Английский язык / Английский язык для медиков / Толковый англо-русский и русско-английский словарь физиологических терминов Dictionary of physiology (2010)

serum (pl. sera)

red bone marrow and maturing into granulocytes (see granular lymphocyte).

•lymphocytic (lymphoid) series — лимфоцитарный ряд.

Cells on different stages of their development, located in the lymphoid tissue and maturing into lymphocytes.

•myeloid series — миелоидный ряд. Granulocytic series.

•thrombocytic (blood platelet) series — тромбоцитарный ряд. Cells on different stages of their development, located in the red bone marrow and maturing into thrombocytes.

serine — серин. Aminoacid found in proteins, occurs as a colorless, crystalline powder, soluble in water.

serosa — серозная оболочка. Transparent coat, composed of connective tissue, rich in the elastic and collagenous fibers, blood and lymphatic vessels and nerves, containing mesothelium (see epithelium); this coat lines some cavities in the human organism e.g. peritoneum (in the abdominal cavity), pleura (in the thoracic cavity) and pericardium, surrounding the heart.

serotonin — серотонин. Biologically active substance found in many organs and tissues of the organism (especially in the thrombocytes, inner organs and CNS). Serotonin like histamine plays an important role in the course of inflammatory and allergic reactions (it has vasoconstrictive effect, increases permeability of the capillaries, stimulates peristalsis of the alimentary tract and secretion of the alimentary enzymes); it is also a neurotransmitter and hormone of the pineal body. See also scheme1 (color inset).

serous — сывороточный. 1. Pertaining to characterized by or resembling serum. 2. Producing serum, as a serous gland; containing serum, as a serous cyst. S

serum (pl. sera) — сыворотка (крови). Liquid part of the blood, that is formed after fibrinogen and blood cells are sedimented and removed from the blood. Serum is similar to plasma but doesn’t contain fibrinogen and some coagulation factors, — serous, adj.

• serum electrolyte level — содержание электролитов в сыворотке крови. Concentration of the electrolytes in the serum.

sex — пол. Characteristic, by which male and female organisms differ from each other; it is determined by sexual chromosomes and gonads.

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sheath — оболочка. 1. An envelope; a covering. 2. In anatomy, the connective tissue covering vessels, muscles, nerves, tendons etc.

•myelin sheath — миелиновая оболочка. Sheath, covering nerve fibers that is composed of processes of the glial cells (see glia), insulating the axon’s membrane. Myelin sheath doesn’t completely cover the nerve fibers, forming unmyelinated parts (nodes of Ranvier), thus depolarization occurs only in these nodes and mylinated nerve fibers are characterized by saltatory transmission of excitation (that is transmission by jumps), that provide high rate of propagation of the nerve impulses. Fibers of the spinal nerves and preganglionic fibers of the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems are covered with the myelin sheath.

shock — шок. Reaction of the organism to extreme irritants that is characterized by development of severe impairments of circulation, respiration, metabolism. In this case arterial pressure rapidly decreases, patient’s skin becomes pale and damp with cold sweat, pulse becomes shallow and accelerated, dryness in the oral cavity and dilation of the pupils are marked, urination significantly decreases. Shock may develop due to significant decrease in the blood volume, resulting from severe inner or outer hemorrhage, burns, dehydration, and also severe vomiting and diarrhea. It may be caused by heart impairments e.g. coronary thrombosis, myocardial infarction or lung embolism. Shock may be due to dilation of great amount of veins that results in their insufficient filling with the blood.

S• anaphylactic shock — анафилактический шок. Shock due to violent allergic reaction.

•cardiogenic shock — кардиогенный шок. Shock due to a decrease in cardiac output in severe heart diseases e.g. myocardial infarction.

shortsightedness — близорукость. See myopia.

shunt — 1.шунт. Bypass. 2. Decline or accumulation of fluid in excreting or absorbing systems by means of fistula or mechanical device.

•arteriovenous shunt — артериоловенулярный анастамоз.

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skeleton

sickness — болезнь. See disease.

•bleeding sickness — гемофилия. See h(a)emophilia.

•motion sickness — морская болезнь. A syndrome characterized by nausea, vertigo, vomiting; occurs as a result of the motion of a ship, airplane, train, automobile. Syn. airsickness, seasickness.

