Английский язык / Английский язык для медиков / Толковый англо-русский и русско-английский словарь физиологических терминов Dictionary of physiology (2010)

puberty

human body (including the uterus, brain, lungs, kidneys and seminiferous fluid). These substances have different functions: they cause the contraction of smooth muscles (including muscles of the uterus), aggregation of thrombocytes, inhibit the development of the corpus luteum (see menstrual cycle, ovary) and are the mediators of inflammation. Besides, some prostaglandins stimulate the formation of the gastric mucus that protects its walls from the action of hydrochloric acid and pepsin.

prostate — простата. See prostate gland.

prosthetic group — простетическая группа. A part of enzyme that doesn’t contain any protein.

protanopia — протанопия. See daltonism.

441

pulmonary

pulmonary — легочный. Pertaining to or affecting the lungs, any anatomic component of the lungs.

pulse — пульс. Regular rhythmic vibrations of the arterial wall caused by the contraction of the left ventricle and corresponding to the heart rate (usually characterized by the number of heart contractions per minute). Pulse is easily felt on such superficial arteries as radial (near the wrist) and carotid (near the neck). Average pulse in adults amounts to 60-80 beats per minute in rest. However physical exertion, traumas, diseases and emotional stress may lead to its acceleration.

•pulse generator — водитель ритма. A special device made up of computer chips and a small, but long-lived battery in a sealed case. It is surgically implanted in the upper chest or abdomen in case of a slow or abnormal heart rate that causes fainting, dizziness, tiredness, shortness of breath, palpitations or loss of consciousness. Pulse generators can sense the heart’s rhythm and can be «programmed» to either send out a pulse or to wait for the heart to beat on its own.

•pulse pressure — пульсовое давление. See pulse pressure. pupil — зрачок. A round opening in the center of the iris through

which light enters the lens of the eye.

pus — гной. Opaque usually yellowish-white fluid matter composed of exudate containing white blood cells, tissue debris, and microorganisms, — supurative, adj.

Q pylorus — привратник. The final portion of the stomach that merges with the duodenum. The pylorus contains the pyloric sphincter contractions of which result in closing the pyloric opening that leads from the stomach to the duodenum, — pyloric, adj.

pyramidal — пирамидальный. Pertaining to pyramidal fibers.

Q

quadrigeminum — холмик четверохолмия. See quadrigeminal body.

quadrigeminal, quadrilangular — относящийся к четверохолмию. Pertaining to quadrigeminal body; fourfold, consisting of four parts.

442

rale

quantum (pl. quanta) — 1. квант. The unit of radiant energy. 2. A certain amount of something.

quotient — коэффициент. The amount of one thing in terms of another; the result of the process of division.

•intellegence quotient (IQ) — коэффициент интеллектуального развития. The index of intellectual development. It reflects intellectual capabilities of children and adults regarding other people; in children it reflects the speed of their development (mental age regarding chronologic). Most tests on intelligent development are worked out so that the average final index of intellect is 100; standard deviation — 15.

•respiratory quotient (RQ) — дыхательный коэффициент (ДК). The ratio of the volume of carbon dioxide entering from the blood into the alveoli to the volume of oxygen coming into the blood from the alveoli. This quotient is usually 0,8 as in comparison with eliminating carbon dioxide the biggest part of oxygen is used.

R

radiation — излучение, радиация. Energy in the form of waves or particles (especially electromagnetic radiation). It includes gamma-radiation, Roentgen radiation, ultraviolet radiation, visible light, infrared radiation (all above stated kinds of radiation are represented in conformity with the length of their waves) and the radiation produced by the charged particles.

radioactive — радиоактивный. Pertaining to the radioactivity R or having such characteristic.

radioactivity — радиоактивность. A characteristic of the nuclei of some chemical elements to radiate energy as alpha, beta, gamma-rays. In the process of the emission of these substances from the initial elements other elements are formed. Radium and uranium pertain to the natural radioactive elements; iodine-131, cobalt-60 — to the artificial.

rale — хрип. The crash-like sound heard by the stethoscope. It appears either in the respiratory tract and alveoli when they unfold or due to passing air vesicles via the fluid. In the healthy lungs such sounds are not usually heard.

