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diminish the resources of the park. Any collected for research specimen (for example, plants or insects or even microbes) remain the property of the National Park Service and must be properly cataloged and cared for.

Many different animals are radio collared in Yellowstone. Bison are collared for various research projects, including studies on seasonal movements. Bighorn sheep have been collared in an effort to understand their behavior, movement inside and outside the park, and the locations of specific migration corridor. Wolves are collared so that researches can track their movements and their progress toward recovery. Researchers collared grizzly bears in order to learn more about home range sizes, food habits, habitat use, and behavior pattern. The studies on pronghorn antelope are one of the newest.

As the earth’s human population continues to increase, the remaining wild places take on an added importance in our lives. Yellowstone is the place where personal encounters with nature – an early morning walk in a steamy geyser basin or the haunting howl of a wolf on a moonlight night in the backcountry – provide us with magical moments to recall during our busy lives.

However, another intangible of this and other national parks is the value such places hold for science to improve our lives, teach us about other life forms, and to help solve our problems. Despite all that scientists have already learned from studying Yellowstone and its inhabitants, it is a certainty that there are many more exiting things yet to be discovered.

«The place of blue smoke» is what the Cherokee Indians call the great Smoky

Mountains region, at the end of the Appalachian Highlands in the southeastern United States. Long before European settlers arrived on the continent, the mountains were the part of the great Cherokee Nation. About 8,500 Cherokee now live in communities on a reservation on the eastern side of the mountains, where they maintain the traditions of their people. Unfortunately, only a few older people still remember how to speak the ancient language.

The Great Smoky Mountains are dotted with small towns that were settled by Europeans. There are a number of interesting things to listen to and to look at. Nevertheless, most tourists who visit the area go to the Smokies because of the beautiful mountains and valleys, the changing seasons and the wildlife.

The Smokies are home to more than fifty species of mammals, including the legendary black bear. To preserve the beauty of the region, The U.S. government established The Great Smoky Mountains National Park. It is the most visited national Park in the country, with more than 8 million tourists each year. However, how long can a place with so many visitors remain unspoiled? Because the water in the clouds which give the region its name can hold as much as ten times the amount of pollution and one hundred times the acid rainfall, the trees at the tops of the mountains are dying. Perhaps the Great Smoky Mountains will become just another lost wilderness.

3. Continue the sentences:

1.Today, people recognize that …

2.It is also recognized as …

3.Scientists from all over the world …

4.Before they are allowed to begin, …

5.No research is allowed that …

6.Any collected for research …

7.Many different animals …

8.Researchers collared …

9.The studies on …

10.It is the place where …

11.However, …

12.Despite all that …

13.Long before …

14.Unfortunately, …

15.There are a number of …

16.Theу are home to …

17.To preserve the beauty of the region, …

18.It is the most visited …

19.How long can …

20.Perhaps …

4.Put ten questions to the text.

5.Write down the key words of the text.

6.Write а summary of the text in English and present it in a form of a report.

7.Write the words in the sentence in correct order:

biodiversity conservation / this fact / significant for / is particularly

8. Choose the right variants and fill in the gaps:

A) A significant and growing part of this __________ is transmitted to Japan via China, where the logs are processed and significantly increase in value.

B) The introduction of fully mechanized logging methods ________ both advantages and disadvantages for transport and delivery operations.

а) had b) is having c) has d) have had

C) I would like to meet you to discuss your needs in further detail. –

___________________.

b)I am sorry, but I will not be available next week. d) So, would I.

D)The highest managerial organ of a British Stock Company is the Assembly of shareholders, which elects the __________________.

9. Define the type of the business letter:

R. H. F. GROUP

88 Martins Lane

London

EC2V 6BH

Telephone 701-5883782250

2nd June 2017

Dear Sirs,

It is with great regret that we have to inform you that the material, delivered under Contract No 1258 / 57 do not conform to the specification based on which the contract was signed.

By separate mail, we have sent you a cutting from this material and one piece from the material of the previous consignment, so that you can compare the two and see the difference.

Because of this situation, we sustain heavy losses because we cannot fulfill our contractual obligations to our clients. In this situation, we are prepared to retain the goods if you will reduce the price, say, by 40%.

Awaiting your early reply,

We remain faithfully yours,

John Brown

Department of Sales

SECTION 3

1. Learn the words and word combinations:

2. Read and translate the text:

TREE SELECTION

Soil provides trees with special support, water, mineral elements (nutrients), and oxygen for the roots. Certain properties, such as soil pH (alkalinity or acidity), drainage, density or compactness, texture, salinity, and structure affect the soil’s ability to provide these benefits to trees.

