Английский язык / Английский язык для медиков / Толковый англо-русский и русско-английский словарь физиологических терминов Dictionary of physiology (2010)

ureter

typing — типирование. Classification in conformity with the type.

•blood typing — определение группы крови. Blood group determination.

U

unicellular — одноклеточный. Describing the organisms composed of one cell. Unicellular organism includes protozoa, bacteria and some fungi.

unipolar — униполярный. In neurology: describing of the neuron with only one axon.

univalent — одновалентный. 1. Capable of forming one chemical bond. 2. Pertaining to monovalent specific antiserum.

universal — универсальный.

•universal donor — универсальный донор. The donor with first blood group that can be transfused to any recipient. Nowadays only the blood of the same group can be transfused (rare).

•universal recipient — универсальный реципиент. The recipient with the fourth blood group. The blood of any group can be transfused to him. Nowadays only the blood of the same group can be transfused (rare).

unmyelinated — безмиелиновый. Pertaining to the nerve fiber (axon) without myelin sheath.

urea — мочевина. The main product of protein breakdown; urea contains toxic nitrogen that must be eliminated from the organism with the urine, it is formed in the liver from ammonia (NH3) and carbon dioxide (CO2) by means of the enzymatic action. It is the final product of a different reactions (also called urea cycle).

uremia — уремия. Excessive amount of urea and other nitrogen- U containing metabolites in the blood. They are usually eliminated

from the organism by kidneys with the urine, however in case of renal insufficiency they accumulate in the blood causing nausea, vomiting, malaise, lethargic condition. If untreated the disease results in death.

ureter — мочеточник. Paired cylindrical tubule (length 25-30 sm), along which the urine is conveyed from the renal pelvis into the urinary bladder, — ureteral, ureteric, adj.

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urethra

urethra — мочеиспускательный канал, уретра. Canal, along which the urine is excreted from the urinary bladder out of the organism. In women urethra is relatively short (length 3,5 sm); the urethral opening is located between the clitoris and external opening of the vagina. In man urethra is longer (about 20 sm); it goes through corpus spongiosum penis. In men urine and sperm are passed out of the organism via the urethra, — urethral, adj.

uric — мочевой. Pertaining to the urine.

• uric acid — мочевая кислота. See uric acid.

urinalysis — анализ мочи. Analysis of the urine that determines its physical, chemical and microscopic composition as well as the presence of proteins, alcohol, oficinal substances, sugar or any other substances that are not found in the urine under normal conditions.

urinary — мочевой. Pertaining to the urine.

•urinary bladder — мочевой пузырь. Sac-like organ of the human body, where urine, excreted by the kidneys accumulates. The main part of its walls is developed layer of smooth muscles. The urine is conveyed into the urinary bladder via the ureters; emptying is controlled by two sphincters: internal (involuntary), composed of smooth muscles and external (voluntary), composed of striated muscles. Bladder neck merges with the urethra, going via the prostate gland in men.

urine — моча. Body fluid containing a lot of metabolites eliminated from the organism by the kidneys. With the urine such metabolites of nitrous exchange as urea, uric acid and creatinine are eliminated. NaCl is an important element of the urine. Apart from these substances the urine contains over 100 different substances in microscopic amounts. To simplify diagnostics of diseases, biochemical urinalysis is usually made e.g. eliminated sugar content

U in the urine is indicative of diabetes mellitus, — uric, urinary, adj. urinometer — уринометр. The device for measuring specific

density of the urine.

urobilin — уробилин. The pigment formed in the intestines during the reduction of bilirubin (biliary pigment) by the bacteria. Then it is absorbed in the blood and is eliminated with the urine (it is responsible for coloration of the urine).

urobilinogen — уробилиноген. The precursor of urobilin. urogenital — мочеполовой, урогенетальный.

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valve

urokinase — урокиназа. See plasmin. urticaria — крапивница. See hives.

uterusL — матка. Inner female genital organ where germ implantation takes place and fetus develops, — uterine, adj. Syn. womb. utricle, utriculus — маточка. One of the two small sacs located in the vestibular part of the membranous labyrinth of the inner ear. It is filled with endolymph, and on its inner surface there is macula containing receptor hair cells, perceiving changes in the head and body posture, rectilinear moving (acceleration and deceleration), bending, jolting and rolling. See also saccule, vestibu-

lar organ.

