking |
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this week |
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this month |
1) for an hour |
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lately-recently |
2) since 10 o’clock |
I/he had asked |
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I/he had been asking for an hour |
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1) by 5 o’clock yesterday |
1) by 5 o’clock yesterday |
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2) when you came |
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2) when you came |
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I/we shall have asked |
I/we shall have been asking |
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I/we will have asked |
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He will have asked |
I/we will have been asking |
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You will have asked |
He will have been asking |
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They will have asked |
You will have been asking |
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1) by 5 o’clock tomorrow |
They will have been asking |
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for an hour |
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2)when you come |
1) by 5 o’clock tomorrow |
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2) when you come |
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5 |
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Страдательный залог (The Passive Voice)
English Professor: “What is the difference between an active verb and a passive verb?”
Student: “An active verb shows action and a passive verb shows passion”.
Страдательный залог (The Passive Voice) – особая форма глагола, которая обозначает, что подлежащее не совершает действия, а подвергается действию другого лица или предмета. При этом лицо, совершающее действие, может не упоминаться.
e.g. Popov invented the radio in 1897.
The radio was invented (by Popov) in 1897.
Страдательный залог образуетсяприпомощи вспомогательного глаголаto be всоответствующемвременииIII формысмыслового глагола. Всевремена, кромеPerfect Continuous, имеютстрадательныйзалог.
Способы перевода страдательного залога на русский язык
I.The experiment was made yesterday.
1) |
–ся: |
Эксперимент проводился вчера. |
2) |
быть + страдательное |
Эксперимент был проведен вчера. |
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причастие: |
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3)неопределенно-личное Эксперимент провели вчера. предложение:
II.This experiment was made by all the students.
4)действительный оборот Все студенты провели этот эксречи: перимент.
Особенность страдательного залога в английском языке состоит в том, что не только прямое дополнение (что?), но икосвенное (кому?), и предложное дополнения в английском языке могут стать подлежащим соответствующейстрадательнойконструкции.
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Система времен в английском языке
Tenses (Passive Voice)
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Simple |
Continuous |
Perfect |
Perfect |
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Continuous |
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I am asked. |
I am being asked. |
I have been asked. |
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P |
He is asked. |
He is being asked. |
He has been asked. |
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r |
She is asked. |
She is being asked. |
She has been asked. |
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e |
It is asked. |
It is being asked. |
It has been asked. |
----- |
s |
We are asked. |
We are being asked. |
We have been asked. |
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You are asked. |
You are being asked. |
You have been |
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asked. |
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They are asked. |
They are being |
They have been |
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asked. |
asked. |
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I was asked. |
I was being asked. |
I had been asked. |
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He was asked. |
He was being asked. |
He had been asked. |
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P |
She was asked. |
She was being asked. |
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We were asked. |
We were being |
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a |
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asked. |
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st |
You were asked. |
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You were being |
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They were asked. |
asked. |
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They were being |
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asked |
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I shall/will be |
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I shall/will have been |
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asked |
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asked. |
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He will be asked. |
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He will have been |
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F |
She will be asked. |
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asked. |
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u |
We shall/will be |
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She will have been |
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asked. |
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asked. |
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u |
You will be |
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We shall/will have |
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r |
asked. |
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been asked. |
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They will be |
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You will have been |
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asked. |
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asked. |
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They will have been |
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asked. |
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Система времен в английском языке
Tenses (Active and Passive)
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Active Voice |
Time Signals |
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Passive Voice (to be + ed) |
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Pre- |
I ask |
usually, often, seldom, every day, every week, every |
I am asked |
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Indefinite (Simple) |
sent |
He asks |
month, from time to time, sometimes |
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He is asked |
Past |
I asked |
yesterday, last week, last month, last year, ago, the |
I was asked |
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other day, in 1998, “when” |
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They were asked |
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Future |
I shall/will ask |
tomorrow, next week, next month, next year, in |
2 |
I shall/will be asked |
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He will ask |
days, one of these days |
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He will be asked |
ed) |
Pre- |
I have asked |
1) no signal |
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I have been asked |
2) today, this week, this month, this year, |
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sent |
He has asked |
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He has been asked |
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Perfect have+ |
3) ever, never, often, seldom, already, just, yet, since |
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Past |
I had asked |
by 5 o’clock, before 5 o’clock, when he came |
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I had been asked |
(to |
Future |
I shall/will have asked |
by 5 o’clock, before 5 o’clock, when he comes |
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I shall/will have been asked |
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He will have asked |
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He will have been asked |
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Pre- |
I am asking |
now, at present, still |
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I am being asked |
Continuous +be(toing) |
sent |
He is asking |
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He is being asked |
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We are asking |
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We are being asked |
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Past |
I was asking |
at 5 o’clock, from 5 to 7 o’clock, when he came |
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I was being asked |
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We were asking |
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We were being asked |
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Future |
I shall/will be asking |
at 5 o’clock, from 5 to 7 o’clock, when you come |
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He will be asking |
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PerfectCont. haveTo been+ ing |
Pre- |
I have been asking |
for some time |
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Future |
I shall/will have been asking |
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for some time by 5 tomorrow |
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sent |
He has been asking |
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Past |
I had been asking |
for some time by 5 o’clock yesterday |
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He will have been asking |
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Exercise 1. Comment on the use of tenses.
