Английский язык / Английский язык для медиков / Толковый англо-русский и русско-английский словарь физиологических терминов Dictionary of physiology (2010)

thymus

thinking — мышление. The process of mediated reflection of the reality with its links, relations and appropriatenesses.

thirst — жажда. A sensation associated with the need of the body for water.

thoracic — грудной. Pertaining to or influencing the chest.

•thoracic cage — грудная клетка. Bony-cartilaginous formation consisting of 12 thoracic vertebrae, 12 pairs of the ribs and the sternum connected with each other by means of different joints.

•thoracic cavity — грудная полость. See thoracic cavity. thorax — грудная клетка (see thoracic cage).

threonine — треонин. An aminoacid essential for human nutri-

tion.

threshold — порог. The lower limit of stimulus capable of producing an impression upon consciousness or of evoking a response in an irritable tissue e.g. thermoreceptor that begins to respond when temperature changes by two degrees has a much lower threshold than the one that reacts to changes by ten or more degrees. In this case it is measured in degrees.

throat — глотка. See pharynx.

thrombin — тромбин. A coagulating factor that acts like an enzyme by transforming soluble fibrinogen into insoluble fibrin at the final stage of blood coagulation. There is usually no thrombin in plasma. It is formed from its inactive precursor prothrombin.

thrombocyte — тромбоцит. See platelet.

thromboplastin — тромбопластин. An enzyme formed at early stages of blood coagulation. It stimulates transformation of prothrombin into its active form — thrombin.

thrombosis — тромбоз. Formation of thrombus. Thrombosis

may take place in the blood vessels in different diseases e.g. ar- T terial thrombosis results in hemostasis and impairment of tissues perfusion.

thromboxanes — тромбоксаны. Biologically active substances, derivatives of arachidonic acid. They result from the transformation of prostaglandins by the cyclic way. They contribute to thrombocytes aggregation.

thrombus (pl. thrombi) — тромб. The blood clot.

thymus — тимус. An organ located in the anterior superior mediastenum. It is enclosed by thin capsule composed of connec-

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thyroglobulin

tive tissue from which septa dividing organ into lobules go inside the organ. Lobules are composed of the cortical portion and medullary portion. The cortical portion is mainly composed of lymphoid cells, supported by a network of finely branched cells, which is continuous with a similar network in the medullary portion. This network forms an adventitia to the bloodvessels. In the medullary portion the reticulum is coarser than in the cortex, the lymphoid cells are relatively fewer in number. Thymus attaining its largest size at the time of puberty (35 grams), when it ceases to grow, gradually dwindles, and almost disappears. Thymus controls development of the lymphoid tissue and immune response, since antigen-independent differentiation of T-lymphocytes takes place there, — thymic, adj.

thyroglobulin — тироглобулин. Protein of the thyroid gland.

Thyroglobulin is secreted by thyrocytes into the lumen of the follicle where it binds to iodine. From the follicle colloid with thyroglobulin comes into thyrocytes again where it is split by lysosomes with the formation of thyroxine and triiodothyronin.

thyronine — тиронин. Aminoacid with dephenyl ester group in the lateral chain. In the human organism it is present only in the form of thyroxine and other iodine-containing derivatives.

thyrotropine — тиреотропный гормон (ТТГ), тиреотропин. See thyroid-stimulating hormone.

thyroxine — тироксин. An iodine-containing substance synthesized and secreted by the thyroid gland. It stimulates metabolism of proteins, fats and carbohydrates and influences mental and physical development of a man.

time — время. The duration of an event or phenomenon.

• clotting time, coagulation time — время свертывания

Tкрови. The time of the blood or plasma coagulation.

•prothrombin time — протромбиновое время. The time required for oxalated plasma to clot after adding thromboplastin and recalcifying. The time is measured in seconds and is inversely proportional to the prothrombin content in plasma.

•reaction time — время реакции. The interval between the application of a stimulus and the beginning of the response.

tissue — ткань. Historically formed group of cells and intercellular substance with common origin, structure and function. There

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thyroglobulin

are four types of tissues in the human organism: epithelial, connective, muscular and nervous.

•adipose tissue — жировая ткань. The connective tissue with many adipocytes. It forms a thick subcutaneous layer. It can be found round the kidneys and under the skin of buttocks. The adipose tissue has insulating effect, accumulates energy and transforms excessive amount of food into fats accumulated in this tissue.

