Английский язык / Английский язык для медиков / Толковый англо-русский и русско-английский словарь физиологических терминов Dictionary of physiology (2010)

stimulus (pl. stimuli)

tory state, when they can be stimulated only by a very strong stimulus.

statoliths — статолиты, отолиты. Crystalline particles of calcium carbonate, forming the statolithic membrane, located on the maculae of the saccule and utricle; generation of the nerve impulses in the hair cells takes place due to movements of the membrane.

stem — ствол. 1. The pedicle or stalk of a tumor. 2. A supporting stalk, as of a leaf or plant.

• brainstem — ствол мозга. See brainstem.

stenosis — стеноз. Pathologic constriction of any lumen or opening e.g. a blood vessel or cardiac valve.

stereognosis — пространственное ощущение. The faculty

stimulus (pl. stimuli) — 1.стимул. Irritant. 2. импульс. An excitant or irritant that can provoke a proper response of excitable tissues or stimulate any function or metabolic process.

•threshold stimulus — пороговый стимул. Stimulus, just adequate to produce a proper response.

stomach — желудок. Organ of the alimentary tract, located between the gullet and duodenum. It merges with the gullet by the cardiac opening, and with the duodenum by the pyloric opening.

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stomach

The stomach is reservoir for swallowed food, which is mixed and partially digested by the gastric juice (see appendix). The stomach also has secretory, endocrine (production of the alimentary enzymes) and absorptive function (absorption of glucose, aminoacids, alcohol). Gastric juice, secreted by the gastric glands, located in the gastric mucosa, contains hydrochloric acid and enzyme pepsin: these substances take place in the chemical digestion of food, that together with mixing action by the muscular layers of the stomach converts it into digested semi-liquid mass (chyme), coming into the duodenum, — gastric, adj. Syn. gaster.

stool — стул, экскременты. Faeces excreted from the organism via the anus.

strain — штамм. A group of organisms closely related to each other, characterized by a common peculiarity.

stratification — образование слоев, наслоение. Arrangement in layers,— stratified, adj e.g. stratified clot.

stratum (pl. strata) — слой. Layer of tissue or cells e.g. one layer of the epidermis.

stress — 1.стресс. Reaction of an organism to different harmful influences, infection and pathologies resulting in homeostatic impairments. 2. Resistability to outer harmful influence. 3. Physical or psychological influence, that results in anxiety and unbalanced state.

stroke — удар, инсульт. Condition due to brief cerebral ischemia (impairment of blood supply). Primary diseases in this case are the diseases of the heart and vessels, and brain damage is only

Ssecondary manifestation. Impairments of blood supply of the part of the brain may be due to thrombosis, atherosclerosis, hypertension.

•heat stroke — тепловой удар. Exhaustion and collapse due to a decrease in the arterial pressure and blood volume, resulting from marked dehydration, lack of salts after continuous and inhabitable influence of high temperature. Heat stroke usually occurs in tourists, staying in the countries with a hot climate; these patients should take a lot of water or should be given intravenous injection of water with small amount of salt.

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substance

•sun stroke — солнечный удар. Increase in the body temperature (pyrexia), arrest of perspiration and losing consciousness due to the impairment of thermoregulation, resulting from continuous stay under the sunrays. This condition is dangerous for life if the patient isn’t given the first aid, that includes:

stroma — строма. 1. The supporting framework of an organ, including its connective tissue, vessels and nerves, as contrasted with the epithelial or other tissues performing the special function of the organ, the parenchyma e.g. the stroma of the cornea is the transparent connective tissue, the basis of the cornea. 2. The substance of an erythrocyte less its hemoglobin,— stromal, adj.

subcortex — подкорковые образования, подкорка. The white substance of the brain lying directly under cortex.

subcutaneous — подкожный. Beneath the skin; hypodermic e.g. subcutaneous injection.

sublingual — подъязычный. 1. Lying beneath the tongue. 2. Pertaining to the parts lying beneath the tongue.

submucosa — подслизистая основа. Layer of the loose connective tissue, containing many elastic fibers, located under mucosa as in the intestinal wall. In the submucosa there’re groups of the lymphoid tissue, glands, submucous nervous plexus, blood and lymphatic vessels.

substance — вещество. 1. The material of which anything is composed. 2. A tissue.