V

vaccination — вакцинация. A method of forming immunity to any disease — by means of injecting vaccine or antigenous material prepared in a specific way into the body organism for stimulating the production of proper antibodies.

vaccine — вакцина. Specific antigenous preparation that stimulates the process of producing antibodies in the organism proper and forming immunity against any disease or group of diseases. vacuole — вакуоль. Light vesicle in a cell, sometimes of degeneration character, phagocytizing a foreign body and digesting it. vagal — вагусный, блуждающий. Pertaining to the vagus

nerve.

valence, valency — валентность. Capacity of an atom or radical to combine with other atoms in definite proportions; the unit of valency is equal to the valency of hydrogen atom.

value — емкость, величина.

• buffer value — буферная емкость. Capability of a dissolved substance of binding to an acid or base without changing pH of

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valve

lumen, when the blood flows back these cusps fill with the blood and close the lumen, — valval, adj.

•aortic valve — аортальный клапан. Cardiac valve located between the left ventricle and aorta. It consist of three semilunar cusps that prevent blood from running back from the aorta into the ventricle.

•atrioventricular valve — атриовентрикулярный (предсердножелудочковый) клапан. The valve closing the opening between the atrium and ventricle. It can be right, or left.

•bicuspid valve — двухстворчатый клапан. Cardiac valve formed by two cusps that are attached to the edges of the left atrioventricular lumen. Through it the blood runs from the atrium into the ventricle however it prevents the blood from flowing back.

•ileocecal valve, ileocolic valve — илеоцекальный клапан. The valve at the junction of the terminal ileum and the caecum; it has two sphincters and two «lips». This valve opens from time to time so that its content is passed into the large intestine in small portions. When the valve is closed the content of the large intestine can’t get into the ileum.

•mitral valve — митральный клапан. See bicuspid valve.

•pulmonary valve — клапан легочного ствола. Cardiac valve located between the right ventricle and the pulmonary trunk. It consist of three semilunar cusps that prevent blood from moving back from the pulmonary trunk into the ventricle.

•pyloric valve — пилорический клапан. The fold of the muscular tunic at the site of gastro-intestinal junction.

•semilunar valve — полулунный клапан. One of the two cardiac valves located between the ventricles and the aorta (aortic valve) or pulmonary artery (pulmonary valve). Each of

Vthe valves has three cusps that coordinate the direction of the bloodflow from ventricles into aorta and pulmonary trunk.

•tricuspid valve — трехстворчатый клапан. Cardiac valve located in the right atrioventricular opening. It consists of three cusps that coordinate the direction of the bloodflow only from the atrium into ventricle.

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vasopressin (VP)

vaporization — испарение. The conversion of a solid or liquid into gas.

variable — вариабельный. Not constant, capable of changing under differing conditions.

vasL (pl. vasa) — сосуд. See vessel.

vascular — сосудистый. Consisting of, pertaining to or provided with vessels.

vasoconstriction — вазоконстриция. Narrowing of the blood vessels (especially arterioles) lumen in response to stimulation of the vasomotor center in the myelencephalon that conveys an impulse to the vessels resulting in contraction of the muscular walls of the vessels and rise in the blood pressure.

vasodilative — сосудорасширяющий. Causing dilation of the blood vessels and consequently increase in blood pressure.

vasoconstrictive — вазоконстрикторный, сосудосуживающий. Leading to the narrowing of the blood vessels and consequent rise in blood pressure.

vasoconstrictor — вазоконстриктор. A nerve or a drug causing the narrowing of the blood vessels and diminishing bloodflow in them.

vasodilatation — вазодилатация. Enlargement of the lumen of the blood vessels (mostly arteries). The reaction results from the stimulation of the myelencephalon that conveys impulses relaxing smooth muscles of the vascular wall that results in elevation of blood pressure.

vasodilatator — вазодилататор. 1. Agent producing dilation of blood vessels and intensification of blood circulation. 2. Pertaining to the relaxation of the smooth muscle of the vascular system.