443

rash

•dry rale — сухой хрип. The sound caused by the narrowing of the bronchial tube or due to the presence of viscid secret in it.

•moist rale — влажный хрип. Gurgling sound caused by the presence of the viscid sputum narrowing the lumen of the bronchial tube.

rash — сыпь. Temporary eruption on the skin, usually associated with its reddening and itching. The eruption may be the local reaction of the skin to any external irritant or it may be one of the symptoms of any disease e.g. rash can appear in such infectious diseases as chicken pox and measles.

rate — уровень, скорость.

•birth rate — рождаемость. The number of the newborns that falls on 1000 women at the reproductive age (usually from 15 to 44 years) annually.

•death rate — смертность. See mortality rate.

•erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) — скорость оседания эритроцитов (СОЭ). The rate of erythrocytes’ sedimentation measured under normal conditions. ESR increases if some proteins content in the blood plasma increases (it may take place in inflammation, rheumatism, chronic infectious diseases, malignant tumors); thus measuring ESR may be used by the doctors as a simple test for indicating these diseases.

•glomerular filtration rate (GFR) — скорость клубоч-

ковой фильтрации. The speed with which the substances from the blood are passing via the glomeruli. It is determined by

Rmeasuring the clearance of some substances as creatinine and inulin.

•heart rate — частота сердечных сокращений (ЧСС).

The number of heart contractions per minute.

•mortality rate — смертность. 1. The number of lethal outcomes of any disease for a certain period of time that falls on 100 cases of this disease for the same period. 2. The number of deaths in any population for this period of time.

•pulse rate — частота пульса.

•respiration rate — частота дыхания (ЧД). The number of the respiratory movements per unit of time (usually 16–20 per minute).

444

receptive

ray — луч. A beam of light or other radiant energy.

•alpha rays — альфа-лучи. The flow of 42He atoms’ nuclei moving with the speed 107 m/s. These particles are of high ionizing, but very low permeability (fully absorbed by the sheet of paper or the human skin).

•beta rays — бета-лучи. The flow of electrons with different speed. Ionizing ability of beta rays is 100 times less than that of alpha rays; permeability is the same times more.

•gamma rays — гамма-лучи. Electromagnetic radiation (with the wave ≈1020 Herz in length) of some radioactive elements. Gamma rays are of higher permeability than α-, β-, x-rays and of lower ionizing ability. They are used for sterilization of some materials. Strongly controlled dozes of these rays are used in ray therapy for treatment for some diseases as malignant tumors.

•ultraviolet rays — ультрафиолетовые лучи. Invisible shortwave radiation having the spectral range between visible and Roentgen radiation. The sunrays include ultraviolate rays causing sunburn or (in case of overdosage) burn. Atmosphere dust and gases absorb most ultraviolate rays. If not so, ultraviolate radiation would result in deaths of many living organisms.

reabsorbtion — реабсорбция. The back passing of water, electrolytes, glucose, aminoacids and other substances to the blood via the renal tubules.

reaction — реакция. 1. The response of a living structure to stimulus. 2. The intermolecular interaction of two or more substances with loss of the initial substances and emergence of the R new ones.

•immune reaction — иммунная реакция. Any kind of interaction of immunocompetent cells and their products with antigen.

•local reaction — местная реакция. The reaction at the site of infection or injection.

reagent — реагент. A substance involved in a chemical reaction. receptive — рецептивный. Having the quality of, or capacity

for receiving.

•receptive field — рецептивное поле. A body part, when irritated, activates a certain receptor.

445

recipient

• receptor — рецептор. 1. A peptide molecule on the surface of the cell or in the cytoplasm that binds specific substances (hormones, neurotransmitters, etc.). 2. The nerve ending or specialized cell perceiving irritation.

• adrenergic receptor — адренэргический рецептор.

Receptor binding adrenaline or noradrenaline. Adrenoreceptors can be divided into: α1, α2, β1, β2, β3. α-adrenoreceptors are more sensitive to noradrenaline, β-adrenoreceptors to adrenaline.