Some trees are psychrophile and withstand extremely cold temperatures, while a mild frost kills the others. In some cases, a tree may be cold hardy while dormant but may become active too early in the spring and suffer damage by a late frost. Other species may be able to tolerate very high temperatures and some withstand both extreme cold and heat quite well. Plant hardiness zones have been developed and must be taken in account.

Tree shade tolerance can vary from very intolerant to very tolerant and is important if you have a very shaded or very open planting site. Shade intolerant trees rarely do well in shaded areas. Though shade tolerant trees do best in at least partial shade, some also do well in sunny locations.

Some tree species are very drought tolerant and can grow in near-desert conditions while others need access to abundant water at all times. Many heat tolerant species are also drought tolerant. If climatic conditions do not provide enough water irrigation is necessary. However, overwatering can weaken or kill trees.

Some tree species or cultivars are highly susceptible to insect or disease pests while others are nearly pest-free. For example, stressed Lombardy poplars are very susceptible to a stem canker and are almost certain to die within 5 to 15 years. Ginkgo has few known pests and is very pollution tolerant. Serious, life-threatening pests like borers and cancers deserve much more attention and concern than lateseason leaf feeding insects or other non-life threatening pests. Suppressed trees often are much more susceptible to pest attack and damage.

Fast growth rate is one of the main interests people have when selecting a tree. Cottonwoods and silver maples can grow many feet in height a year and quickly become large trees. Such fast-growing trees are often short-lived, or quickly outgrow their site. Though planting of some fast-growing trees to establish a landscape quickly may be fine, some slower-growing but longer-lived and more desirable trees also should be planted.

Choose a tree with a mature size that matches the space you have available. Only short trees should be planted near overhead obstructions like power lines. Sound tree crowns can be allowed to overhang a roof but weaker trees should be planted about one-half of their mature crown width away from a building. Trees in groups can be planted close enough that their crowns overlap when they are older, but avoid overcrowding that will lad to poor growing conditions and unhealthy trees.

Tree species and cultivars vary widely in form or crown shape, depending on their branching pattern. Crowns can be tall and narrow (columnar), short and wide, weeping, round, conical, or vase-shaped. Some trees keep their lower branches and foliage as the crown grows while others readily lose their lower branches as they are shaded above. Preferred crown form is a matter of personal taste, but crown form also may be an important factor in matching a tree to a site or to the function it will serve. For example, columnar trees are useful in narrow areas, trees used in windbreaks and protective belts need to retain their lower branches and foliage, and low or weeping branches should not obstruct sidewalks and driveways.

However, roots can grow along cracks or in voids below, ground space for roots is as important as aboveground space for crowns. Though no firm formula exists for calculating, the soil area or volume needed for a certain sized tree. This area can be of any shape and long narrow areas can be used to connect larger open areas to achieve adequate rooting space. Soil conditions under paved areas often are unfavorable for root growth under pavements and can do quite well under paving bricks or blocks.

The typical life span of a good tree in a suburban neighborhood is 30 to 50 years, while downtown trees may only last 5 to 10 years. As mentioned previously, people tend to plant fast-growing trees that often have short lives. While some of this is all right, homeowners and communities should also plant trees that might grow slower (though some grow quite fast) but that are longer-lived.

Ornamental characteristics are important factors in tree selection even though they usually have little to do with whether a tree can survive and thrive on its site.

Ornamental factors to consider include flower and fruit presence and appearance, foliage color and texture, bark characteristics, shade density, fall color, and winter appearance. Some trees have thorns or spines, objectionable odors, a tendency to have basal or root sprouts, or maintenance-related needs that also should be considered.

3. Continue the sentences:

1.Certain properties affect …

2.Some trees are …

3.In some cases, …

4.Other species may …

5.Tree shade tolerance can …

6.However, overwatering can …

7.Suppressed trees often …

8.Fast growth rate is …

9.Only short trees should be planted …

10.Trees in groups can be planted …

11.Tree species and cultivars vary in …

12.Preferred crown form is …

13.For example, …

14.However,…

15.This area can be …

16.Soil conditions under paved areas are …

17.As mentioned previously, …

18.While some of this is all right, …

19.Ornamental characteristics are …

20.Some trees have …

4.Put ten special questions to the text.

5.Write down the key words of the text.

6.Write а summary of the text in English and present it in a form of a report.

7.Choose the right variants and fill in the gaps:

A) The development of satellite navigation systems has proved to be of enormous value to _______________ .

B) Corporate wood products tend to cost less because of the large volume and small overhead costs per unit ___________.

a) sold b) is sold c) selling d) having sold

C) As you may remember, we have to discuss the terms of delivery. – __________. а) Yes, of course. Could you manage on Monday?

b)I suppose that suits me too.

c)You do not say so! I hardly believe it.

d)Certainly, I will be present.