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vasotonia

vasotonia — вазотония.Tonus of the blood vessels (mostly arterioles).

vegetative — вегетативный. Pertaining to vegetative nervous system.

vein — вена. A blood vessel carrying blood to the heart. All veins with the exception of the pulmonary veins, convey deoxygenated blood from tissues and organs to the venae cavae. The walls of the veins consist of three layers, these layers are much thinner and less elastic that in the arteries. In the veins there are special valves that allow bloodflow to the heart and prevent its flow back, — venous, adj.

venom — яд. Toxic substance secreted by certain reptiles or insects e.g. snakes, scorpions, spiders that use it to kill their victims or enemies. Some venoms cause only local pain and swelling at the site of injection; other venoms may cause general toxic effect and in some cases fatal outcome. Compare to: poison.

venous — венозный. Pertaining to veins.

ventilation — вентиляция. The process of getting the air into the respiratory tract and out of it, of oxygenating the blood in the capillaries of the lungs. In alveoli effective gas exchange between the blood passing through the capillaries and the air perfusing the alveoli takes place. Discontinuation of the ventilation process is one of the most important causes of cyanosis.

•alveolar ventilation (AV) — альвеолярная вентиляция.

The gas volume exhaled from the alveoli per minute; it is calculated as the respiratory frequency multiplied by the difference between the respiratory volume and dead space (ml/min).

•maximum voluntary ventilation (MVV) — максималь-

ная вентиляция легких (МВЛ). Air volume that goes via the lungs per minute; it is calculated during most frequent and deep respiratory movements. MVV may amount to 150-200 l

Vper minute during intensive work in case of O2 deficiency (hypoxia) and CO2 excess (hypercapnia) in the air.

•pulmonary ventilation — легочная вентиляция. Air volume going via the lungs per minute; it is calculated as multiplication of the respiratory frequency in rest per minute (about 16 respiratory movements) and respiratory volume (about 500 ml). In man it is about 8 l/min.

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vessel

ventral — вентральный. Pertaining to the front portion of the body or of an organ.

ventricle — желудочек. 1. One of the two lower cardiac chambers, having thick muscular walls (the wall of the left ventricle is thicker than the wall of the right ventricle). The left ventricle pumps the blood received from the left atrium (where the blood comes from the pulmonary veins) to the aorta. The right ventricle pumps the blood received from the right atrium (where the blood comes from the venae cavae) to the pulmonary artery (see also heart). 2. One of the four brain cavities (filled with cerebrospinal fluid) comprising the two lateral ventricles and the third and fourth ventricles, — ventricular, adj.

ventriculoatrial — желудочково-предсердный. Pertaining to the ventricle and the atrium.

venule — венула. A small blood vein that follows the set of the capillaries. Joining together venules form the vein, — venular, adj.

vertebra (pl. vertebrae) — позвонок. One of the 33 bones forming the spinal or vertebral column. Each vertebra usually consists of the body with arch on the posterior surface. There is a vertebral opening between the body and arch, — vertebral, adj.

vertebrata — позвоночные. One of the most important group in the animal Kingdom comprising the fishes, amphibian, reptiles, birds, and mammals. They are characterized by a spinal column composed of bong, or, in the case of certain groups of fishers, cartilaginous vertebrae.

vesicle — пузырек. Any small bubble.

• seminal vesicle — семенной пузырек. See seminal gland. vessel — сосуд. The duct or canal carrying any biological fluid in

the organism (blood or lymphatic vessel).

• blood vessel — кровеносный сосуд. The tube in which the

•lymph, lymphatic vessel — лимфатический сосуд. The vessel carrying lymph; usually forms anastomosis with the same vessels.

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villous

villous — ворсинчатый. 1. Pertaining to the villi. 2. Covered with the villi.

villus — ворсинка. One of many short fingerlike bulges of the lamina propria mucosa of the small intestines covered with epithelium (intestinal villi). Each of them contains a set of capillaries and one wide lymphatic capillary (chyle vessel). The villi perform parietal digestion and absorption of the digested products; they greatly increase the space of the intestinal surface that plays an important role in the absorption, −villous, adj.

visceraL — внутренние органы. Organs located in different cavities of the body e.g. organs located in the abdominal and thorasic cavities are the stomach, intestines, lungs etc., — splanchnic, visceral, adj. Syn. inner organs.

visceromotor — висцеромоторный. Pertaining to or regulating movements of the viscera (or other organs related movements).

viscerosensory — висцеросенсорный. Pertaining to sensory innervation of viscera.

viscosity — вязкость. Inner friction, an ability of fluid and gases to resist movement of their parts towards each other as a result of intermolecular interaction.

vision — зрение. An ability to see.