•cholinergic receptor — холинэргический рецептор. Receptor binding acetylcholine. Cholinoreceptors can be divided into: nicotinic cholinoreceptors (effect is similar to this of nicotine) and muscarine cholinoreceptors (effect is similar to this of muscarine — toxin of fly-agaric). N-cholinoreceptors are subdivided into neuromuscular receptors located in the skeletal muscles and ganglionic — located in ganlionic synapses of the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system, carotid bodies and chromaphil cells of the adrenal medulla.

recipient — реципиент. One who receives donor’s cell, tissue or organ.

recruitment — 1. Набор больных для клинических испытаний лекарственных препаратов. 2. Рекрутирование. In terms of muscle contraction: the successive stimulation of the increasing number of the motor units with the view to increase the force of muscular contraction.

rectum — прямая кишка. End part of the colon (12 cm in

Rlength), that begins at the sigmoid colon and ends at the anus. The rectum has two sphincters: external sphincter (voluntary) and internal sphincter (involuntary). During defaecation excrements go via the rectum, — rectal, adj.

reduce — 1. Восстанавливать. Perform a reaction in which reagent accepts electrons; the substance giving electrons is oxidized. 2. Вправлять. Restore a part to its normal state, as to reduce a hernia or dislocation.

reducing agent, reductant — восстановитель. A substance (giving electrons) that is oxidized in the oxidation-reduction reaction.

reduction — восстановление. Acception of one or more electrons by an ion or compound.

446

reflex

reflex — рефлекс. The response reaction to different stimuli performed via the nervous system.

• conditioned reflex — условный рефлекс. The acquired reflex in which the functional links between the irritation of the receptors and the characteristic response of the effectors are formed in the process of training. In the classic Pavlov’s experiments the dogs were studied to associate switching of the light with the time of feeding. Thus in response to switching on the light they began producing saliva irrespective of the feeding.

• cough reflex — кашлевой рефлекс. A protective reflex resulting from the irritation of mechano— and chemoreceptors of the pharynx, larynx, trachea and bronchi. With it after the inhalation the expiratory muscles contract, intrathoracic and intrapulmonary pressure increase (200 mm Hg.), the glottis opens and air under the high pressure leaves the lungs and eliminates the irritant. The cough reflex is the vagus nerve’s reflex.

• gag reflex — рвотный рефлекс. Vomiting caused by a foreign body touching the fauces’s mucosa.

• nasal reflex — чихательный рефлекс. A protective reflex resulting from the irritation of the receptors located in the mucosa of the nasal cavity. It is associated with deep and forced inhalation contributing to the elimination of the irritant. The nasal reflex is the trigeminal nerve’s reflex.

•pupillary reflex — зрачковый рефлекс. The reflex leading to the change in the pupil’s size depending on the amount of the light entering the eye. So, when the bright light gets into the retina the parasympathetic nerves followed by the narrowing of the eye. In the dim light the pupil is extended due to the corresponding reaction of the sympathetic nervous system.

•spinal reflex — спинальный рефлекс. Any reflex whose arch connects with a center in the spinal cord e.g. pain irritant causes the spinal reflex.

447

reflex action

•swallowing reflex — глотательный рефлекс. The chain of reflexes in the mechanism of deglutition (the second pharyngeal phase) caused by the stimulation of the mechanoreceptors of the palate, fauces or the posterior pharyngeal wall. Then the excitement is conveyed along the afferent fibers of the trigeminal, glossopharyngeal and upper laryngeal (branch of the vagus nerve) nerves to the swallowing center in the myelencephalon. From this center impulses along the efferent fibers of the trigeminal, sublingual, glossopharyngeal and vagus nerves come to the muscles involved in the swallowing act. During the swallowing phase the nasal and respiratory ways (where the bolus can get) are closed.

•unconditioned reflex — безусловный рефлекс. The congenital reflex that doesn’t depend on the previous study and experience.

•vomiting reflex — рвотный рефлекс. See gag reflex.

•winking reflex — мигательный рефлекс. The reflex of sudden closure of the lids caused by any stimulus e.g. unexpected appearance of any object within the field of vision.

reflex action — рефлекс. See reflex.

refraction — рефракция. Declination of the sunrays while passing two transparent media with different optic density. Refraction also appears when the light comes from the air via the eye’s media (the cornea, humor of the eye chambers, lens and the vitreous body) to focus on the retina. Impairments of the refraction when the sunrays are no longer able to focus on the retina are of-

Rten due to defects in the refractory medium or change in the eyeball’s form including such conditions as astigmatism, hypermetropia and myopia.

rehabilitation — реабилитация. Any measure aimed at restoring a patient’s activity after a disease or trauma.

relapse — рецидив. Reccurring or worsening symptoms of a disease after recovery or convalescence.

relaxant — релаксант. A substance causing relaxation and a decrease in muscular tension.

