2457
.pdfadvice |
советы |
knowledge |
знание, знания |
Употребляются только во множественном числе: |
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clothes |
одежда |
thanks |
благодарности |
goods |
товары |
manners |
манеры |
riches |
богатствa |
money |
деньги |
3. Прочитайте и переведите текст:
CAR IS AN ECOLOGICAL DISASTER.
1.According to the United States Environmental Protection Agency, driving a car is the single most polluting thing that most of us do. This is not a new problem. In the 1950’s the Los Angeles smog made headline news. Car exhaust causes health problems. There are many solutions to the problem.
2.Laws were enacted as long as 20 years ago to control pollution caused by cars. Since then laws have been made, such as special nozzles on gas pumps that prevent vapor from getting into air. We also have more tests on cars to make sure cars are maintained in a way that protects our environment. In cities, laws ask that more people ride on buses, and employees that drive company cars should limit the time they drive and the number of trips that they make.
3.Cars emit several pollutants that are toxic. This causes many problems. One problem it causes is cancer. Most cars generate hydrocarbons, nitrogen oxides, and carbon monoxide. Hydrocarbons cause eye irritation, coughing, wheezing, shortness of breath, and lung damage. Nitrogen oxide causes acid rain and leads to water quality problems. Carbon monoxide prevents oxygen from going through the lungs properly. All of these problems can be serious and effect the health of the people who live in the United States.
4.Some solutions to the problem are: cutting down on the number of cars, traveling at steady speeds, and keeping your car in good shape. You should never over fill your gas tank. You should always use clean gas. People should buy newer cars because they are made to create less pollution.
5.In summary, the problem of pollution from car exhaust is not new. The situation is so serious that many laws have been enacted to protect our environment. The pollutants that are emitted in car exhaust are very dangerous to our health. There are solutions to the problem if we just pay attention.
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4.Завершите предложения:
1.Car exhaust causes...
2.Cars emit several pollutants...
3.Most cars generate…
5.Найдите в тексте ответы на вопросы:
1.Why is the car called an ecological disaster?
2.What are the most dangerous pollutants caused by cars?
3.How do they effect the health of people?
4.Are there any solutions to the environment polluting problems?
6.Кратко передайте содержание текста на русском языке, используя следующие фразы:
Текст называется … В тексте говорится … Автор рассказывает … Рекомендуется …
7.Выпишите из текста 10 существительных во множественном числе и образуйте от них существительные в единственном числе.
Рекомендуемая литература по теме (из списка): 1ОЛ (с.7-42), 1ДЛ (с.4-16), 3
ДЛ (с.4-6), 3-5 ДЛ.
МОДУЛЬ 2 1. Выучите слова и словосочетания по теме:
an engine |
двигатель |
a piston |
поршень |
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работа |
intake |
впуск |
an operation |
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клапан |
compression |
сжатие |
valve |
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топливно-воздушная |
power |
рабочий ход |
air-fuel mixture |
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смесь |
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коэффициент сжатия |
exhaust |
выпуск |
compression ratio |
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стук двигателя |
a spark plug |
свеча зажигания |
engine knock |
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2. Повторите правила и приведите примеры личных и указательных местоимений.
Местоимения употребляются в предложении вместо имени существительного или имени прилагательного. Местоимение называет людей, предметы или признаки уже упомянутые ранее. Например:
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Личные местоимения (Personal pronouns) |
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Единственное число |
Множественное число |
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1 лицо |
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I (я) |
we (мы) |
2 лицо |
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you (ты) |
you (вы) |
3 лицо |
he (он), she (она), it (оно) |
they (они) |
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Склонение личных местоимений |
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Число |
Лицо |
Именительный падеж |
Объектный падеж |
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ед. |
1 лицо |
I (я) |
mе (мне, меня) |
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2 лицо |
you (ты) |
you (тебе, тебя) |
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he (он) |
him (ему, его) |
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3 лицо |
she (она) |
her (ей, ее) |
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it (оно) |
it (ему) неодушевленное |
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мн. |
1 лицо |
we (мы) |
us (нам, нас) |
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2 лицо |
you (вы) |
you (вам, вас) |
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3 лицо |
they(они) |
them (им, их) |
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Указательные местоимения (Demonstrative рronouns) Указательные местоимения this и that имеют единственное и множественное
число. |
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Единственное число |
Множественное число |
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this (этот, эта, это) |
these (эти) |
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that (тот, та, то) |
those (те) |
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such (такой, такая, такое, такие) |
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Например: |
This is my house and that is yours. |
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Указательное местоимение such имеет одну неизменяемую форму. Например:
I like such books. Мне нравятся такие книги.
