2582
.pdfБезличные и неопределенно-личные предложения
Английские предложения отличаются от русских тем, что в них всегда есть подлежащее и сказуемое. Поэтому в безличных предложениях в качестве формального подлежащего используется местоимение it:
It is cold today. – Сегодня холодно. It rains. – Идет дождь. It's nice to meet you.
Приятно познакомиться. – It is nine o'clock now. – Сейчас девять часов. Вопросительная и отрицательная формы безличных предложений
образуются по тем же правилам, что и вопросительные и отрицательные формы предложений с именным составным сказуемым. Частица not ставится после первого вспомогательного глагола.
Например: Is it cold today? – Сегодня холодно? It wasn't interesting. – Это было не интересно. Isn't it funny? – Разве это не смешно?
Оборот there is / there are
Оборот there is / there are служит для выражения наличия (отсутствия) какого-либо предмета в определенном месте или в определенное время. Выбор формы глагола to be зависит от числа существительного, следующего сразу за ним: There is a chair and two armchairs in the room. There are two armchairs and a chair in the room.
Вопросительные предложения с оборотом there is / there are строятся следующим образом:
Общий вопрос: Is there anything in the bag? Will there be classes tomorrow? Специальный вопрос: What is there in the bag?
Задание 2. Выберите правильный вариант ответа:
1) What_________ you_________ next weekend? |
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a) do ... do |
b) are ... doing |
2)_________it often________ here in winter? |
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a) Does ... snow |
b) Is ... snowing |
3)_________you_________ to make sandwiches? |
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a) Do ... go |
b) Are ... going |
4)_________your mother_________ listening to classical music? |
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a) Does .... enjoy |
b) Is ... enjoying |
5) Where____________ from? |
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a) do ... come |
b) are ... coming |
6) Do you know when they___________ on a trip? |
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a) go |
b) are going |
7)___________you_________ with me? |
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a) Don't... agree |
b) Aren't... agreeing |
8)____you_____ how to settle the matter? |
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a) Do ... know |
b) Are ... knowing |
9) What______ you________ to tell me? |
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a) do ... want |
b) are ... wanting |
10) Who______ she______ with? I don't know that boy. |
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a) does ... dance |
b) is ... dancing |
11) |
She_______ a nice dress today. |
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a) wears |
b) is wearing |
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12) |
The plane_____ at 2 p.m. |
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a) takes off |
b) is taking off at 2 p.m. |
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13) |
Look! She_________ for someone. |
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a) waits |
b) is waiting |
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14) |
He often________ on business to Germany. |
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a) goes |
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b) is going |
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15) |
She usually______________ bright clothes. |
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a) wears |
b) is wearing |
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16) |
He___________ annoying questions! |
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a) constantly asks |
b) is constantly asking |
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17) |
Our firm_______ office equipment. |
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a) produces |
b) is producing |
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18) |
I_________ a birthday party next Saturday. Would you like to come? |
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a) have |
b) am having |
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19) |
We will have to __________ with the problem of traffic control. |
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а) identify |
b) satisfy |
c) buy |
d) deal |
20) |
The research indicates that _________ motorists are following now traffic rules. |
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а) highly |
b) better |
c) best |
d) more |
21) |
Last century Great Britain adopted a decimal currency system in which one |
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_______ is worth one hundred pence. |
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а) pound |
b) banknote |
c) dollar |
d) penny |
Задание 3. Дополните микродиалог:
How long is the study expected to last? – ______________________________. а) We began a pilot study on June, 5. c) It is going to cost much more. b) We should finish it in three weeks. d) It sounds great.