•bone tissue — костная ткань. The specialized type of the connective tissue with high mineralization of intercellular ground substance (contains 70 % of mineral compounds) in which collagen fibers are imbedded. The bone tissue contains bone cells osteocytes and osteoblasts. The bone tissue presents mechanical, protective functions and takes part in mineral metabolism (accumulates salts of calcium and phosphor); bones contain vitamins, in the cavity of the bone marrow is located.

•cartilaginous tissue — хрящевая ткань. A dense skeletal connective tissue consisting of chondroblasts and chondrocytes, located mainly in the ground substance composed of collagen framework and proeteoglycans with interstitial fluid. Cartilaginous tissue presents semitransparent yellowish or blu- ish-white substance withstanding significant pressure. There are three types of cartilaginous tissue: hyaline cartilage, elastic cartilage and fibrous cartilage (fibrocartilage). In fetus and in-

fant cartilages form the main part of skeleton but in the course of growth they are replaced by bones. In adults costal cartilages, the main part of larynx trachea, bronchi, nose and articular cartilages are composed of hyaline cartilages. The auricle, external acoustic meatus (cartilaginous portion), epiglottis, Eustachian

tube are composed of elastic cartilage and intervertebral disks, T menisci of the knee-joint and temporomandibular articulation, symphysis pubis are composed of fibrocartilage that is also located in the places of tendon and bone attachment.

•connective tissue — соединительная ткань. A wide group of tissues that present trophic, protective functions, form the stroma of organs, connect or separate any other tissues and organs. The connective tissue includes the ground substance composed of glycosaminoglycans, collagen, elastin and reticular

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titrate

fibers and cells: fibroblasts, fibrocytes, mast cells, adipocytes (see adipose tissue), macrophages, plasmacytes and reticulocytes. Different types of the connective tissue are characterized by differences in chemical composition of the ground substance, ratio of the cells and fibers.

•lymphatic, lymphoid tissue — лимфоидная ткань. The tissue producing cells — lymphocytes and plasmacytes that perform protective function. It is present in the organism as the lymphatic nodes, tonsils, thymus and spleen and as a diffuse formation in the alimentary and respiratory tracts.

•muscular tissue — мышечная ткань. The tissue consisting of cells or fibers that are able to contract due to myofibrils and myofilaments with actin and myosin, large number of mitochondria, glycogen, lipids and muscle haemoglobin. The muscular tissue is responsible for movements of the body (the skeletal muscular tissue), heart contractions (the cardiac muscular tissue) and movements of the inner organs (the smooth and in rare cases skeletal muscular tissue). See also fig.14.

•nerve tissue — нервная ткань. The system of interconnected nerve cells (see neuron) and neuroglia (see glia) that insure specific functions of the reception of irritations, excitement, production and conveying impulses. It is the basis of the structure of the nervous system’s organs responsible for the regulation of all tissues and organs, integration of their functions in the organism and interaction with the environment.

•osseous tissue — костная ткань. See bone tissue.

•reticular tissue — ретикулярная ткань. Type of the connective tissue consisting of reticulocytes and reticular fibers. The reticular tissue forms the stroma of the hemopoietic or-

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tooth (pl. teeth)

fective is tocopherol. Large amounts of vitamin E are found in the vegetable oil and butter, eggs, in cereals therefore vitamin E deficiency is rare. Vitamins A, C and E have synergetic effect in terms of their antioxidation action. They reduce the risk of different malignant tumors, cardio-vascular diseases (mostly atherosclerosis).

tone — 1.тон. See sound. 2.тонус. See tonus.

tongue — язык. An organ formed by the striated muscular tissue and is attached to the diaphragm of the oral cavity. The surface of the tongue is covered with mucosa that merges with this of the mouth cavity and the pharynx. On the inferior surface of the tongue the mucosa forms the fold — frenulum linguae. The surface of the tongue is covered with the papillae that make it rough. The papillae are the bulges of the mucosa covered with the epithelium containing taste buds. The tongue presents three main functions: it contributes to moving the bolus in the mouth cavity during mastication and swallowing, it is the organ of taste and plays an important role in articulate speech.

tonic — тонический. 1. Pertaining to normal muscular tonus. 2. Something characterized by the long muscular contraction e.g. muscular spasm.

tonometer — тонометр. An apparatus for measuring pressure in any part of the body e.g. in the eye.

tonsil — миндалина. Groups of the lymphoid tissue forming lymphoepithelial laryngeal ring that surrounds the aditus to the respiratory and alimentary system. Tonsils present protective function by eliminating microbes entering the organism from the environment via the oral and nasal openings.

tonus — тонус. 1. The condition of natural readiness of tissues by means of which they can perform their functions in response to T an adequate stimulus. 2. Effective osmotic pressure of the solution.