3. Повторите основные предлоги в английском языке и их употребление.
PREPOSITIONS
Предлог |
Значение |
Примеры |
at |
1. Местоположение (на, при, у, в |
She is at station. |
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определённой точке) |
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2. Время (в часах) |
Come at 5 p.m.! |
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in |
1. |
Местоположение (в отдельном |
He is in the room. |
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пространстве) |
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The book is in my table. |
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2. |
Время (в месяцах, в годах) |
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Summer begins in June. |
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It took place in 2002. |
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on |
1. |
Местоположение |
(на |
The book is on my table. |
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горизонтальной |
и |
по |
The picture is on the wall. |
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вертикальной поверхности) |
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2. |
Посвящённый чему-либо, на |
This book is on history. |
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тему (о, об) |
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3. |
Время (в днях) |
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I was born on the 5th of November. |
from |
1. |
Направление (от, из) |
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The train is coming from Moscow. |
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Take the book from the table. |
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2. |
Время (с, от) |
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I’ll be busy from 10 a.m. |
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to |
1. |
Направление (в, на) |
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We came to Moscow. |
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They went to the theatre. |
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2. |
Время (до какого-то момента) |
I’ll be busy from 10 p.m. to 3 p.m. |
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3. |
Соответствует |
дательному |
Give this book to me. |
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падежу. |
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since |
Время (от, с какого-то момента) |
I’ll have a rest since July till August |
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till |
Время (до какого-то момента) |
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Till Friday I’ll be busy. |
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into |
Направление (внутрь) |
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Put the book into the bag. |
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before |
Время (перед, до) |
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It took place before our era. |
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after |
Время (после) |
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I went there after the stopped. |
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about |
1. |
О (относительно). |
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Please, tell me about him. |
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2. |
Место, время (около, вокруг, |
Come about 2 p.m. |
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приблизительно) |
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for |
1. |
Время (в течение конкретно |
I have lived there for 2 years. |
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указанного (в днях, годах) |
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периода времени) |
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2. |
Цель (на) |
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I went for a walk. |
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3. |
Для |
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This is the present for you. |
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during |
Время (в течение периода |
I was in the countryside during my |
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времени, |
выраженного |
weekend. |
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существительным) |
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with |
1. |
Соответствует |
творительному |
We write with pens. |
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падежу (чем?) |
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2. |
С, вместе |
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I went there with him. |
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under |
Местоположение (под) |
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The book is under the table |
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by |
1. |
Соответствует |
творительному |
This poem was written by Puchkin. |
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падежу (кем?) |
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2. |
Место (возле, рядом) |
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He was standing by the window. |
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3. |
Время (к какому-то моменту) |
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He had already come by 3 p.m. |
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of |
Соответствует |
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родительному |
All the students of this group passed |
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падежу (кого? чего?) |
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the examination perfectly. |
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between |
Местоположение |
(между двумя |
The father divided the apples |
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объектами) |
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between his 2 sons. |
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among |
Местоположение |
(между |
The father divided the apples |
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несколькими |
предметами |
и |
among his sons. |
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объектами) |
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4. Прочитайте и переведите текст:
THE FOUR-STROKE CYCLE.
1.In most engines a single cycle of operation (intake, compression, power, and exhaust) takes place over four strokes of a piston, made in two engine revolution. When an engine has more than one cylinder the cycles are evenly staggered for smooth operation, but each cylinder will go through a full cycle in any two engine revolutions. When the piston is at the top of the cylinder at the beginning of the intake stroke, the intake valve opens and the descending piston draws in the air-fuel mixture.
2.At the bottom of the stroke the intake valve closes and the piston starts upward on the compression stroke, during what it squeezes the air-fuel mixture into a small space at the top of the cylinder. The ratio of the volume of the cylinder when the piston is at the bottom to the volume when the piston is at the top is called the compression ratio. The higher the compression ratio, the more powerful the engine and the higher its efficiency. However, in order to accommodate air pollution control devices, manufacturers have had to lower compression ratios.