Задание 4. Перед Вами бланк. Соотнесите информацию под определенным номером с тем, что она обозначает
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а) three weeks |
c) Marketing Manager b) 30 May, 2007 d) China |
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1) |
Forename(s) |
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Anna |
2) |
Occupation |
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3) |
Period of stay |
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4) |
Date of arrival |
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5) |
Country |
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РАЗДЕЛ № 2
Задание 1. Повторите грамматические правила
По способу образования прошедшего времени все глаголы в английском языке можно разделить на две группы: правильные и неправильные (regular and irregular verbs). У правильных глаголов вторая и третья формы (Past Indefinite Tense и Past Participle – простое прошедшее время и причастие прошедшего времени) совпадают между собой и образуются путем прибав-
ления к основе глагола окончания -ed (-d): to ask – asked, to change – changed, to receive – received, to work– worked. При этом существует ряд особенностей:
а) если глагол оканчивается на -у с предшествующей согласной, то буква у меняется на i и добавляется окончание -ed: to supply – supplied, to apply – applied; б) если глагол оканчивается на -у с предшествующей гласной, то буква у не меняется и добавляется окончание -ed: to stay – stayed, to play — played;
в) если глагол оканчивается на согласную с предшествующим кратким гласным звуком, то согласная на конце удваивается: to stop – stopped.
Неправильные глаголы образуют вторую и третью формы различными способами, без четких правил. Это наиболее часто употребляемые глаголы.
Времена английского глагола
Время |
Простое |
Длительное |
Завершенное |
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Indefinite |
Continuous |
Perfect |
Настоящее |
Я пишу (обычно) |
Я пишу (сейчас) |
Я (уже написал) |
Present |
I write |
I am writing |
I have written |
Прошедшее |
Я (на) писал |
Я писал (в тот |
Я написал (уже к тому |
Past |
(вчера) |
момент) |
моменту) I had written |
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I wrote |
I was writing |
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Будущее |
Я напишу, |
Я буду писать (в |
Я напишу (уже к тому |
Future |
буду писать |
тот момент) |
моменту) |
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I shall / will write |
I shall / will be |
I shall / will have written |
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writing |
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Для описания регулярно повторявшихся действий, которые происходили в прошлом, используются также глаголы used to или would: I used to watch TV a lot. In summer we would get up early and go for a swim.
Задание 2. Выберите правильный вариант ответа:
1)He__________ a lot, but now he doesn't.
a)used to smoke b) was smoking
2)When I was a child we________ to the Black Sea every year.
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a) were traveling |
b) would travel |
3) |
My son hurt his knee while he_________ football. |
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a) was playing |
b) used to play |
4) |
I remember that Nanny___________ us fascinating stories about past times. |
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a) was reading b) would read
5) When we came back the children ________in the garden with two unknown boys. a) were playing b) would play
6) I________ swimming every morning when we lived near the Swimming-pool. a) was going b) used to go
7) I_________ a lot of newspapers, but now I don't. They've become so boring. a) was reading b) used to read
8) He was arrested when he___________ through passport control. a) was going b) used to go
9) I_______________ Champaign. But now I think it is hideous.
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a) was liking |
b) used to like |
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10) |
She___________________ make up, but now she does a lot. |
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a) wasn't wearing |
b) didn't use to wear |
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11) |
He can't see you now. He____________ someone. |
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a) phones |
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b) is phoning |
12) |
I_____________hard for my exams now. |
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a) am working |
b) work |
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13) |
Don't forget to take your umbrella. It________ outside. |
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a) rains |
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b) is raining |
14) |
I___________ for business trip tomorrow. |
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a) leave |
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b) am leaving |
15) |
I_________ to you attentively. |
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a) listen |
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b) am listening |
16) |
The plane___________in half an hour. |
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a) arrives |
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b) is arriving |
l7) When I (brought / was bringing) in the papers he (spoke / was speaking) on the phone.
18) When I (entered / was entering) they (discussed / were discussing) something.
19)He (felt / was feeling) that somebody (watched / was watching ) him.
20)I (met / was meeting) him while I (made / was making) a tour of France.
21)I (paid / was paying) my check when I (heard / was hearing) someone call my name.
22)Pardon, (I didn't hear / wasn't hearing) what you (said / were saying)!
23)I (finished / was finishing) shopping and (went / was going) home.
24)They__________ the company two years ago.