See also hypertonic, hypotonic, isoosmotic, osmosis. 3. The normal condition of partial contraction of relaxed muscle with which it is able to contract in response to corresponding stimulus.

tooth (pl. teeth) — зуб. One of solid structures of the mouth cavity necessary for masticating food. The root of each tooth is located in a separate dental alveolus of the alveolar arc of the upper or lower jaw, — dental, adj.

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touch

touch — осязание. Tactile sense. A complex association of different sensations from the skin, outer surfaces of mucosa and muscular-articular apparatus.

trachea — трахея. Organ of the lower respiratory tract. Respiratory tube beginning from the larynx and branches into two chief bronchi on the level of the fifth thoracic vertebra. Trachea is composed of 16-20 gyalin cartilaginous semi-circles connected between each other with the circular ligaments. Posterior membranous wall of the trachea doesn’t resist the movement of the food along the gullet, — tracheal, adj. Syn. windpipe.

tract — тракт. 1. A group of nerve fibers connecting different structures of the brain and spinal cord and forming a separate pathway e.g. spinothalamic tract, pyramidal or corticospinal pathways. 2. One or several organs with common origin and functions e.g. the alimentary tract.

•alimentary tract — пищеварительный тракт. A system of organs that performs mechanical and chemical digestion of the food, absorption of nutrients into the blood and lymph and elimination of impurities. Each organ of the alimentary tract from the mouth cavity to the anus presents its own specific functions in the process of food digestion: mechanical breakdown of the food takes place in the mouth, chemical processes of digestion and absorption — in the stomach and small intestine, excrements formation and water absorption — in the large intestine.

•digestive tract — пищеварительный тракт. See alimentary tract.

•gastrointestinal tract — желудочно-кишечный тракт.

See alimentary tract.

T• respiratory tract — дыхательные пути. Nasal cavity, nasal part of the pharynx, mouth part of the pharynx — upper respiratory tract; larynx, trachea, bronchi (including intrapulmonary branches) — lower respiratory tract.

•urinary tract — мочевыводящие пути. The ureter, urinary bladder and the urethra.

transamination — трансаминирование. One of aminoacids metabolic reactions that consists of transporting (–NH2) group from aminoacid to ketoacid followed by the formation of an-

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transport

other keto— and aminoacids. These reactions are catalyzed by transaminases in the presence of coenzyme pyridoxalphosphate. transcription — транскрипция. The process of transporting information from DNA to mRNA (see ribonucleic acid): the first

stage of protein synthesis in the cells. See also translation. translation — трансляция. The process of synthesizing proteins

in the cellular ribosomes. The information about the sequence of aminoacids in proteins is transported to the ribosomes from iRNA (see ribonucleic acid); transport of aminoacids in proper sequence in conformity with this information is performed by tRNA.

transplantation — трансплантация, пересадка. Grafting an organ or tissue (transplant) from one site of the body to another or from donor to recipient.

transport — транспорт. Translocation of something e.g. the transport of gases by the blood.

•active transport — активный транспорт. Movement of substances via the cellular membrane by means of proteinscarriers with the usage of ATP.

•axonal transport — аксональный транспорт. The transport of materials via an axon of the neuron. The transport of materials from the neuron’s body to the end of the axon is called anterograde, transport in the opposite direction is called retrograde.

•passive transport — пассивный транспорт. Movement of substances via the cellular membrane along a concentration gradient without energy.

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transudation

transudation — транссудация. Movement of a fluid via the membrane (especially the blood via the capillary walls) due to different haemodinamic disturbances. This fluid is called transudate.

trauma — травма. A wound or injury e.g. fracture or abrasion, — traumatic, adj.

treatment — лечение. A combination of measures for restoring health and eliminating or relieving sufferings of an ill person.

treppe — феномен лестницы. Increasing the force of heart contractions.

tricuspid — трехстворчатый. Pertaining to the tricuspid valve. trigeminal — тройничный. Pertaining to the trigeminal nerve. triiodothyronin — трийодтиронин. The hormone of the thyroid gland with similar but stronger action than thyroxin. Triiodothy-

ronin is present in less amounts.

trophic — трофический. Pertaining to nutrition. tropocollagen — тропоколлаген. The structural unit of col-

lagen. Three crossing polypeptide chains (about 1000 aminoacids in each) form a spiral molecule of tropocollagen (size: 380 x 1,5 nm). Each spiral consists of many times repeating triads of aminoacids, the third out of which is always glycine, the second — proline or lysine and the first — anyone excepting the three abovestated. The spiral organization ensures the fibers with structural stability and high resistance to the strain.