•black substance — черное вещество. A structure of the midbrain, located between its basis and tegmentum (see brainstem), that takes place in regulation of the mastication, swal-

•cortical substance — корковое вещество. The outer part of any organ or tissue, that differs from its inner part (medulla); the term is usually applied to the outer region of the kidneys, adrenal glands or lymphatic nodes.

•gray substance — серое вещество. Dark-gray tissue, located in the CNS, composed of the neurons’ bodies, branched dendrites and glial cells (see glia). In the brain the gray sub-

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substrate

stance forms the cerebral cortex and outer layer of the cerebellum; the gray substance is located in the center of the spinal cord and surrounded by the white substance.

•ground substance — основное вещество. Homogenous matrix or intracellular substance of a tissue in which the cellular elements and fibers are imbedded.

•medullary substance — мозговое вещество. The inner part of any organ or tissue, that differs from its outer part (cortex); the term is usually used in term of the inner region of the kidneys, adrenal glands or lymphatic nodes.

•white substance — белое вещество. A substance of the CNS, composed of neurons’ processes (mainly myelinated) and glial cells. In the brain the white substance is surrounded by the grey substance of the cerebral cortex, in the spinal cord it’s located peripherally.

substrate — субстрат. A specific substance or substances, that interact with definite enzymes e.g. amylum is the substrate for amylase; RNA is the substrate for ribonuclease.

sucrose — сахароза. Carbohydrate, containing glucose and fructose. Sucrose is the main component of sugar-cane and sugarbeet, the sweetest of the dietary carbohydrates. Increase in consumption of the sucrose during the last 50 years results in elevated level of such diseases as caries, diabetes mellitus, coronary heart diseases and obesity.

sudor — пот. See sweat.

sulfate — сульфат. A salt of sulfuric acid of the type Me2(SO4)n. summation — суммация. A sum of similar effects e.g. muscu-

Slar contractions due to reiteration of weak irritants (single irritant produces inexpressive response).

•summation of stimuli — суммация импульсов. An aftereffect produced by several subthreshold stimuli on tissues causing succeeding equal stimuli to become effective.

superficial — поверхностный. 1. Relating to, or located near a surface. 2. Affecting only the surface

surface — поверхность. The exterior or upper boundary of an object or body

•surface tension — поверхностное натяжение. See surface tension.

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sweat

surfactant — сурфактант. A substance, secreted by type II pneumocytes, it is composed of complex mixture of different compounds, including phospholipids, proteins and polysaccharides; surfactant prevents atelectasis by means of maintaining the surface tension.

surgery — хирургия. A part of medicine, that includes treatment of injuries, different deformations or diseases by means of operations, — surgical, adj.

suspension — 1.суспензия, взвесь. In chemistry and pharmacy, a dispersion of solid particles throughout the mass of liquid. 2. подтягивание, фиксация. Hanging or fixation in higher position; a method of treatment, as suspension of the uterus.

swallow — глотать. Perform swallowing.

swallowing — глотание. Reflectory action, during which the bolus comes from the oral cavity into the stomach. Swallowing consists of the following phases: oral, pharyngeal, esophageal.

sweat — пот. Colorless watery fluid, secreted by the sweat glands. Its main components are sodium chloride and urea. Due to perspiration nitrogenous metabolic products are excreted from the

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symbiosis

organism; besides, perspiration plays an important role in thermoregulation, as perspiration from the surface of the skin makes the skin cooler.

symbiosis — симбиоз. Long coexistence between two different species (symbionts).

sympathic, sympathetic — симпатический. Pertaining to the sympathetic nervous system.

synapse, synapsis — синапс. Functional contact between an axon and dendrite or soma of two neurons, through which nerve impulses are conveyed from one neuron to another. Synapse consists of the presynaptic and postsynaptic parts, separated by the synaptic cleft. Having approached synapse, impulse makes neurotransmitter release, that diffuses into the synaptic cleft and binds to the receptor of the postsynaptic membrane, that results in formation of the electric impulse in the next neuron. Some brain cells form over 15000 synapses. See also fig.10.