3.Just before the piston reaches the top again, the spark plug fires, igniting the airfuel mixture. The mixture on burning becomes a hot, expanding gas forcing the piston down on its power stroke. Burning should be smooth and controlled. Faster,
15
uncontrolled burning sometimes occurs when hot spots in the cylinder preignite the mixture, these explosions are called engine knock and cause loss of power. As the piston reaches the bottom, the exhaust valve opens, allowing the piston to force the combustion products – mainly carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides, and unburned hydrocarbons – out of the cylinder during the upward exhaust stroke.
5.Ответьте на вопросы:
1.How many strokes does the single cycle of operation in most engines consist of?
2.What are they?
3.What is done for smooth operation of an engine?
4.What happens when the intake valve opens?
5.How is the efficiency of an engine proportional to the compression ratio?
6.Why have the manufacturers had to lower compression ratio?
6.Согласитесь с утверждением или опровергните высказывание:
1.In most engines a single cycle of operation is made in one engine revolution.
2.When the piston is at the top of the cylinder, the intake valve closes.
3.Just before the piston reaches the top again, the spark plug fires.
4.Burning should not be smooth and controlled.
5.As the piston reaches the bottom, the exhaust valve opens.
6.The piston forces the combustion products out of the cylinder during the upward exhaust stroke.
7.Закончите следующие предложения:
1.The text is devoted to …(invention of an engine; description of the engine’s operation cycle; the construction of the internal-combustion engine).
2.From the text we learn about …(the number of strokes in an engine; the work of an engine; the connection between the engine power and the compression ratio).
3.The last part of the text informs us about …(the exhaust stroke; the compression stroke; pre-ignition of the air-fuel mixture).
8.Выберите нужную форму местоимения:
1.Hi! I’m Irene and this is Yuri! … are from Russia.
2.I can’t do this exercise. Can you help …?
3.Where are Ann and Sam? I’ve got books for …
4.Where’s my book? I can’t find …
5.This book is for Helen. Give … to …
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6.Steve has a problem with his Maths. Can you help …?
7.He wrote this letter. I recognized … by his handwriting.
8.Who is that woman? Why are you looking at …?
9.Do you know that man? I work with …
10.I’m talking to you. Please, listen to …
11.Where are the tickets? I can’t find …
12.Look here. In … newspaper there is a picture of my favorite sportsman.
13.Which flowers do you want? … or …?
14.… day was the worst of his life.
15.… was the biggest mistake in his life.
16.What are you doing … Sunday?
17.Hello, … is Mr Cook. Can I speak to Mr Brown, please?
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9. Выберите нужную форму предлога: |
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1.________ the morning |
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1) in |
2) at |
3) on |
4) near |
2. ________ Sunday |
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1) in |
2) at |
3) on |
4) near |
3. ________ midnight |
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1) in |
2) at |
3) on |
4) near |
4) |
_________ November 9th |
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1) in |
2) at |
3) on |
4) near |
5) |
________ 7.30 |
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1) in |
2) at |
3) on |
4) near |
6) |
_________ Monday morning |
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1) in |
2) at |
3) on |
4) near |
7) |
________ spring |
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1) in |
2) at |
3) on |
4) near |
8) |
________ 1949 |
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1) in |
2) at |
3) on |
4) near |
9) |
_______ the 19th century |
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1) in |
2) at |
3) on |
4) near |
10) _______ the weekend |
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1) in |
2) at |
3) on |
4) near |
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11) |
My birthday is _______ April |
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1) in |
2) at |
3) on |
4) near |
12) |
I’ve got computer _________ home |
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1) in |
2) at |
3) on |
4)near |
13) |
“Where is the book?” “It’s _________ the shelf” |
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1) in |
2) at |
3) on |
4) near |
14) |
Tom lives _________ Scotland |
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1) in |
2) at |
3) on |
4) near |
15) |
There are three pictures _______ the wall |
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1) in |
2) at |
3) on |
4) near |
16) |
I have a flat ______ |
the fifth floor of an apartment block. |
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1) in |
2) at |
3) on |
4) near |
17) |
My friend Nick lives _______ me in a flat on the sixth floor |
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1) in |
2) at |
3) with |
4) on |
18) |
There’s a train tunnel ________ my house. |
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1) on |
2) near |