tropomyosin — тропомиозин. Peptide molecules located in grooves between two actin molecules in the striated muscular tissue. See also troponin.

troponin — тропонин. Peptide molecules located on the actin filaments. In rest they resist approaching myosin bridges to ac-

Ttin filaments.

truncal — туловищный. Pertaining to the body or trunk of the vessel or nerve.

trunk — 1. туловище. The torso. The body without the head, neck and extremities. 2. The main stem of the nerve, blood or lymphatic vessel from which different branches extend, — truncal, adj.

•celiac trunk — чревный ствол. The trunk (1-2 sm in length) that extends from the abdominal aorta just under the diaphragm. The celiac trunk branches into the left ventricular, common hepatic and spleenic arteries.

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tubule

•pulmonary trunk — легочный ствол. The trunk that extends from the right ventricle, branches into the right and left pulmonary arteries going to the ворота of the right and left lungs. It pertains to the pulmonary circulation.

•sympathetic trunk — симпатический ствол. One of the two long, ganglion-containing nerve trabeculae located on either side of the vertebral column. The sympathetic trunk is connected with each spinal nerve by means of grey connective branches and takes the fibers of the thoracic and the upper part of the spinal cord’s lumbar section as white connective branches. In the ganglia of sympathetic trunk some preganglionic fibers form synapses with the ganglionar neurons.

trypsin — трипсин. An alimentary enzyme taking part in splitting peptones to shorter peptide chains. It is secreted in the pancreas in its inactive form — trypsinogen that then transforms into trypsin under the action of enteropeptidase and trypsin proper in the duodenum.

trypsinogen — трипсиноген. See trypsin. tryptophan — триптофан. An aromatic aminoacid.

tube — труба. In anatomy — a long hollow cylindrical structure e.g. the Eustachian tube.

•Eustachian tube — Евстахиева труба. Tube connecting the middle ear with pharyngeal cavity. This tube has the function of making the pressure inside the middle ear equal to the atmospheric pressure that is necessary for vibrations of the tympanic membrane.

•neural tube — нервная трубка. See neuraxis.

tubule — трубочка, каналец. (In anatomy) small cylindrical

•distal convoluted tubule — дистальный извитой каналец. See nephron.

•distal straight tubule — дистальный прямой каналец.

See nephron.

•proximal convoluted tubule — проксимальный извитой каналец. See nephron.

•proximal straight tubule — проксимальный прямой каналец. See nephron.

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•renal tubules — почечные канальцы. A thin tubular parts of the nephron in which water and different dissolved substances are reabsorbed into the blood (thus the final urine is formed).

•seminiferous tubules — семенные канальцы. Tubules of the testis.

•convoluted seminiferous tubule — извитой семенной каналец. Long convoluted tubule 150–250 μm in diameter and 30–70 sm in length. The parenchyma of each tubule’s lobe of the testes consists of the 2–4 convoluted seminiferous tubules where spermatogenesis takes place.

•straight seminiferous tubule — прямой семенной каналец. The short straight seminiferous tubules formed due to merging the convoluted seminiferous tubules and entering the net of the testes.

•T-tubule — Т-трубочка. A part of the sarcolemma embedded inside the striated muscular fiber perpendicularly to its longitudinal axis. The t-tubule takes part in transporting excitement from the surface inside the muscular fiber.

tubulin — тубулин. A protein component of the microtubule. tumor — опухоль. The term is used in respect of an abnormal tis-

sue proliferation that can be both benign and malignant.

•benign tumor — доброкачественная опухоль. Tumor that have expansive growth and doesn’t metastasize.

•malignant tumor — злокачественная опухоль. The term is used for the description of tumors that are able to give metastases that pass via the blood and lymphatic systems and destruct other parts of the human organism. Without treatment malignant tumors result in death.

Ttunic, tunica (pl. tunicae) — оболочка. A coat or membrane. tunnel — туннель. In anatomy — a canal inside any anatomical

structure.

turgor — тургор. Inner hydrostatic pressure in the living cells that causes tension of the cellular membrane.

tympanal, tympanic — барабанный, тимпанальный. Pertaining to the tympanic cavity.

tympanum — барабанная полость. See tympanic cavity.

type — тип. 1. A model for a group of objects. 2. A category of people with common external or internal features.

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