1.Nuclear power plants provide clean and cheap energy.
2.The experiments have already provided and will provide useful information for the program.
3.Nuclear power plants have demonstrated remarkable safety and efficiency recently.
4.Experiments require skill and effort.
5.The development of the innovative reactor design has required a lot of resources.
6.The problem will require further investigation.
7.Matter absorbs radiation.
8.This process continues as long as the atom is absorbing energy.
9.We are still learning about these structures, and what we have learned so far is very exciting.
10.Engineers worldwide are studying physical and electronic properties of nanomaterials.
11.Investigators have been studying the interaction between these phenomena for a long time.
12.Nanotechnology is developing rapidly.
13.Nanotechnology has been developing at a great speed recently.
14.In the 19th century scientists discovered many secrets of nature.
15.Man’s curiosity has discovered many secrets about the world we
live in.
16.Scientists have identified almost all the elements in the sun by their spectra.
17.Scientists have developed a number of theories on the structure of matter.
18.They had developed the basic ideas by the turn of the 20th cen-
tury.
19.Rutherford had studied physics for more than 20 years when he proposed the idea of the nucleus.
20.When Newton started to write his great “Principia”, he had been collecting and establishing facts for many years.
21.They had worked on the project for a long time before they obtained positive results.
22.Young scientists will have developed incredible things by 2050.
23.Have you ever wondered what you will be doing in ten years’ time?
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Exercise 2. Translate. Pay attention to the passive forms.
1.Mathematics is used in all branches of science.
2.This method is well known and is being widely used.
3.You and everything around you are made of atoms.
4.Only part of the heat generated in the reactor is transformed into electricity.
5.Electricity is a special product, it is not stored.
6.Electricity is converted into virtually any other form of energy.
7.Nuclear energy is derived and will be derived from nuclear reactors.
8.Tremendous energy is released when the nucleus is split.
9.Light is radiated as quanta of energy, though today they are more generally called photons.
10.Radiant energy is emitted in the form of photons.
11.Many different types of reactors are built for special purposes, for example, for use in medicine, industry, agriculture and research.
12.The first nuclear reactor was built in Chicago by the Italian physicist Enrico Fermi in1942.
13.The first nuclear reactor was being built during World War II.
14.A number of test facilities have been built recently.
15.A high-tech research laboratory is being built to realize the project.
16.Fossil fuels are being used up faster than they are being replaced.
17.New generations of nuclear power plants have been developed and are being developed.
18.This value was determined experimentally and compared with the calculated values.
19.Numerous methods had been used for this type of measurements before the most efficient method was developed.
20.Since the early fifties extensive research and development programs have been carried out in many countries, much progress has been achieved and the basic technical problems have been solved. Several prototype fast breeder reactors have been built and operated.
Exercise 3. Pay attention to the modal predicates.
1.The terms must be defined.
2.New power plants must be designed.
3.All conditions must be clearly stated.
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