synergist — синергист. 1. Medicines, that equally influence the organism, thus effect of their action is stronger, than the effect of each other. 2. Muscles, acting equally.

synergy — синергия, синергизм. Correlating or mutually enforcing action of two or more factors (medicines, physiological irritants) on the organism — effect of this action is more than the sum of effects produced by each component.

syringe — шприц. Adjustment, composed of piston within plastic or glass hollow cylinder, connected with hollow needle or thin tubule. Syringes are used for injections, removing fluid from different cavities of the body or washing out different cavities.

S system — система. 1. A combination of parts into a whole, as the digestive system, nervous system. 2. The body as a whole.

systemic — системный. 1. Pertaining to system. 2. Pertaining to the whole organism as systemic circulation.

systole — систола. The period of the cardiac cycle, during which contraction of the cardiac muscle takes place. The term often refers to ventricular systole, that lasts about 0,3 seconds. The atrial systole is about 0,1 seconds. — systolic, adj.

systolic — систолический. Pertaining to systole.

•systolic pressure — систолическое давление. See blood pressure.

•systolic sound — систолический тон. See heart sound.

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tears

T

tachometer — тахометр. An apparatus for measuring the speed e.g. pneumotachometer is used for measuring the respiration rate.

tachycardia — тахикардия. Accelerated heart rate. Sinus tachycardia can develop in a healthy man on physical exertion associated with the rise in temperature.

tachypnea — тахипноэ. See polypnea.

tactile — тактильный. Pertaining to the sense of touch, pressure, vibration. These feelings are perceived by means of the skin analyzer.

tampon — тампон. A piece of cheese-cloth or other material for absorption of fluids that is used for filling any cavity or canal to eliminate the blood, pus or secretion. Vaginal tampons are often used by women in menstruation for elimination of the blood from the organism.

target organ — орган-мишень. Tissue or a group of cells that are influenced by any hormone or biologically active substance. taste — вкус. An ability to distinguish tastes of substances that get to the oral cavity. Taste sensations are perceived by taste buds located in the multilayer epithelium of the lateral surfaces of the

circumvallate, fungiformes and foliate papillae.

•taste buds — вкусовые почки. Sensory receptors that perceive substances’ taste. These receptors are located in the epithelium covering the papillae of the tongue and in the rollers of the papillae circumvallate. Substances dissolved in the saliva influence the receptors that results in impulses going along the

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tectum (pl. tecta)

Tears contain lysozyme that contributes to elimination of different bacteria. Irritation of the eye and sometimes anxiety may result in excessive production of tears.

tectum (pl. tecta) — крыша. See brainstem. tegmentum (pl. tegmenta) — покрышка. See brainstem.

telencephalon — конечный мозг. The largest and most developed section of the brain formed by two cerebral hemispheres. The telencephalon is responsible for initiation and coordination of all conscious actions of a man and controls functions of the inferior sections of the nervous system. The cerebral cortex is responsible for sensible actions.

temperament — темперамент. Psychical characteristic of a person that forms emotional and dynamic peculiarities of behavior, communication and activity.

temperature — температура. The degree of intensity of heat of a body measured by the scale of a thermometer. The body temperature is controlled by the hypothalamus, an integrative center of thermoregulation. Degree of the temperature in the living organism depends on such processes as respiration, heart activity, blood circulation, secretion and muscular contraction. The rise in temperature causes heat (fever).

•mean temperature — средняя температура. The average temperature for a given period of time.

•normal temperature — нормальная температура. The temperature of the body in health (36,5 — 37°C or 96,8F).

•optimum temperature — оптимальная температура.

Temperature that is most favorable for certain organisms.

tendon — сухожилие. A dense white trabecula consisting of many parallel collagen fibers. The tendon attaches the muscle

Tto the bone. Tendons are practically non-stretched and very firm. They contribute to maximum tension of the muscle on a short section at the site of its approaching to the bone, — tendinous, adj.

tension — 1.напряжение. The act of stretching; the state of being stretched or strained. 2. парциальное давление. See partial pressure.