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a) started |
b) have started |
25) |
He__________ the Managing Director of the company since 1990. |
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a) was |
b) has been |
26) |
We________ the project yet. |
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a) didn't finish |
b) haven't finished |
27) |
Our company_______ a big profit last year. |
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a) made |
b) have made |
28) My car_________. I won't be able to drive to the countryside at the weekend.
a) broke down |
b) has broken down |
29) He___________ a new car two weeks ago. |
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a) bought |
b) has bought |
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30) |
I_________ of petrol. I must have my car filled. |
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a) ran out |
b) have run out |
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31) |
I_________ them since December. |
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a) didn't see |
b) haven't seen |
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32) |
When ___________ is paid they allow the vehicle to pass. |
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а) the automobile |
c) the toll |
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b) the limited access highways |
d) the state highway departments |
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33) |
Before __________ the graph or chart, prepare the audience for it. |
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а) shown |
b) show |
c) showing |
d) to show |
34) In the United States, __________, which largely followed the path of a partially built railroad, was the first, opening in 1940.
а) Fleet Street |
c) the City of London |
b) Wall Street |
d) the Pennsylvania Turnpike |
Задание 3. Дополните микродиалог:
What is your current job title? – _______________________________.
а) I am twenty years old. c) My salary is rather high.
b) I am a travel agent. d) My interests include swimming and reading.
Задание 4. Расположите части делового письма в правильном порядке:
1) |
2) |
3) |
4) |
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a) I am enclosing a brochure and |
b) The reason I am writing to you is |
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price list for your consideration. I |
that I represent a new regional chain of |
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would like to call on you next week, |
auto parts stores, and that we have been |
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give you some samples, and see if |
good sellers in many cities. |
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you have an interest in learning more |
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about our products. I look forward to |
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talking to you at that time. |
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Sincerely, |
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John Kim |
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Enclosures: brochure, price list. |
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c) |
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d) Asian Auto Products |
Dear Mr. Chan, |
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450 Sutter Street |
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My name is John Kim and I am an |
Suite 102 San Francisco |
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accountant representative with Asian |
March 12, 2015 |
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Auto Products, Inc. in San Francisco. |
Automobile repair workshops |
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125 Maiden Lane |
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San Francisco |
РАЗДЕЛ № 3
Задание 1. Повторите грамматические правила
Условные предложения (Conditional sentences) делятся на предложения реального (real) условия и предложения (unreal) нереального условия. Употребление глагольных форм в этих предложениях зависит от степени реальности и времени действия, выраженного глаголом.
В придаточных предложениях реального условия и времени, действие которых отнесено к будущему, с союзами: if (если), when (когда), after (после), before (перед тем, как), as soon as (как только), unless (если не), until (до тех пор, пока не) будущее время заменяется формой настоящего времени, но на русский язык переводится будущим.
Например: If you help me, I shall do this work in time. – Если ты поможешь мне, я выполню эту работу вовремя. As soon as I am free, I shall come to you. – Как только я освобожусь, я навещу тебя. We shall not begin until you come. – Мы не начнем, пока ты не придешь.
Задание 2. Выберите правильный вариант ответа:
1)I (phone / will phone) you when I (come / will come) back.
2)When the Sales Manager (arrives / will arrive) tell him 1 (am / will be) back at 5 o'clock.
3)If I ( pass / will pass) my exams, I (enter / will enter) the University.
4)If there (is / will be) a good program on TV, I (watch / will watch) it.
5)I (tell / will tell) him the news when I (see / will see) him.
6)If it (rains / will rain), I (stay / will stay) at home.
7)I (try / will try) to speak to the Managing Director before he (leaves / will leave) for New York.
8)I (buy / will buy) a car when I (save / will save) enough money.
9)If you (insist / will insist), I (accept / will accept) the invitation.
10)What (do / will) you do if you (miss / will miss) the train?
11)I (pay / will pay) for the coffee if you (don't / won't) mind.
12)In case you (arrive / will arrive) earlier, wait for me at the station.
13)If you (are not able / will not be able) to do this yourself, I (help / will help) you.
14)I (go / will go) to stay with my grandparents as soon as the exams (are over / will be over).
15)Can you look after my cat while I (am / will be) away?
16)If it (isn't /won't be) too expensive, I (buy / will buy) it.
17)You (fail / will fail) your exam if you (don't / won't) study hard.
18)Where (do / will) you stay when you (arrive / will arrive) in Paris?