D)_______________ school buses are a tradition in the US and parts of Britain.

8. Define the type of the business letter:

Tom Jones

225 Hartman Drive Portsmouth,

NH 03801

(603) 555-4606-18-15

January 22, 2015

Mr. Howard Speller

General Sales Manager

Speller Automobiles Ltd.

315 Rolling Woods Highway

Dover,

NH 03723

Gentlemen,

We thank you for your letter of 28 June, and are glad to inform you that all the items listed in your enquiry are in stock.

We are enclosing a proforma invoice for the consumer goods you are interested in. We are enclosing details of our terms of payment.

The Head of our Sales Department would be happy to discuss discounts with you if you would kindly let us know how large your orders are likely to be.

We can guarantee delivery in Melbourne within 3 weeks of receiving your instructions.

We assure you that your orders will receive our immediate attention. We are looking forward to hearing from you.

Yours truly,

Tom Jones,

Sales Manager

SECTION 4

1. Learn the words and word combinations:

2. Read and translate the text:

CHOICE OF SAWMILL

Because of the great variety and complexity of the problems that can arise in connection with sawmilling the establishment of sawmills of standard type seldom can be provided without special precautions. Consideration of the local climatic conditions makes it possible to estimate variations in seasonal supply and their effect on the sawmill choice.

A factor of great importance is to form a correct estimate of the wood species. In certain cases, the presence of internal tensions or the danger of warping during seasoning may dictate a special mode of sawing (tangential cutting or complete quarter sawing). Knowledge of the resistance of the wood to the penetration of the teeth makes it possible to establish the dimension and the power of the saws.

The choice of the type of sawmill depends also on the following conditions occurring at the same time: the possibility of rate coordination of the various sawing stations’ operations and the regular operation ensuring of each one. If this can be done, there is a

fine chance to organize a highly mechanized sawmill which is entirely analogous to that of standard type.

In addition to the lumber cutting, the pre-sawing preparation of logs and postsawing control of lumber seasoning and other general services are also part of any sawmill activity. Sometimes the outside-mill activity requires more than half of the total labour force. Therefore it is important to have this outside-mill operation wellorganized and mechanized.

Usually the logs are cross-cut before entering the mill. The portable electric chain saws are most convenient for this operation. It is preferable to debark some species with thick bark beforehand because they usually contain sandy particles. For such cases a mechanical debarker should be used. If a sawmill cuts a major portion of species susceptible to fungus or insect attack, a mechanized tank for dipping treatment should be installed at the remote end of the «green» chain. Transportation and stacking of lumber for air seasoning usually requires a sizeable labour force. The most economical method is to stack the lumber for air seasoning immediately after removing it from the «green» chain. The piles should be of a convenient size for transporting them by a fork-lift. Correct seasoning is very important in a sawmill production. Whether kiln or semi-artificial seasoning should be a part of the postsawing treatment, or natural air seasoning is enough, can be decided according to particular requirements

Sawmilling is one of the oldest and the most widespread manufacturing technologies in the world. Today sawmills are being mechanized and automated at an ever-developing rate as new tools are adopted to solve the problems of increasing productivity and quality in the process of making lumber from logs. Hydraulic power and electric motors and controls are available for use in air compressors and air cylinders for a variety of mechanical needs: to kick logs out of a delivery trough, to move the log carriage back and forth in front of the saw, to turn logs, etc.

Mechanization and automation have been making some advances. They provide for better, uniform quality. It is a well-known fact that setting dimensions demands full attention, both mental and physical efforts from workers, but modern mechanical devices cannot be tired of repetition. So, they increase the production of the plant and the productive capacity of its labour force.

3. Continue the sentences:

1.The establishment of sawmills of standard type …

2.A factor of great importance is …

3.In certain cases, …

4.Knowledge of …

5.If this can be done, …

6.In addition to …

7.Therefore it is important to …

8.It is preferable to …

9.For such cases …

10.The most economical method is …

11.Correct seasoning is …

12.Today sawmills are …

13.Mechanization and automation …

14.Hydraulic power and electric motors and controls are …

15.They provide for …

16.It is a well-known fact that …

17.Modern mechanical devices cannot be …

18.So, they increase …

19.The piles should be …

20.Sometimes the outside-mill activity requires …

4.Write down the key words of the text.

5.Write а summary of the text in English and present it in a form of a report.

6.Write the words in the sentence in correct order:

are important / in tree selection / ornamental characteristics / factors

7. Fill in the form using the following information:

8. Choose the right variants and fill in the gaps:

A) In Finland and Sweden all the ________ are annually covered by middleresolution satellite images (10-30 m) for account of the state budget.