•radiation sickness — лучевая болезнь. 1. The effects of therapeutic irradiation comprising symptoms of nausea, vomiting, headache, cramps and diarrhea. 2. The effect of radiant energy following the explosion of an atomic bomb or nuclear energy installations the resultant effects of which include heavy burns, loss of teeth, fall in red and white blood cells, hemorrage from prolonged bleeding time, gastrointestinal impairments.

•serum sickness — сывороточная болезнь. An anaphylactic reaction following serum therapy, characterized by hives, oedema, fever and prostration.

sight — зрение. See vision.

sinistral — леворукий. Pertaining to the left side.

sinus — синус, пазуха. 1. Cavity in a bone, filled with air (sinuses in the cranial bones). 2. Any broad chanal, along which blood (usually venous) circulates e.g. blood is carried out of the brain via the venous sinuses, located in the dura mater. 3. Pocket or pit in the wall of any tubular organ e.g. blood vessel (carotid sinus).

sinusoid — синусоид. See discontinuous capillaries. skeletal — скелетный. Pertaining to skeleton.

• skeletal muscle pump — скелетно-мышечная помпа,

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skin

skull — череп. Bony framework of the head, composed of 29 bones. It consists of the facial part and the cranial part that contains the brain.

sleep — спать, сон. Physiological phenomenon when the organism goes into unconscious condition, when links with the surroundings are significantly weakened and brain activity is practically undetectable (with the exception of maintaining the main functions of the organism e.g. respiration), but it can be detected by means of electroencephalography. According to EEG there are 5 stages of sleep characterized by different waves.

• REM(RapidEyeMovements)-sleep — РЕМ-фаза сна, быстрый сон, БДГ-сон. The term is used for the description of the paradoxical sleep stage during which the eyeballs constantly perform quick movements under the lids. It is the stage when a man sees night dreams.

smear — мазок. A sample of tissue or any other material, taken from any part of the body spread on a glass slide and put on the mount of the microscope for examination.

smell — запах. See olfaction.

sneeze — чихать, чихание. Involuntary reflectory exhalation via the nose and mouth due to irritation of the mucosa of the nasal cavity.

sodium — натрий. Mineral element, an important part of body tissues (average sodium content in adult is 400 mmole); the main outercellular cation. Sodium controls the volume of outcellular fluid and maintains acid-base balance. It also provides the presence of electric potential in the nervous system and normal func-

Stioning of the nerves and muscles. Sodium concentration is regulated by the kidneys. Excessive amount of sodium may lead to hypernatraemia followed by oedema. Besides hypernatraemia, it may cause hypertension. Chemical symbol Na. Syn. natrium.

solute — растворенное вещество. The dissolved substance in a solution.

solution — 1. раствор. 2. Разрешение, критическое завершение болезни. 3. Растворение.4. Жидкая лекарственнная форма (спиртовой раствор — настойка, водный — аква или настой).

•colloidal solution — коллоидный раствор. See colloid.

•isotonic solution — изотонический раствор. A solution which causes no change in the form of a tissue, as erythrocytes,

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immersed in it. When there is no diffusion of solute across the membrane of a tissue immersed in the solution also called isoosmotic solution.

•physiological solution — физиологический раствор.

Isotonic solution containing 0,9 grams of NaCl in each 100 cubic centimeters.

•molar solution — молярный раствор. A solution which contains in 1 liter as many grams of the solute as the molecular weight of the solute. Syn. molecular solution.

•normal solution — нормальный раствор. Solution containing one equivalent of substituted hydrogen ion or hydroxyl group per liter.

•Ringer's solution — раствор Рингера. Transparent colorless solution of sodium chloride and potassium chloride with distilled water as a solvent. Its osmotic pressure is equal to the osmotic pressure of the serum. Ringer’s solution is used to maintain viability of different organs and tissues out of the human or animal organism for a long time. Sterile Ringer’s solution can be given in intravenous injections to treat dehydration. Also called isotonic solution of three chlorides (sodium, potassium, calcium).

•saturated solution — насыщенный раствор. A solution of maximum possible concentration under certain conditions.

•supersaturated solution — пересыщенный раствор. A solution, containing more amount of solute, than can be dissolved under certain conditions.

•unsaturated solution — ненасыщенный раствор. A so-

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somatic

body’s cavity (that is to all parts of the body with the exception of the inner organs). Compare to visceral.