19)As soon as I (get / will get) tickets 1 (phone / will phone) you.
20)The flowers (don't / won't) grow well if you (don't / won't) look after them properly.
21)I (don't / won't) go to bed until I (finish / will finish) writing the paper.
22)If you (are / will be) out, I (leave / will leave) a message on the answer phone.
23)I (show / will show) you round the factory as soon as the interview (is / will be) over.
24)As soon as we (get / will get) money for the project we (start / will start) constructing the building.
25)If we (get / will get) cold, we (make / will make) a fire somewhere on the way.
26)You (recover / will recover) soon, if you (follow / will follow) the doctor's advice.
27)We (go / will go) there straight away as soon we (get / will get) a message from them.
28)I (have / will have) lunch as soon as I (finish / will finish) typing the report.
29)If he (calls / will call), tell him I (am / will be) at home after 8 o'clock.
30)Where (do / will) you stay if hotels (are / will be) full?
31)Internet services___________ the use of audio, video, graphics, and text for procuring information.
а) combining b) is combined c) combine d) combines
Задание 3. Дополните микродиалог:
What is your practical work experience? – ___________________________.
а) About $500, I think. |
c) In a month’s time. |
b) Five years. |
d) It depends on the job. |
Задание 4. Расположите части делового письма в правильном порядке:
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1) |
2) |
3) |
4) |
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a) |
Thank you for |
your |
help |
b) Transmaster Innovations, Inc. |
beforehand. We're looking forward to |
18 West Avenue |
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your prompt reply. |
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Orlando, FI 32808 |
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With best wishes, |
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Phone 407-555-8312 |
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Foreign Sales Department |
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Fax 407-555-8313 |
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Philip Burrow |
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c) |
Dear Mr. Katsumi |
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d) |
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September, 16, 2016 |
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We are very much interested in an |
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ad of yours that ran in a recent issue of |
Mr. Katsumi |
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New Electronics. |
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Katsumi Electronics, Ltd. |
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TI Inc. is always looking for good |
10 Ichiban-cho |
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electronic products to keep our |
Tokyo 102, |
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customers happy and to attract new |
Japan |
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ones. |
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Would you please tell us more |
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about your latest PC. Рlease send your |
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wholesale prices and your terms. |
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РАЗДЕЛ № 4
Задание 1. Повторите грамматические правила
Формы английских глаголов в страдательном залоге (Passive Voice) образуются с помощью вспомогательного глагола to be в соответствующем времени, лице и числе и причастия II (Participle II) смыслового глагола:
Present Indefinite: |
Past Indefinite: |
Future Indefinite: |
The letter is written. |
The letter was written. |
The letter will be written. |
Present Continuous: |
Past Continuous: |
Future Continuous: |
The letter is being written. |
The letter was being |
The letter will be being |
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written. |
written. |
Present Perfect: |
Past Perfect: |
Future Perfect: |
The letter has been |
The letter had been |
The letter will have been |
written. |
written. |
written. |
Глагол-сказуемое в страдательном залоге показывает, что подлежащее предложения является объектом действия со стороны другого лица или предмета.
Сравните: I bought a book. – Я купил книгу. The book was bought (by me). –
Книга была куплена (мной).
Глаголы в страдательном залоге на русский язык переводятся:
1.Глаголом быть + краткая форма причастия страдательного залога: The letter was sent yesterday. – Письмо было послано вчера.
2.Глаголом с частицей -ся (-сь): This problem was discussed last week. – Эта про-
блема обсуждалась на прошлой неделе.
3.Неопределенно-личным оборотом, т.е. глаголом в действительном залоге 3 лица множественного числа, типа «говорят», «сказали»: English is spoken in many countries. – На английском языке говорят во многих странах.
4.Глаголом в действительном залоге (при наличии исполнителя действия):
Students are taught at high school by the teachers. – Студентов учат в высшей школе преподаватели.