•muscular relaxant — миорелаксант. A substance relaxing skeletal muscles. It is used in parkinsonism and tetanus for blocking impulses conveying in the neuromuscular connection and eliminating the skeletal muscles spasms.

448

reserve

relaxation — релаксация. A diminution of tension in a part; a diminution in functional activity..

renL (pl. renes) — почка. See kidney.

renal — почечный. Pertaining to the kidneys.

•renal threshold — почечный порог. Maximum of a substance that can be reabsorbed in the renal tubules.

renin — ренин. An enzyme (peptidase) secreted by the kidneys into the bloodstream in response to stress. The enzyme splits angiotensinogen secreted by the liver and reacts with it liberating angiotensin I. The latter turns into angiotensin II resulting in the narrowing of the blood vessels and, thus in the rise of blood pressure. Excessive amount of renin may lead to the syndrome of renal hypertension.

rennin — реннин. An enzyme produced in the stomach and contributing to milk coagulation. The enzyme is secreted by the gastric glands in inactive form — prorennin which then activates under hydrochloric acid. Rennin in the presence of calcium ions transforms caseinogen to insoluble casein. It results in long staying of milk in the stomach where proteolitic enzymes start their action.

repolarization — реполяризация. The stage of restoring the initial rest potential of the neuron’s cellular membrane after conducting the nerve impulse via it. The repolarization is due to the back movement of ions in the back direction and allows the next impulse to be conveyed along the nerve.

reproduction — репродукция. A fundamental property of protoplasm by which organisms give rise to other organisms of the R same kind.

resection — иссечение, резекция. The surgical extraction of any part or tissue in the human body e.g. the affected part of the intestines may be resected and the remaining healthy parts are joined together.

reserve — резерв. Something kept for further usage.

•alkaline reserve — щелочной резерв. The total sum of basic ions (mainly bicarbonates) of the blood or other fluids of the organism functioning as a buffer and maintaining normal blood pH.

•breathing reserve — дыхательный резерв. The difference between the pulmonary and maximal voluntary ventilation.

449

resistance

•cardiac reserve — сердечный резерв. Extra work that the heart is able to do under the normal conditions.

resistance — резистентность, сопротивляемость. 1. Natural immunity of the organism, its ability to resist different diseases. 2. The degree of the organism’s resistance to antibiotics or other medicines.

resonance — резонанс. A dramatic increase in vibrations’ amplitude when the rate of the system’s vibrations coincides with that of the external force.

resorb — резорбировать. Absorb different excretions. resorption — резорбция, всасывание. Absorption of a substance in a pathological or physiological process.

respiration — дыхание. A group of processes ensuring the consumption of oxygen and elimination of carbon dioxide by the organism.

•abdominal respiration — брюшное дыхание. Respiration mainly at the expense of the diaphragm movements and the elasticity of the abdominal muscles.

•artificial respiration — искусственное дыхание. A complex of measures that allow to restore gas exchange between the lungs and atmosphere.

•Biot's respiration — дыхание Биота. Respiration characterized by long pauses (about 30 s) between normal respiratory cycles. Such respiration develops during damage of the respira-

tory pons neurons but may occur in the mountains during sleep in the adaptation period.

R• cellular respiration — тканевое дыхание. A process that describes the metabolic reactions and processes that take place in a cell to obtain biochemical energy from fuel molecules (glucose, aminoacids and fatty acids). Energy is released by the oxidation of fuel molecules and is stored as «high-energy» carriers (ATP).

•Cheyne-Stokes respiration — дыхание Чейна-Стокса.

Respiration manifested in gradual increase of the respiratory movements’ amplitude which then completely decreases and after the pause (functioning apnea) increases gradually again. Such respiration develops in case of impaired functioning of the motor neurons (located in the myelencephalon), heart failure, during sleep, in hypocapnia.

450