2. Переведите следующие предложения:

1. These operations are performed by me. 2. Anatomy is taught in practical class. 3. The lecture in Biology is delivered on Monday.

2. * Найдите предложения, которые стоят в страдательном залоге:

1. This textbook is experimental. 2. Many experiments are carried out by

students. 3. He is happy because he studies at the Medical Institute. 4. Interesting lectures are delivered by Prof. Lukin. 5. Physiology is taught at the Medical Institute. .

2. Переведите следующие предложения (письменно):

1. Нам дают книги. 2. Мне часто задают много вопросов. 3. Операции производятся хирургом. 4. Учебники пишутся для студентов. 5. Нас часто видят в библиотеке. 6. Курсовые собрания обычно проводятся в конце семестра.

2. Прочтите и запомните неизвестные вам термины: cranial [‘kreinial] черепной

facial [‘fei/al] лицевой -

spinal column [‘spainal ‘kobm] позвоночный столб

cervical [‘saivikal] шейный

thoracic [6o:’raesik] грудной

lumbar [1лтЬэ] поясничный

sacral [‘seikral] крестцовый

vertebra [‘vartibra] позвонок (pi (-ae) [i:])

coccyx [‘koksiksj копчик

arch [artj] дуга

thorax [‘6a:raks] грудная клетка

basic [‘beisik] основной

cartilage [‘kcutilid3] хрящ

pelvis [‘pelvis] таз

ligament [‘lidamant] связка

substance [‘sAbstans] вещество, субстанция

2. Выучите следующие слова и словосочетания: bone [boun] п (pi bones) кость (мн. ч. скелет, кости) skull [skwl] п череп, черепная коробка

consist (of) fkan’sist] и состоять из

part [pa.’t] n часть; take part in smth принимать участие в чем-л.

trunk [trArjk] n туловище

spine [spain] n позвоночник

chest [tfest] n грудная клетка

rib [rib] n ребро

breastbone [‘brestboun] n грудина

side [said] n сторона, бок; in the side в боку; on each side с каждой стороны compose of [kam’pouz] v составлять; be composed of состоять из connect [ka’nekt] v соединять, связывать free [fri:] а свободный; бесплатный neck [nek] n шея, шейка

lower extremity [‘ 1оиэ(г) iks’tre-miti] нижняя конечность

upper extremity [‘лрэ(г) iks’tre-miti] верхняя конечность

thigh [6ai] n бедро, бедренная кость

forearm [‘f0:ram] n предплечье

shoulder [‘Joulda] n плечо, плечевой сустав

joint [d3oint] n сустав; а совместный, объединенный

2. Прочтите и переведите слова и словосочетания:

1. arch [cutj]: arches [‘cutjiz], the arch of the vertebra, the arch of the aorta [ei’o.ta];

2. breastbone [‘brestboun]: the breastbone is a long bone^the breastbone is in the middle of the chest;

3. extremity [iks’tremiti]: the lower extremity, the am is an upper extremity, the leg is a lower extremity;

4. shoulder [‘Joulda]: the right shoulder, the left shoul der;

5. Joint [d3oint]: to be connected together by the joints, some bones of the skeleton are connected together by the joints, joint experiments

2. Выучите следующие словосочетания, обращая внимание на предлоги:

to consist of, in the side, on each side of, to be composed of, to take part in, in the adult, to be connected with

2. 1. Прочтите текст A. 2. Найдите предложения в Presenf Indefinite Passive и переведите их. Озаглавьте III—VI абзацы текста:

Text A. The Skeleton

The skeleton is composed of bones. In the adult the skeleton has over 200 bones.

The bones of the skull consist of cranial and facial parts¹. There are 26 bones in the skull.

The bones of the trunk are the spinal column or the spine and the chest (ribs and the breastbone). The spine consists of the cervical, thoracic, lumbar and sacral vertebrae and the coccyx.

The vertebra is a small bone, which is formed by the body and the arches². All the vertebrae compose the spinal column or the spine. There are 32 or 34 vertebrae in the spine of the adult. In the spinal column there are seven cervical vertebrae, twelve thoracic vertebrae, five lumbar, five sacral vertebrae and from one to five vertebrae which form the coccyx. The cervical part of the spine is formed by seven cervical vertebrae. Twelve thoracic vertebrae have large bodies. The lumbar vertebrae are the largest vertebrae in the spinal column. They have oval bodies.

