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Отрицательная и вопросительная формы в Indefinite образуются при помощи вспомогательных глаголов do, does, did с частицей not, краткая форма: don't, doesn't, didn't: We do not write much. – Do we write much?

He didn't like the film. – Did he like the film? – What film didn't he like?

По способу образования прошедшего времени все глаголы в английском языке можно разделить на две группы: правильные и неправильные (regular and irregular verbs). У правильных глаголов вторая и третья формы (Past Indefinite Tense и Past Participle – простое прошедшее время и причастие прошедшего времени) совпадают между собой и образуются путем прибавления к основе глагола окончания -ed (-d):

to ask – asked, to change – changed, to receive – received to work – worked.

При этом существует ряд особенностей:

а) если глагол оканчивается на -у с предшествующей согласной, то буква у меняется на i и добавляется окончание -ed: to supply – supplied, to apply – applied;

б) если глагол оканчивается на -у с предшествующей гласной, то буква у не меняется и добавляется окончание -ed: to stay – stayed, to play – played;

в) если глагол оканчивается на согласную с предшествующим кратким гласным звуком, то согласная на конце удваивается: to stop – stopped.

Неправильные глаголы образуют вторую и третью формы различными способами, без четких правил. Эти формы следует сверять по словарю и учить наизусть. Для описания регулярно повторявшихся действий, которые происходили в прошлом, используются также глаголы used to или would:

I used to watch TV a lot. In summer we would get up early and go for a swim.

3. Выберите нужную форму глагола из предложенных в скобках:

1.It (is, was) Thursday yesterday.

2.Paul (drinks, drank) a cup of tea two hours ago.

3.She (listen, listened) to the music last week.

4.They (are, were) hungry after me last lesson.

5.There (was, were) no wine for breakfast.

6.Nobody (smokes, smoked) in the classroom last evening.

7.A few minutes later somebody (knocks, knocked) at the door.

8.Who (enter, entered) the room 10 minutes ago?

9.It (was, were) time to leave.

10.Mr. Snow (turns, turned) on the radio half an hour ago.

11.They (pay, paid) the bill and (leave, left) the hotel last Friday.

4.Прочитайте и переведите текст:

Today the word “electronics” is in general usage. Millions of people have electron watches. There are a lot of various radios and TV sets and tape recorders in our houses. In factories and plants we are surrounded with electronically controlled machines and instruments, we are carried by airplanes, ships, trains and cars with built-in electronic devices and satellites circle the globe. In other words, we are living in an electronic

world. And the center of this world is a tiny silicon plate of a few square millimeters, an integrated circuit, or a chip, as it is more commonly known. The integrated circuit has undoubtedly become one of the most sophisticated inventions of man, science and technology. It is the heart of every electronic device and the more tape-recorders, TV sets and computers we need, the more integrated circuits are required.

When we speak about the further development of computers we mean not only quantity, but also high technology and high speed. As the operation of an integrated circuit depends on microscopic “components”, the purity of all materials and the cleanness at the plant they are produced at must be of the highest quality. A continuous search is going on in laboratories throughout the world for more perfect, reliable and high speed electronic circuits.

In the past it took scientist and researchers a whole lifetime to make a few thousands of calculations, whereas for a modern computer this task is a matter of a few seconds. At present computers capable of performing billions of operations a second are required. Supercomputers are different from ordinary computers. The ordinary computer does the computations operation by operation, while the supercomputer operates like a brain: all are being done simultaneously. To develop such a computer qualitatively new integrated circuits were required. They are now the basic components of the Russian Supercomputer with a speed up to 125 million operations a second.

In the next few years engineers will complete the work on computers of above one billion operations a second. It will take a few more years to produce a 10-billion operations computer. The fifth-generation computers performing 100 billion operations a second will become available in the nearest future. Is there an end to this race?

According to some researchers, we are close to what can be regarded as a true physical limit. But other specialists think that photons will make the operation a thousand times faster. This means that in the future it will be possible to expect the appearance of photon computers and that computations will be done by means of light. Light has several advantages over electronics: light beams are faster, travel in parallel lines and can pass through one another without interference. Already, the optical equivalent of a transistor has been produced, and intensive research on optical-electronic computers is being carried out in a number of countries around the world.

5. Поставьте глаголы, данные в скобках, в нужной форме:

1.Today the word “electronics” (to be) in general usage.

2.We (to surround) with electronically controlled machines and instruments.