•surface tension — поверхностное натяжение. The attractive force exerted upon the surface molecules of a liquid by the molecules beneath that tends to draw the surface mol-

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thalamus (pl. thalami)

ecules into the bulk of the liquid and makes the liquid assume the shape having the least surface area. Abbreviated ST.

terminal — 1.терминальный, конечный. Pertaining to the end; placed at or forming the end. 2. терминаль. Enlargement at the end of an axon. 3. клемма. The pole of a battery or other electric source; the end of the conductors.

• axon terminal — терминаль аксона. See terminal (2). test — тест, проба. 1. A trial or examination. 2. A procedure to

identify a constituent, to detect changes of a function or to establish the true nature of a condition.

testosterone — тестостерон. The main sexual hormone of men. It takes part in differentiating gonads and spermatozoon development and ensures the formation of primary and secondary sex characters and sexual reflexes. The hormone has strong anabolic action (increases protein synthesis), reduces fat content in the organism, stimulates erythropoiesis.

tetanization — тетанизация. The process of causing titanic muscular contractions. See tetanus (1).

tetanus — 1. тетанус. A long muscular contraction due to impulses coming with short intervals. It is based on summation of single waves of contraction following each other. 2. столбняк. An infectious disease, often fatal, characterized by tonic spasm of voluntary muscles, an intense exaggeration of reflex activity and convulsions. It is due to the toxin produced by the tetanus bacillus.

•completed tetanus — гладкий тетанус. Tetanus appearing when impulses come to the contracted muscle. See also fig.13 a.

•incompleted tetanus — зубчатый тетанус. Tetanus appearing when impulses come to the relaxed muscle. See also

tetany — тетания. A disease characterized by intermittent, bilateral, painful, tonic spasms of the muscles in children and young adults. It is due to an abnormal calcium metabolism. It occurs in deficiency of parathyroid secretion, vitamin-D deficiency and after extirpation of the parathyroid glands.

thalamus (pl. thalami) — таламус. Paired egg-shaped structure of the diencephalon formed mainly by grey substance. The thalamus is the subcortical center of all kinds of general sensitivity entering the brain before reaching its cortex. All sensory impulses

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theory

with the exception of those that convey information about smell and taste get to the thalamic nuclei where conscious perception of such sensations as temperature, pain, touch, etc., begins, — thalamic, adj.

theory — теория. The abstract principles of science. Also, a reasonable supposition or assumption, one that is better developed and more probable than a mere hypothesis.

•chemiosmotic theory — хемиосмотическая теория.

Theory that the synthesis of ATP within mitochondria and chloroplasts occurs by way of a proton gradient which forms when electrons are passed through their inner membranes. When protons are then passed through the inner membrane in the opposite direction, energy is released and used for synthesizing ATP.

•sliding filament theory — теория скользящих нитей.

Theory that during contraction, actin and myosin filaments slide past each other without shortening. The sliding motion is driven by the myosin heads walking toward the plus end of the adjacent actin filament.

therapy — терапия. Medical field connected with different conservative methods of treatment (with the usage of medicines).

thermal — тепловой. Pertaining to heat.

thermoesthesia — температурная чувствительность.

1. Temperature sense for heat. 2. Sensitiveness for heat. thermogenesis — теплопродукция. A release of warm energy

in oxidizing transformations of nutritions in the cells (nonshivering thermogenesis) and contractions of skeletal muscles (shivering thermogenesis), — thermogenetic, adj.

thermometer — термометр. An instrument for measuring tem-

Tperature. It is based on the expansion of a fluid (mercury, alcohol) when temperature rises. See also scale.

thermoreceptor — терморецептор. Receptors perceiving heat (Ruffini’s bodies) and cold (Krauze’s retorts). Large amounts of these receptors are distributed in the skin, inner organs, skeletal muscles, blood vessels, central nervous system (hypothalamus, cerebral cortex, reticular formation, spinal cord).

thickness — 1. толщина. The quality of being thick. 2. плотность. The quality of being dense. Syn. density. 3. густота. Viscous consistency. 4. слой. A layer.

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