•somatic nerve — соматический нерв. The nerve of the somatic nervous system.

somatomedin — соматомедин. Peptide hormone, synthesized by the liver in response to its stimulation by somatotropic hormone, that accelerates synthesis of proteins resulting in stimulation of cell proliferation and growth of the organism.

somatostatin — соматостатин. A hormone, secreted by hypothalamus and by some other tissues, including alimentary tract and pancreas (islets of Langerhans, d-cells); universal inhibitor of protein synthesis; inhibits secretion of somatotropic hormone by adenohypophisis. Somatostatin inhibits gastrointestinal secretion.

somatotropin — соматотропин, соматотропный гормон (СТГ). See somatotropic hormone.

somatotype — тип конституции. The body type. Anatomical characteristics of a man.

sorption — сорбция. Adsorption or absorption.

sound — 1. звук, шум. A wave with a frequency of 16–20000 Hz conducted by the air or other medium and perceived by the inner ear. 2. зонд. Oblong or cylindrical instrument that is usually curved. It is used for examination of the urinary bladder or other body’s cavities, dilation of the structures of the urethra, gullet and other canals and for revealing foreign bodies in the body cavities.

•heart sound — тон сердца. Tones (sounds) heard on auscultation of the heart. See also systole, diastole.

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sperm, spermatozoon

space — пространство. Any limited part of the body, part of its surface, tissue segment or cavity.

•alveolar dead space — альвеолярное мертвое пространство. Volume of not or insignificantly perfused alveoli.

•anatomical dead space — анатомическое мертвое пространство. Volume of the part of the respiratory tract conducting air from the atmosphere to the parts of the lungs where gas exchange takes place.

•physiologic dead space — физиологическое мертвое

пространство. The sum of anatomical and alveolar dead space.

spasm — судорога, спазм. Continuous involuntary muscular contraction, that can develop due to any systemic disease as spastic paralysis or the local painful irritation.

spasticity — спастичность. An increased tonus or tension of a muscle which is associated with an exaggeration of deep reflexes and frequently with clonus and a partial or complete loss of voluntary control. Spasticity is one of the symptoms of damaged corticospinal pathways of the brain or the spinal cord. Usually spasticity of an affected extremity is associated with its weakness.

specific — специфичный. 1. A medicine with a distinct curative effect on a particular disease. 2. A disease caused by specific microorganism (that is a pathogenic agent of this certain disease). 3. Pertaining to certain species.

specificity — специфичность. The quality of being specific. A specific condition that has a close link with a single cause or cer-

tain result; specifity is expressed in interaction of a pathogenic S agent with the human organism or medicine.

speech — речь. 1. The faculty of expressing thought by spoken words; the act of speaking. 2. The words spoken.

sperm, spermatozoon — сперматозоид. Mature male sex cell consisting of the head, neck and the tail. The head is oval or elliptical, but flattened, so that when viewed in profile it is pearshaped. Its anterior two-thirds are covered by a layer of modified protoplasm, which is named the head-cap, which facilitates the entrance of the spermatozoon into the ovum. The head contains a mass of chromatin, and is generally regarded as the nucleus of the cell surrounded by a thin envelope. The tail is of great

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length, and allows the spermatozoon to move with the velocity about 3,5 mm/min, that is important for reaching the ovum and its fertilization (muscular contractions of the uterus contribute to its moving from the vagina to the ovum).

spermatogenesis — сперматогенез. The process of developing spermatozoon in the convoluted seminiferous tubules in testes. The spermatozoa are developed from the primitive germ cells which have become imbedded in the testes, and the stages of their development are very similar to those of the maturation of the ovum (see ovigenesis). The primary germ cells undergo division and produce a number of cells termed spermatogonia, and from these the primary spermatocytes are derived. Each primary spermatocyte divides into two secondary spermatocytes, and each secondary spermatocyte into two spermatids or young spermatozoa; from this it will be seen that a primary spermatocyte gives rise to four spermatozoa.

sphincter — сфинктер. Circular muscle surrounding any opening. The contraction of this muscle results in partial or complete closing of this opening e.g. anal sphincter or pyloric sphincter.

sphygmic — пульсовой. Pertaining to pulse.

sphygmogram — сфигмограмма. Registration of the pulse on one of the blood vessels that allows to measure its intensity or frequency.

sphygmomanometer — сфингоманометр. An adjustment for measuring blood (arterial) pressure. It consists of the cuff that by means of the rubber tube is connected with the mercury column having a graduated scale. The cuff is applied to an extremity (usu-

Sally hand) and inflated with air to make pressure on the large artery located in the extremity to stop circulation in it. Then the pressure slowly decreases and by means of auscultation the pulse can be heard. Thus both systolic and diastolic pressure can be measured.

spike — спайк. A quick change in the membrane potential that is the basis of propagation of excitation in the nervous system.

spinal — спинальный, спинномозговой. 1. Pertaining to the spinal cord. 2. Pertaining to the vertebral column.