3.The operation of an integrated circuit (to depend) on microscopic “components”.

4.A continuous search (to go on) in laboratories throughout the world for more perfect, reliable and high speed electronic circuits.

5.In the past it (to take) scientist and researchers a whole lifetime (to make) a few thousands of calculations.

6.The ordinary computer (to do) the computations operation by operation, while the supercomputer (to operate) like a human brain.

7.In the next few years engineers (to complete) the work on computers of above one billion operations a second.

8.The fifth-generation computers (to perform) 100 billion operations a second (to become) available in the nearest future.

9.In the future it (to be) possible (to expect) the appearance of photon computers.

10.Light (to have) several advantages over electronics.

6.Найдите в тексте предложения в Present Indefinite, Present Continuous, Present Perfect (по одному предложению на каждое время). Напишите эти предложения в прошедшем и будущем времени.

Пример: John writes tests every week. John wrote a test two days ago. John will write a test tomorrow.

I am going to the University now.

I was going to the University at 8 a.m. yesterday.

I will be going to the University at that time tomorrow.

Ann has just done her home task.

Ann had done her home task by 6 o’clock yesterday.

Ann will have done her home task by the evening.

7.Ответьте на вопросы к тексту:

1.What does it mean to live in an electronic world?

2.What is the center of this world?

3.What definition of an integrated circuit is given in this text?

4.In what devices are integrated circuits used?

5.What characteristics of electronic circuits will be required in future?

6.What is the difference between the ordinary computer and supercomputer?

7.How quickly can a computer perform calculations?

8.What will make the operation a thousand times faster?

9.What are the advantages of light over electronics?

10.What research is being carried out in a number of countries around the world?

8.Составьте аннотацию к тексту на русском языке. Выберите и используйте при работе следующие клише:

Статья (текст) посвящена проблеме (вопросу)… В начале текста (статьи)

-речь идёт о…

-даётся определение…

-обосновывается значимость…

-привлекается внимание к …

Далее описывается…(рассказывается, рассматривается, излагается) В заключение приводятся примеры… Подытоживая сказанное, следует отметить…

Как мне кажется, статья (текст) может представлять интерес для…

МОДУЛЬ 9

INPUT DEVICES

1. Выучите слова и словосочетания по теме:

2. Повторите времена английского глагола. Приведите примеры, используя выученную лексику.

Глаголы в формах Continuous описывают действие как процесс, как длительность в определенный момент в прошлом, настоящем или будущем:

I am going to school (now). Я иду в школу в настоящий момент.

I was reading a book yesterday at 5 o'clock. Я читал книгу вчера в 5 часов.

I will be watching TV tomorrow at 7 o'clock. Я буду смотреть телевизор завтра в семь часов.

Помимо этой функции, глаголы в Present Continuous выражают действие, отнесенное в ближайшее будущее: We are leaving for Moscow in July. Мы уезжаем в Москву в июле.

Формы глагола в Present Continuous

Present Continuous употребляется для выражения действия, длящегося в настоящий момент (now, at the moment). С глаголами, которые обозначают не действие, а состояние (to feel, to be, to live, to stay, to hear, to see, to know, to remember, to think, to want, to like, to love) Present Continuous обычно не употребляется.

Формы глагола в Past Continuous

Past Continuous обычно употребляется для выражения конкретного действия, длившегося в точно указанный момент или период в прошлом.

Формы глагола в Future Continuous

Future Continuous употребляется для выражения действия, которое будет длиться в точно указанный момент или период в будущем.

3.Прочитайте и переведите текст:

There are several devices used for inputting information into the computer: a keyboard, some coordinate input devices, such as manipulators (a mouse, a track ball), touch panels and graphical plotting tables, scanners, digital cameras, TV tuners etc.

When personal computers first became popular, the most common device used to transfer information from the user to the computer was the keyboard. It enables inputting numerical and text data. A standard keyboard has 104 keys and three more

5. Найдите в тексте английские эквиваленты следующих слов и словосочетаний:

Введение информации; координатные устройства ввода; мышь; сенсорная панель; графические планшеты; числовая и текстовая информация; цифровые камеры; стандартная клавиатура; режим работы; презентация текста на мониторе; графический интерфейс; программные средства; оптикомеханическое устройство ввода; двойное нажатие; разрешающая способность.

6.Перескажите кратко содержание текста.