•binocular vision — бинокулярное зрение. An ability to see an image sharply by means of both eyes. Thus a man sees one image of the object observed. Binocular vision is not congenital but it develops during the first several months of life. Binocular vision allows to see distant objects, and creates 3D images.

•chromatic vision — цветовое зрение. Sensation of color, ability to distinguish colors.

•stereoscopic vision — стереоскопическое зрение. Perception of shape, size and location of the object by means of

Vbinocular vision. The brain receives two different images coming from both eyes and perceives them as one 3D image.

visual — зрительный. Pertaining to vision.

•visual acuity — острота зрения. Sharpness of sight. It depends on the retina’s condition and ability of the eye to focus the light coming into it, forming sharp image on the retina. Visual acuity also depends on lightening and motiva-

498

volume

tion. Usually visual acuity is measured by means of Snellen’s table.

•visual field — поле зрения. Space in front of the eye, that is fully perceived by immobile eye.

vitamin — витамин. An organic substance required in very small quantities for normal growth and development of the organism; these substances can’t be synthesized in the organism proper therefore they get into the organism with food. Vitamins are divided into two groups: water-soluble (complex of B group vitamin and vitamin C), fat-soluble (vitamin A,D,E,K). Insufficient consumption of any vitamin may result in certain diseases.

vocal — голосовой. Pertaining to voice or organs of speech e.g. vocal cords.

voice — голос. Sound being produce by the air that passes through the larynx and upper respiratory tract, thus causing closure and tension of the vocal cords.

volley — серия импульсов. Synchronous group of impulses being caused by simultaneous artificial stimulation of nerve and muscular fibers.

voltage — вольтаж. Electromotive force measured in volts. volume — объем. Space filled by any substance. It is usually ex-

pressed in mm3, sm3, l etc.

•expiratory reserve volume (ERV) — резервный объем

выдоха (РОВЫД). Additional air volume that can be exhaled after quiet exhalation. See also scheme2.

•inspiratory reserve volume (IRV) — резервный объем

вдоха (РОВД). Additional air volume that can be inhaled after quiet inhalation. See also scheme2.

•packed cell volume — общий объем эритроцитов. Part of the blood volume containing erythrocytes. Packed cell volume is measured as the ratio of erythrocyte volume to blood volume (in men 0,44–0,46; in women 0,41–0,43).

•residual volume (RV) — остаточный объем (ОО). Volume of air remaining in the lungs after maximum expiration. RV is approximately 20% of total lung capacity (TLC). This volume increases in patients with emphysema.

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voluntary

•respiratory minute volume — минутный объем дыхания (МОД). See pulmonary ventilation.

•tidal volume (VT) — дыхательный объем (ДО). Volume of air normally inspired and exhaled during quiet respiration. Averages between 500–800 ml. See also scheme 2.

voluntary — произвольный. Under control of the will; performed by an exercise of the will.

vomiting — рвота. Reflectory action associated with discarding gastric content via the mouth. This act is connected with functioning of the specific brain center (myelencephalon) that is stimulated by some medicines or due to nerve impulses going to this center from the stomach (in gastritis), intestines (in constipation) or inner ear (in sea-sickness). The stimulation of the vomiting center results in nerve impulses that cause contractions of the diaphragm and abdominal muscles as well as relaxation of the cardiac sphincter of the stomach; thus antiperistalsis develops and the stomach content is discarded via the mouth.

W

wall — стенка. The bounding side or inside surface of a natural or artificial cavity or vessel.

•cell wall — клеточная стенка. 1. The cellulose cell membrane of plant cells. 2. The outer membrane of some bacterial

cells composed of glycosaminoglycans.

water — вода. H20. Transparent fluid without smell and taste; present in all animal and body tissues. Under normal pressure its freezing point is –32°F (0°C, 0R), boiling point is 212°F (100°C, 80R). weight — вес (антропометрический показатель). The force

with which a body is attracted by the earth.

•molecular weight — молекулярный вес. The weight of a molecule of any substance, representing the sum of the weights of its constituent atoms.

W• equivalent weight — эквивалентный вес. The weight of an element which can replace or combine with a unit weight of hydrogen or is otherwise equivalent to the latter.

windpipe — трахея. See trachea. womb — матка. See uterus.

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