•spinal cord — спинной мозг. A part of the CNS, located in the vertebral canal; it’s composed of the nerve cells and bundles of the nerve fibers and leads into the brain. From the

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spleen

spinal cord 31 pairs of the spinal nerves emerge. The spinal cord has pathway function: ascending and descending neuronal pathways go via it; and reflectory function: reflexes of flexion and extension (patellar reflex), reflexes from the skin receptors (stimulates contraction of the flexor muscles), visceromotor (reactions of muscles of the chest and abdomen in response to irritation of the inner organs), vegetative (regulation of the blood pressure and cardiac activity), in addition, the spinal cord has involuntary centers of the defecation and urination.

spindle — веретено деления. A structure, that consists of the microtubules and proteins, it is formed during mitosis (prophase) between two pairs of centrioles. The microtubules go from the poles of the cell to the equator (central part of the cell), forming spindle-shape structure, like two cones with connected bases. This structure plays an important role in the process of moving chromosomes to the poles during mitosis and meiosis, in addition, it takes place in division of the cytoplasm.

spine — позвоночник, позвоночный столб. See vertebral column.

spirit — 1. спирт. See alcohol. 2. спиртные напитки. Drinks, containing alcohol.

spirogram — спирограмма. See spirometry. spirograph — спирограф. See spirometry.

spirometry — спирометрия. Registration of depth and frequency of the respiratory movements, pulmonary volumes and capacities. A recorded tracing of these movements is called spirogram.

Device, that registers spirogram is called spirograph. S spittle — слюна. See saliva.

splanchnic — внутренностный. Pertaining to the viscera or splanchnic nerve.

spleen — селезенка. Large dark red ovoid peripheral organ of the immune system. Its functions are immune control of the blood; formation of lymphocytes in newborns; in the spleen spleenic phagocytes destroy dead erythrocytes and thrombocytes, foreign structures from the bloodstream (antigens); in the spleen antigendependant differentiation of T-and B— lymphocytes takes place. In addition, the spleen is additional blood reservoir and a source of erythrocytes in fetus, − splenic, adj.

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spontaneity

spontaneity — спонтанность. An appearance of any process without outer action or the property of initiating activity without external excitation.

spontaneous — спонтанный. Taking place without any apparent cause. The term is used in medicine in terms of some conditions such as pathological fractures without visible damage or recovering without any treatment.

spot — пятно. A small circumscribed area, differing in appearance or function from the surrounding area.

•blind spot — слепое пятно. See discus nervi optici.

•yellow spot — желтое пятно. See cone.

stability — стабильность. Resistance to modifying actions. stabilization — стабилизация. The process of approaching sta-

ble condition.

stable, stabile — стабильный. Constant, permanent.

stain — 1.краситель. Dye used in histology and microbiology. 2. пятно, обесцвечивание. Discoloration produced by absorption of, or contact with, foreign matter.

•acid stain — кислотный краситель. Stain, containing acid group in tissues it binds to collagen and other substances..

•base stain — основной краситель. Stain, containing base group, in tissues it binds to nucleic acids and acid glycosaminoglycans and other substances.

stapes (pl. stapedes) — стремя. Ossicle of the middle ear, that looks like stirrup, it merges with the incus and the membrane of the oval window.

starch — крахмал. See amylum.

S starvation — голодание. 1. Deprivation of food. 2. The state produced by deprivation of food.

starve — голодать. Suffer from the lack of food.

stasis — стаз. Complete cessation of the blood flow or any fluid of the organism.

state — состояние. A condition.

•refractory state — рефрактерное состояние. Low excitability after response to the previous irritation takes place; there’re two types of the refractory state: absolute refractory state, when a region of axon or muscle cell membrane can not be stimulated to produce an action potential and relative refrac-

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