Английский язык / Английский язык для медиков / Толковый англо-русский и русско-английский словарь физиологических терминов Dictionary of physiology (2010)

reticulum (pl. reticula)

•controlled respiration — искуственное дыхание. See artificial respiration.

•external respiration — внешнее дыхание. Gas exchange between atmosphere and alveoli.

•internal respiration, tissue respiration — тканевое дыха-

ние, внутреннее дыхание. See cellular respiration. respiratory — дыхательный. Pertaining to the respiration.

•respiratory distress syndrome of newborns — респираторный дистресс синдром новорожденных. The disease caused by a decrease in the surface tension in the pulmonary alveoli due to the lung surfactant deficiency.

•respiratory zone — респираторная зона. A part of the lung where gas exchange takes place.

response — реакция, ответ. The reaction to a stimulus; the reaction or movement of a muscle or other part due to the application of a stimulus.

rest — отдых, покой. A specially organized activity that contributes to restoring labor ability; bed rest=bed regimen.

resuscitate — реанимировать, оживлять. Perform resuscitation.

resuscitation — реанимация. Revival of the dead organism, restoring life after clinical death. The success of the resuscitation depends on how quickly the cardiac and respiratory functions of the organism were restored.

•reticular formation — ретикулярная формация. A group of neurons and nerve fibers that are located in the dorsal part of the brainstem and upper sections of the spinal cord where they form the net. The reticular formation is connected with all sense organs, motor and sensory parts of the cerebral cortex, thalamus, hypothalamus and the spinal cord. It regulates the level of excitability and tonus of different sections of the central nervous system, the level of sleep and wake, vegetative functions, purposefull movements.

reticulum (pl. reticula) — ретикулум. A fine network.

•agranular endoplasmatic reticulum — агранулярный эндоплазматический ретикулум. See endoplasmic reticulum.

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•endoplasmic reticulum (ER) — эндоплазматический ретикулум. A group of membranous structures located in the cytoplasm. The endoplasmatic reticulum is called granular (GER) or rough if the ribosomes are attached to its external surface and agranular (AER) or smooth if there are no ribosomes on its surface. The function of GER is the synthesis and transport of proteins; the function of the AER is synthesis, metabolism e.g. resynthesis of lipids in the intestinal wall and transport of carbohydrates and lipids. Besides, AER has detoxication function (its great amounts are found in hepatocytes) and contains great amount of calcium in striated muscles (see sarcoplasmic reticulum).

•granular endoplasmatic reticulum — гранулярный эндоплазматический ретикулум. See endoplasmic reticulum.

•sarcoplasmic reticulum — саркоплазматический ретикулум. The elements of the agranular endoplasmatic reticulum of the striated muscular tissue. Sarcoplasmatic reticulum contains great amount of calcium, that plays an important role in conveying nerve impulses to the contractive parts of the muscular fibers and in the process of muscular contraction.

•smooth endoplasmatic reticulum — гладкий эндоплазматический ретикулум. See endoplasmic reticulum.

•rough endoplasmatic reticulum — шероховатый эндо-

плазматический ретикулум. See endoplasmic reticulum. retina — сетчатка. The inner light-sensitive tunic of the eye. The

Router layer of the retina (retinal pigment epithelium, RPE) contains a special pigment that absorbs the part of sunrays getting into the eye. The layer of the rods and cones that are the peripheral processes of the photoreceptors is adjacent to the vascular tunic of the eye. The number of the retinal cones amounts to 6–7 mln, the rods — 10–20 times more. The rods perceive the dim light, ensure color vision. The photoreceptors’ processes contact with bipolar neurons that form synapses with the large optico-gangli- onic neurons which axons form the optic nerve. A large number of the cones is located in the retinal pit called the yellow spot (the site of the best vision), — retinal, adj.

retinal — ретиналь. Light-sensitive aldehyde derivative of retinol (vitamin A). Retinal is a component of rhodopsin.