The chest (thorax) is composed of 12 thoracic vertebrae, the breastbone and 12 pairs (nap) of ribs. The breastbone is a long bone in the middle of the chest. It is composed of three main parts. The basic part of the chest is formed by the ribs. On each side of the chest seven ribs are connected with the breastbone by cartilages. The cartilages of three other ribs are connected with each other and with the seventh rib. But the cartilages of these ribs are not connected with the breastbone. The eleventh and the twelfth ribs are not connected with the breastbone either (также). They are not connected with other ribs, they are free. Each rib is composed of a head, neck and body. : ,

The lower extremity consists of the thigh, leg and foot. It is connected with the trunk by the pelvis. The upper extremity is formed by the arm, forearm and hand. It is connected with the trunk by the shoulder girdle (пояс).

The bones of the skeleton are connected together by the joints or by the cartilages and ligaments. The bones consist of organic and inorganic substance.

Notes:

1. состоят из мозгового и лицевого отделов;

2. каждый позвонок имеет две дуги не меньше

CLASS ASSIGNMENTS

2. Form and translate Pasf Participle of the following words:

leave, feel, think, become, lose, complete, require, achieve

2. Translate the following:

врач, обследующий больного; больной, обследуемый в рентгеновском кабинете; студент, встречающий своих друзей; студент, встреченный сво­ими друзьями; хрящ, соединяющий плечо и предплечье; хрящ, соединен­ный с плечевым суставом

2. Translate these sentences:

1. The skeleton is composed of bones. 2. The spinal column is formed by the vertebrae. 3. The cervical part of the spine is composed of seven cervical vertebrae.

2. Make these sentences interrogative:

1. The upper extremity is connected with the trunk by the shoulder girdle.

2. The lectures in Physiology are attended by all the students. 3. On each side of the chest the breastbone is connected with seven ribs.

2. Put the verbs in Present Indefinite Passive:

1. Seven cervical vertebrae compose the cervical part of the spine. 2. Cranial and facial bones form the skull. 3. The pelvis connects the lower extremity with the trunk.

2. Translate the sentences paying attention to the translation of the word ‘if:

1. He wants to know if the skeleton is composed of over 200 bones. 2. My fellow-student asks me if each rib is composed of a head, neck and body. 3.1 do not remember if the ribs are connected with the breastbone by cartilages or by ligaments.

2. Ask each other questions and answer them:

Ask your friend if

1. cartilages connect the joints; 2. the chest is composed of the breastbone and 24 ribs; 3. the man has two lower extremities; 4. the upper extremity is formed by the arm, forearm, and hand; 5. the spinal column is composed of the vertebrae; 6. the skull is composed of facial and cranial parts.

2. Translate into English:

1. Мой друг принимает активное участие в научном кружке по химии.

2. С каждой стороны грудной клетки имеется семь ребер. 3. Из чего состо­ят ваши занятия в институте? 4. Нижняя конечность составлена из бедра, голени и стопы. 5. Сердце нахоится в левой стороне грудной клетки. 6. Кости черепа соединяются с шейными позвонками. 7. У взрослых кости конечностей длиннее, чем у детей.

2. Translate these sentences and memorize the words given in bold type:

1. One of the books by Tolstoy is called Anna Karenina. 3. We see with our eyes. 3. The brain is the organ of thinking. 4. The brain is in the cranial cavity.

5. The teeth ere in the oral cavity. 6. The Urals separate Europe from Asia.

XXIIV. 1. Read Text B. Entitle it. 2. Find and translate the sentences in Present Indefinite Passive. 3. Ask each other questions on the text and answer them:

Text В

The main part of the head and face is called the skull. The skull is composed of twenty-six bones. These bones form two basic parts of the skull, that is facial and cranial parts.

The bones of the skull are connected with the first cervical vertebra. The bones of the skull are connected together so firmly [ fa:mli] (крепко) that it is very difficult to separate them.

The bones of the skull form one large cavity and some smaller cavities. The large cavity is called the cranial cavity. The brain is in the cranial cavity. One of the smaller cavities is the cavity of the nose. The other two cavities are the orbits. The eyeballs are in the orbits.

Notes:

1. cranial cavity — мозговая полость.

LESSON 10

HOME ASSIGNMENTS

1. Выпишите в две колонки существительные и прилагательные, под­черкните суффиксы:

facial, scientific, spinal, formation, pelvig, connection, basic, special, composition, experimental, anatomical, sacral

2. Сгруппируйте слова, обозначающие части скелета (письменно):

1. череп, 2. туловище, 3. конечности

skull, lower extremity, orbit, upper extremity, thigh, leg, shoulder, pelvis, spinal column, hand, rib, forearm, cervical vertebrae, foot, chest, arm

3. Найдите ниже перевод каждого английского слова:

to call, brain, eyeball, nose, cavity, to compose, to consist of, joint, on each side, trunk, neck, breastbone, to separate

составлять, глазное яблоко, разделять, мозг, шея, называть, тулови­ще, нос, грудина, полость, состоять из, с каждой стороны, сустав