Задание 2. Выберите правильный вариант ответа:
1) |
We________ a telephone call from them a few days ago. |
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a) received |
b) were received |
2) |
The painting by Rembrandt___________ from the museum yesterday. |
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a) stole |
b) was stolen |
3) |
The first sputnik__________ by the Soviet Union in 1956. |
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a) launched |
b) was launched |
4) |
A new car design__________ at the plant. |
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a) developed |
b) was developed |
5) |
Somebody __________ the door from inside. |
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a) closed |
b) was closed |
6) |
Marilyn Monroe's dress _________at the auction at the price of $ 20 000. |
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a) sold |
b) was sold |
7) |
Both the driver and the passenger ________in the car accident. |
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a) injured |
b) was injured |
8) |
________ credit cards________ in your shop? |
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a) Do ... accept |
b) Are ... accepted |
9) The first Volkswagen cars_________ in Germany just before the World War II.
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a) made |
b) were made |
10) |
I__________ them a fax yesterday. |
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a) sent |
b) was sent |
11) |
She_________ a well-paid job. I think she'll take it. |
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a) offered |
b) was offered |
12) |
Our parent company________ in Sweden. |
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a) located |
b) is located |
13) |
Our factory________ last year. |
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a) reconstructed |
b) was reconstructed |
14) |
I__________ my car last week. |
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a) sold |
b) was sold |
15) |
We__________ a lot of money on advertising campaign. |
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a) spent |
b) were spent |
16) |
The storm________ on Monday afternoon. |
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a) began |
b) was begun |
17) |
During the storm a lot of trees _________ |
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a) blew down |
b) were blown down |
18)_____ the film________ Oscar? |
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a) Did ... win |
b) Was ... won |
19) |
His film___________ for Oscar. |
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a) nominated |
b) was nominated |
20)The Houses of Parliament (were / have been) built between 1840 and 1857.
21)Scientists hope that a cure for cancer will soon (be / have been) found.
22)Boss says I will (be / have been) given a pay-rise next month.
23)By next year, everybody in the company will (be / have been) given a Pay-rise.
24)Wait for a while. He (is / is being) interviewed now.
25)He (is being / has been) interviewed for 40 minutes already.
26)The contract___________ at the board meeting now.
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a) is discussed |
b) was discussed |
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c) is being discussed |
d) was being discussed |
27) |
Wait a minute! The document_______ by the secretary at the moment. |
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a) is typed |
b) has been typed |
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c) was typed |
d) is being typed |
28) |
The papers___________ by the Managing Director yet. He is on business trip. |
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a) weren't signed |
b) aren't signed |
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c) haven't been signed |
b) weren't being signed |
29) |
She________the Head of the Information Systems Department two months ago. |
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a) is appointed |
b) is being appointed |
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c) was appointed |
d) has been appointed |
30) The mail________ yet. |
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a) isn't received |
b) isn't being received |
c) wasn't received |
d) hasn't been received |
31) You __________ use pauses to slow your pace down and make your sentences
easier to understand. |
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а) shall be able |
b) has to |
c) might be |
d) can |
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Задание 3. Выберите правильный вариант ответа: |
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А) The Expert System |
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by a |
program, |
which |
can make |
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inferences and come to conclusions. |
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а) has processed |
b) processing |
c) processes |
d) is processed |
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Б) I ______________ my presentation into three parts. |
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а) dividing |
b) have divided |
c) has divided |
d) divides |
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Задание 4. Дополните микродиалоги: |
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А) Did Mr. Bridges receive you |
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day |
of |
your |
arrival? – |
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а) You don’t say so! |
c) Yes, I was. |
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b) Yes, he did. |
d) Yes, he received you. |
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Б) Could you supply us with the latest information about it? – |
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____________________. |
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а) Most willingly. |
b) Let me introduce myself. |
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c) Keep well. All the best! |
d) Yes, I am, the day after tomorrow. |
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Задание 5. Определите вид деловой документации: |
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а) |
Bill of Lading |
c) E-mail |
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b) |
Contract |
d) Enquiry |
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FROM: Joan Turner |
5/20/01 |
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1:36 p.m. |
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TO: All staff |
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SUB: Vacation schedules |
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MESSAGE:
I need to know your vacation schedules for summer months.
Please send your vacation dates to me by June I, 2004.
Send the information to my electronic mailbox: Joan T.
Thank you for cooperation.