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retinol — ретинол. Fat-soluble vitamin A. It is contained in large amounts in the animal products (especially in dairy products, yolks and liver) and in vegetables e.g. in carrot, cabbage and salad; in the organism it is derived from carotene. The vitamin is necessary for normal growth of bones, maintaining vision (in twilight), structure and proper functioning of mucosa. Vitamin A is an active antioxidant. Its deficiency leads to the stoppage of growth, night blindness, xerophthalmia, ceratomalacia and complete loss of vision. Daily consumption of retinol’s equivalents for adults amounts to about 750 μg (1μg of retinol’s equivalent = 1μg of retinol or 6μg of carotene).

retinoscope — ретиноскоп. Also called the skiascope, an instrument used to determine the refraction of the eye.

retractile — сократимый. Able to contract, draw back, shorten. retraction — сократимость. An ability to change its length or

tension in excitement.

retrograde — ретроградный. Going backward; undoing e.g. retrograde axonal transport.

rheobase — реобаза. The minimum electric potential necessary for stimulation.

rhinal — носовой. Pertaining to the nose.

rhodopsin — родопсин. Retinal pigment contained in the rods. It includes retinal — vitamin A and protein. Rhodopsin is necessary for normal vision in the dim light. Under the light the pigment is bleached followed by the formation of the nerve impulse.

rhombencephalon — ромбовидный мозг. A part of the brain

that includes the cerebellum, pons and myelencephalon. They con- R tain the nuclei of many cranial nerves beginning from their surfaces and the reticular formation. The cavity of the rhombenceph-

alon is the 4th ventricle of the brain that merges with the central canal of the spinal cord and with the cavity of the 3th ventricle by means of Silvian aqueduct. Syn. rhomboid brain, hindbrain.

rhythm — ритм. Action recurring at regular intervals.

•alpha rhythm — альфа ритм. In electroencephalography, the dominant rhythm from the adult cortex. The oscillations are smooth, regular, and occur at a rate of 8–12 per second; they are best obtained from the occipital region with the subject at rest. The discharges tend to disappear when the subject concentrates. Syn. Berger rhythm, Berger wave, alpha wave.

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•beta rhythm — бета ритм. In electroencephalography, low potential fast waves, 18 to 35 cycles per second, that are more constant in the frontal lobes of the brain, related to the senso- ry-motor system.

•delta rhythm — дельта ритм. In electroencephalography, a succession of slow waves with a frequency of six or less per second. Observed frequently during normal sleep.

•gamma rhythm — гамма ритм. In electroencephalography, very fast waves, 40 to 50 per second recorded from the anterior head regions.

•atrioventricular rhythm — атриовентрикулярный ритм.

The rate of cardiac contractions that is set by the atrioventricular node.

•circadian rhythm — циркадный ритм. Repeated changes in intensity and character of the biological processes approximately at 24-hour intervals.

•sinus rhythm — синусный ритм. The rate of cardiac contractions that is set by the sinoatrial node.

rib — ребро. The long flat curved bone merging from the front with the rib cartilage. The ribs form the part of the thoracic cage’s skeleton that protects the heart and lungs from damages. There are 12 pairs of ribs in man. The caput of each rib merges with one of 12 thoracic vertebrae. The first 7 pairs of the ribs — the true ribs are attached directly to the sternum by means of the rib cartilages. The following 3 pairs are false ribs, the ends of their cartilages accrete between each other and with the cartilages of the

Rbelow-located ribs and form the rib arch. The last 2 pairs of the ribs — floating ribs with freely ends in the muscles of the anterior abdominal wall, — costal, adj. Syn. costa.

•false rib — ложное ребро.

•floating rib — колеблющееся ребро.

•true rib — истинное ребро. Syn. sternal rib.

riboflavin — рибофлавин. A member of the vitamin B complex. Orange yellow crystalline powder, soluble in water. An important part of flavinadeninenucleotide (FAD) and flavinadeninemononucleotide (FMN). Riboflavin plays an important role in cellular respiration. Its deficiency results in ariboflavinosis that usually runs the mild course. Large amounts of vitamin B2 are contained

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in the liver, milk and eggs. Daily doze of this vitamin for adults amounts to 1,7 mg. Syn. vitamin B2, lactoflavin.

ribonuclease — рибонуклеаза (РНКаза). An enzyme of cellular lysosomes that splits RNA into separate parts of the molecule (see nuclease).

ribonucleic acid (RNA) — рибонуклеиновая кислота (РНК). Nucleic acid that is contained in the nucleus and cytoplasm of the cells. This acid takes part in protein synthesis (see translation). In some viruses RNA is a genetic material. RNA molecule is a single polynucleotide chain composed of the nucleotides. (RNA nucleotides consist of uracil, cytosine, guanine and adenine, saccharide ribose and residuum of phosphoric acid).

•messenger RNA (mRNA) — матричная РНК (м-РНК).

The type of RNA that contains information about DNA genetic code from the cellular nucleus to the ribosomes where this code is turned into the aminoacid sequence of protein (see translation, transcription).

•ribosomal RNA (rRNA) — рибосомальная РНК (р-РНК). The type of RNA that takes part in the ribosome formation. The genes coding rRNA are concentrated in the nucleolus.