7.Выберите нужную форму глагола из предложенных в скобках:

l. When I (brought / was bringing) in the papers he (spoke / was speaking) on the phone. 2. When I (entered / was entering) they (discussed / were discussing) something.

3.He (felt / was feeling) that somebody (watched / was watching ) him.

4.I (met / was meeting) him while I (made / was making) a tour of France.

5.I (paid / was paying) my check when I (heard / was hearing) someone call my name.

6.I (turned / was turning) round and (saw / was seeing) Jenny.

7.Pardon, (I didn't hear / wasn't hearing) what you (said / were saying)!

8.I (finished / was finishing) shopping and (went / was going) home.

9.I (asked / was asking) her if she (knew / was knowing) any good Spanish restaurant there.

10.When I (came / was coming) back home I (took / was taking) an aspirin and (went / was going) to bed.

11.When Ruth (looked out / was looking out) of the window she (saw / was seeing) that it (still snowed / was still snowing).

МОДУЛЬ 10

CENTRAL PROCESSING UNIT

1.для выражения действия, завершившегося до какого-либо момента или другого действия в прошлом: Не had read the book by 10 o'clock yesterday. – Он прочел книгу до десяти часов (к десяти часам) вечера. When we came to the airport the plane had already landed. – Когда мы приехали в аэропорт, самолет уже приземлился.

2.для обозначения действия, которое завершилось до другого действия,

длящегося в прошлом: Не had read the book and was watching TV when I came. –

Когда я пришел, он уже прочитал книгу и смотрел телевизор.

Формы глагола в Future Perfect

Future Perfect употребляется для выражения действия, которое будет происходить до определенного момента или другого действия в будущем и завершится или прекратится до него.

3. Прочитайте и переведите текст:

It is a well-known fact in computer science that the words “computer” and “processor” are used interchangeably. Speaking more precisely, “computer” refers to the central processing unit (CPU) together with an internal memory. The internal memory, control and processing components make up the heart of the computer system. Manufacturers have designed the CPU to control and carry out basic instructions for their particular computer.

The CPU coordinates all the activities of the various components of the computer. It determines which operations should be carried out and in what order. The CPU controls the operation of the entire system by issuing commands to other parts of the system and by acting on responses. When required, it reads information from the memory, interprets instructions, performs operations on the data according to the instructions, writes the results back into the memory, and moves information between memory levels or through the input-output ports.

In digital computers the CPU can be divided into two functional units called the control unit (CU) and the arithmetic-logic unit (ALU). These two units are made up of electronic circuits with millions of switches that can be in one or two states, either on or off.

The function of the CU in the central processor is to transmit coordinating control signals and commands. The control unit is the part of the computer that directs the sequence of step-by-step operations of the system, selects instructions and data from memory, interprets the program instructions, and controls the flow between main

storage and the arithmetic-logic unit.

The ALU, on the other hand, is that part of the computer in which the actual arithmetic operations, namely, addition, subtraction, multiplication, division, and exponentiation, called for in the instructions are performed.

Programs and the data on which the CU and the ALU operate, must be in internal memory in order to be processed. Thus, if located in secondary memory devices, such as disks or tapes, programs and data are first loaded into internal memory.

4. Вставьте необходимые слова:

1.The word “computer” refers to the … (CPU) together with an … memory.

2.The internal …, control and … components make up the heart of the computer system.

3.The CPU controls the operation of the entire system by … to other parts of the system and by acting on …

4.In … …the CPU can be divided into two functional units called the control unit (CU) and the arithmetic-logic unit (ALU).

5.The …is that part of the computer in which the actual arithmetic operations, namely, addition, subtraction, multiplication, division, and exponentiation, called for in the instructions are performed.

6.CU and ALU are made up of … …

5.Найдите ответы на вопросы в тексте:

1.What words in computer science are used interchangeably and why?

2.What components make up the heart of the computer system?

3.What is the function of the CPU?

4.In what way does the CPU control the operation of the whole system?

5.What is the sequence of operations the CPU performs (use five verbs)?

6.What are the CPU functional units made of?

7.What is the function of the CU?

8.What operations are performed in the ALU?

9.Where are data processed?

10.Where are data to be processed loaded?

6.Перескажите кратко содержание текста.

7.Выберите нужную форму глагола из предложенных в скобках:

1.They__________ the company two years ago.

a)started b) have started

2.He__________ the Managing Director of the company since 1990.

a)was b) has been

3.We________ the project yet.

a)didn't finish b) haven't finished