3) with |
4) at |
19) |
Can I have a room ______a shower, please. |
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1) on |
2) in front of |
3) with |
4) at |
20) |
Andrew lives ______ a house. |
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1) on |
2) of |
3) in |
4) at |
21) |
There's a tunnel ______ the river. |
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1) under |
2) above |
3) over |
4) on |
22) |
She's always talking _____ the same things. |
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1) at |
2) above |
3) over |
4) about |
23) |
There are big differences _____ the British and Russian political systems. |
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1) at |
2) above |
3) over |
4)between |
24) |
“Where is my book? ” “ _____ your bag.” |
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1) at |
2) above |
3) over |
4) in |
25) |
They usually travel ____train. |
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1) in |
2) above |
3) over |
4) by |
26) |
Sam left the house at 6.00 and walked ___ the cinema. |
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1) to |
2) in |
3) on |
4) for |
27) |
His birthday is on the 9th ___ November. |
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1) at |
2) in |
3) of |
4)for |
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Рекомендуемая литература по теме (из списка): 1ОЛ (с.43-78), 1ДЛ
(с.8-11), 3 ДЛ (с.11-15), 3-5 ДЛ.
МОДУЛЬ 3 1. Выучите слова и словосочетания по теме:
Tire air pressure |
давление воздуха в |
oil |
масло |
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шинах |
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vehicle |
транспортное |
to check |
проверять |
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средство |
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brake |
тормоз |
engine |
двигатель |
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brake fluid |
тормозная жидкость |
high speed |
высокая скорость |
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2. Повторите правила употребления вопросительных и неопределенных местоимений в английском языке. Приведите примеры, используя выученную лексику.
Вопросительные местоимения
Эти местоимения употребляются в вопросительных предложениях. What (что, какой, какая, какое, какие)
What is it? Что это такое? What book is it? Какая это книга?
Who (кто)
Who is this man? Кто этот человек?
Whose (чей)
Whose pencil is it? Чей это карандаш?
Which (который)
Which of these books is yours? Которая из этих книг твоя?
When (когда)
When does the lesson begin? Когда начинается урок?
Why (почему, зачем)
Why did you come here? Почему вы пришли сюда?
How (как)
How are you? Как поживаете?
How many (much) (сколько)
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Неопределенные местоимения some, any, отрицательное местоимение по и их производные
Употребление some и any, а также их производных определяется типом предложения. В утвердительном предложении употребляются, как правило, местоимение some и его производные:
Give me something to read, please. Дайте мне что-нибудь почитать, пожалуйста. I met him somewhere before. Я встречал его где-то раньше.
Ввопросительных и отрицательных предложениях обычно используются местоимение any и его производные:
Have you seen him anywhere? Вы видели его где-нибудь?
Is there anything I can do for you? Могу ли я что-нибудь для вас сделать?
Вотрицательных предложениях используется либо местоимение any и его производные:
I cannot find this book anywhere. Я не могу нигде найти эту книгу.
–либо отрицательное местоимение no:
There is nobody in that room. В той комнате никого нет.
There isn't anybody in that room. В той комнате никого нет.
Количественные местоимения.
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С исчисляемыми |
С неисчисляемыми |
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существительными |
существительными |
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Much - много |
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Many – много |
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Little – мало |
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Few – мало |
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A few - немного |
A little - немного |
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3. Прочитайте и переведите текст: |
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GET the BEST of YOUR CAR.
1.Tire air pressure – under-inflated tires can lead to a slip down in fuel efficiency. Tires are known to wear unevenly. To ensure that they last longer, rotate the positions of the tires and balance them at intervals of around 10.000 km. Different vehicles use different tires to suit their purpose. Tire pressure varies from vehicle to vehicle. Make frequent air checks and maintain optimal tire pressure, recommended by the manufacturer. It is important to choose the right kind of tire for your vehicle. Also, check your car tires weekly for chips of stone and gravel and remove them.
2. Brakes – the brakes should never be binding and the car should always be able to roll freely. To ensure failsafe braking, check and top-up the brake fluid reservoir.
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