•transfer RNA (tRNA) — транспортная РНК (т-РНК).

The type of RNA that transfers aminoacid to the ribosome in the process of protein synthesis and insures correct attachment of aminoacid to the peptide chain.

ribose — рибоза. A saccharide (pentose) that is an element of RNA and some coenzymes. R

ribosome — рибосома. A cellular organelle formed by RNA molecule and protein. The ribosomes are responsible for protein synthesis (see translation). The ribosomes are either attached to the endoplasmatic reticulum or located in the cytoplasm in free condition or as polysomes (groups of ribosomes).

rickets — рахит. A vitamin D (calciferol) deficiency disease of children characterized by the impairment of the bones calcification. In vitamin D deficiency the calcium absorption in the intestines decreases, the blood and bones contain less calcium salts responsible for their firmness. It results in osteomalacia and impairment of their development.

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•renal rickets — почечный рахит. Rickets resulting from the failure of the kidney to maintain a normal ratio of calcium

to phosphate in the blood. Also called renal osteodystrophy. right-handed — праворукий. A man using mainly the right

hand in the process of performing different kinds of activity.

rod — палочка. One of the two kinds of the peripheral processes of the retina’s lightsensitive cells that enables to see in twilight. In the rods there is a specific pigment rodopsin that turns colorless on the light and restores its color in the dark. Turning colorless leads to nerve impulse production; when it is absolutely colorless the rods are no longer able to function.

rupture — разрыв. Rupture or formation of an abnormal opening in any organ or tissue e.g. the rupture of the tunics surrounding the fetus in delivery, rupture of the bladder, spleen; aorta.

S

sac — мешок. A pouch; a baglike covering of a natural cavity, hernia, cyst, or tumor.

•conjunctival sac — конъюнктивальный мешок. Space, surrounded by the conjunctiva, and located between the conjunctiva of the eyelids and eyeball.

•heart sac — перикард, околосердечная сумка. See pericardium.

•tear sac — слезный мешок.The upper part of the na-

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tween the last lumbar vertebra above, the coccyx below, and the innominate bones on each side, and forming the posterior boundary of the pelvis, — sacral, adj.

saline — солевой. Pertaining to sodium chloride (NaCl), similar to it or containing salt.

saliva — слюна. Alkaline fluid, secreted by the major and minor salivary glands. The main components of the saliva are water (up to 99,5%), mucus, buffers, enzymes (glucosidase, maltase and amylase), glycosaminoglycans, glycoproteins, immunoglobulins, salts and electrolytes. The main functions of the saliva are moistening of the oral cavity, simplifying swallowing. It takes place in the articulation of speech, its enzymes act on carbohydrates, thus digestion of carbohydrates begins in the oral cavity. Saliva cleanses the oral cavity and promotes antibacterial effect by means of lysozyme. During 24 hours about 1 liter of saliva is produced.

salivate — выделять слюну. Secrete saliva.

salivation — саливация, слюноотделение. Reflectory secretion of saliva by the salivary glands. Salivation is under the control of the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system. The process may be initiated by getting food into the oral cavity (unconditioned reflex) and taste, smell and sight of food or thought of food (conditioned reflex).

salt — 1. соль. A compound, formed due to interaction between the acid and base, when hydrogen protons are replaced by positive ions of the base. 2. Sodium chloride (NaCl). 3. Mineral laxative e.g. magnium sulfate, sodium sulfate, — saline, adj.

saltatory — сальтаторный. 1. Pertaining to convulsive movement or characterized by them in case of a disease (see chorea). S 2. Conveying excitation along the myelinated nerve fiber (see my-

elin sheath).

sanguifacient — кроветворный. Pertaining to h(a)ematopoiesis.

sanguiferous — кровеносный. Transporting blood.

sanguine — кровяной. 1. Blood-colored, containing blood or covered by it. 2. Containing pathologically large amount of blood (about tissues). 3. Active, hopeful, as sanguine temperament. saprophyte — сапрофит. Any microorganism living on dead decomposing tissue of plants or animals using it as a source of nourishment. Saprophytes transform organic substances into mineral

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sarcolemma

substances taking part in the circulation of substances, — saprophytic, adj.

sarcolemma — сарколемма. Plasmatic membrane of the muscle fiber.

sarcoplasm — саркоплазма. Cytoplasm of muscle cells and fibers.

sarcous — мышечный. Pertaining to muscles.

scale — шкала. Graduated plate, made of metal, glass or other substance and used for measuring.

•Celsius scale — шкала Цельсия. Scale of temperatures, according to which temperature of ice thawing is 0°, and temperature of water boiling is 100°. The following formula is applied for conversion of the temperature at the Celsius scale (C) into the temperature at the Fahrenheit scale (F): F= 9/5C + 32.

•Fahrenheit scale — шкала Фаренгейта. Scale of temperatures, according to which temperature of ice thawing is 32°, and temperature of water boiling is 212°. The following formula is applied for conversion of the temperature at the Fahrenheit scale (F) into the temperature at the Celsius scale (C): C = 5/9(F — 32).

•Kelvin scale — шкала Кельвина. Absolute scale of temperatures; 0 at the Kelvin scale corresponds to –273,16°C.

scapula — лопатка. Triangular bone of the upper extremity girdle. Also called the shoulder blade.

scarification — скарификация. Making superficial incisions on the skin that is used to pass substances through it or to make blood analysis. Scarification is usually performed during vaccina-

Stion against small pox.

scarificator — скарификатор. Adjustment for scarification sciatic — седалищный. Located near the ischial bone or tuber

or pertaining to them as sciatic notch, sciatic nerve, sciatic neuralgia.

sclera — склера. White external fibrous coat of the eye. In the anterior part of the eye it merges with the cornea and continues with the sheath of the optic nerve behind, — scleral, adj.

scotopia — скотопическое зрение. Vision in a dim light, when the retinal rods start their activity; dark adaptation, — scotopic, adj.

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sebaceous — сальный. Pertaining to sebum, the secretion of the sebaceous glands; oily, fatty.

secrete — секретировать. Separate; specifically to separate from blood, or form out of materials furnished by the blood, a certain substance, called secretion.

secretin — секретин. A hormone, secreted in the small intestine (duodenum), when acid chyme comes into the duodenum from the stomach. The hormone stimulates secretion of pancreatic juice (see appendix), rich in bicarbonates; hydrochloric acid in the stomach, intestinal juice and bile in the liver. Secretin inhibits gastric peristalsis and stimulates intestinal peristalsis. See also scheme1 (color inset).

secretion — 1. Секреция. The act of secreting or forming from materials furnished by the blood specific active substances, utilized by the organism or excreted from it. The main types of secretion are: apocrine, merocrine and holocrine. 2. Секрет. The substance secreted, — secretory, adj.

sediment — осадок. The material settling to the bottom of a liquid, — sedimentary, adj.

sedimentator — центрифуга. See centrifuge.

segment — сегмент. A part of an organ, usually separated from the other parts by any boundary, that is more often composed of the connective tissue.

selection — выбор, отбор. Selective and planned reproduction of organisms with different genotypes resulting into changes in gene’s frequency in a population.

• artificial selection — искусственный отбор. Intervening

•natural selection — естественный отбор («выживание сильнейших»). Natural process of evolution based on the fact that organisms capable of better adaptation to the surroundings survive and reproduce themselves but those uncapable to get adapted die without leaving the offspring. Genes of those that survived will occur more frequently in population.

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semipermeable — полупроницаемый. Permeable to water and small ions or molecules, but impermeable to large molecules as proteins and colloidal particles.

sensation — ощущение. A feeling or impression produced by the stimulation of an afferent nerve. The result of processing the information about surroundings in the brain, that comes from the receptors. The information from exteroreceptors is interpreted by the brain and perceived as specific sensations — sight, hearing, smell, taste, temperature, pain etc. The information from interoreceptors usually isn’t under consciousness control and isn’t perceived as any sensation.

• somatesthesic sensation — соматестезия. See somatesthesia. sense — чувство. An ability to perceive and differentiate any ir-

ritant.

sensibility — чувствительность. An ability to distinguish different irritants, perceptivity. All the cells of the nervous system have different sensibility that is their specific characteristic.

sensible — чувствительный. Capable of perceiving irritants and forming a proper response to them e.g. photoreceptory cells of the retina are sensible to light and on interaction with light generate corresponding nerve impulses going to the brain.

septum (pl. septa) — перегородка. A partion, a wall within any anatomical structure, that divides it into several parts, — septal, adj.

•interatrial septum — межпредсердная перегородка.

The septum, separating the right and left atria (see the heart) from each other.

S• interventricular septum — межжелудочковая перего-

родка. The septum, separating the right and left cardiac ventricles from each other.

series — ряд. A succession or a group, as of compounds objects, or numbers arranged systematically according to a rule. The number of similar objects or events, that follow each other in the space or time.

•erythrocytic series — эритроцитарный ряд. Cells on different stages of their development, located in the red bone marrow and maturing into erythrocytes.

•granulocytic (myeloid) series — гранулоцитарный ряд.

Cells on different stages of their development, located in the

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