Английский язык / Английский язык для медиков / Толковый англо-русский и русско-английский словарь физиологических терминов Dictionary of physiology (2010)

phosphorylase

pharynx — with the mouth cavity by means of the fauces; the laryngeal part — with the larynx by means of the laryngeal aditus. Via the pharynx the food is passed to the gullet and the air — from the nasal and mouth cavities to the larynx (the larynx is the place where the alimentary and respiratory tracts meet).

phenotype — фенотип. A group of individual characteristics that have been formed during individual development (ontogenesis). Phenotype is a result of interaction between individual’s genotype and the surroundings.

phenylalanine — фенилаланин. An aromatic aminoacid that easily turns into tyrosine.

phosphatase — фосфатаза. An enzyme catalyzing hydrolysis of esters of the phosphoric acid e.g. enzyme glucose-6-phosphotase that catalyzes hydrolysis of glucose-6-phosphate into glucose and phosphate. Phosphatases play an important role in metabolism of carbohydrates. nucleotides, phospholipids; they are one of the basic substances taking part in the process of bones’ calcification. Acid phosphatase is present in the kidneys, seminiferous fluid, serous and the prostate gland. Alkaline phosphatase is present in the teeth, growing bones, blood plasma, kidneys and intestines.

phospholipid — фосфолипид. A type of lipid compound which is an ester of phosphoric acid. Phospholipids are the structural parts of all cells as they form cellular membranes, especially in the

cells of the nervous system. They are synthesized in the liver and P small intestine and take part in many metabolic processes in the human organism. Cephalins, lecithins, glycerophospholipids and phosphotidilserine pertain to phospholipids.

phosphor — фосфор. Nonmetallic element. Phosphoric compounds are the main part of cells of all plants and animals. In man, phosphor is present mostly in the bones. However some P- containing compounds e.g. ATP and creatine phosphate play an important role in the processes of transformation and storage of energy in the organism. Phosphor proper is a toxic substance. Symbol P.

phosphorylase — фосфорилаза. An enzyme catalyzing binding of any organic molecule as glucose to phosphate group (phosphorylation). Phosphorylases are present in the liver and kidneys where they take part in the process of splitting glycogen to glu- cose-1-phosphate.

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phosphorylation — фосфорилирование. The process of enzymatic binding of the phosphate group with the molecules of different compounds. The process is catalyzed by phosphorylases.

•oxidative phosphorylation — окислительное фосфорилирование. The terminal process of cellular respiration. During oxidative phosphorylation electrons are transferred from

NADH or FADH2 — created in glycolysis, fatty acid metabolism and tricarboxylic acid cycle — to molecular oxygen. In eukaryotes this is carried out by a series of protein complexes located in the inner mitochondrial membrane called the electron transport chain.

•substrate-level phosphorylation — субстратное фосфо-

рилирование. A type of chemical reaction that results in the formation of ATP by the direct transfer of a phosphate group to adenosine diphosphate (ADP) from a reactive intermediate. In cells, it occurs in the cytoplasm (in glycolysis) and the mitochondrial matrix (in the tricarboxylic acid cycle) under both aerobic and anaerobic conditions.

photoreceptor — фоторецептор. A specialized cell that generates excitement in response to light.

photosynthesis — фотосинтез. The process in which green plants, some bacteria and blue-green seaweeds synthesize carbons from carbon, oxygen and water under the energy of sun-

Prays that are absorbed by means of pigment chlorophyll. In green plants this process can be represented by the following reaction:

6СO2 + 6Н2O = С6Н12O6 + 6O2.

physiologist — физиолог. A specialist in physiology. physiology — физиология. A science that studies functioning of

living organisms and their parts.

pia, pia mater — мягкая мозговая оболочка. The inner of the three tunics (see meninges) enveloping the surface of the brain and spinal cord. Its surface is closely adjacent to the surface of the brain and spinal cord covering all sulci and gyri. Pia mater contains many tiny, branched blood vessels that perfuse the brain.

pigment — пигмент. A substance responsible for coloration of the tissue. Physiologically important pigments are blood pigments (especially haemoglobin), biliary pigments (bilirubin and biliverdin) and retinal pigment (rhodopsin). Melanin is present in

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the skin and iris of the eye. The most important vegetable pigments are chlorophyll and carotenoids.

pinocytosis — пиноцитоз. Absorption of the smallest drops of a fluid by a cell, — pinocytotic, adj.

pit — углубление, ямка. A depression as the pit of the stomach or the armpit.

placenta — плацента. The organ located inside the uterus and formed in pregnancy. It performs the link between embryo and mother. With the placenta the embryo (and fetus) is attached to the walls of the uterus. The main function of the placenta is to provide the embryo with necessary nutrition, eliminate impurities and perform gas exchange, — placental, adj.

placentation — плацентация. Formation of the placenta. plasma — плазма. A liquid, transparent straw-colored portion of

the blood without the blood cells. Plasma consists of 91% of water, 6,5–8% of proteins, about 2% of lowmolecular compounds. Plasma is composed of different inorganic solutions of sodium, potassium, calcium salts etc., of many other microelements and bioactive substances.

plasmacyte — плазмоцит. A mononuclear cell derived from of B-lymphocyte. Plasmacyte is characterized by very intensive production of immunoglobulins (antibodies) (1 mln of molecules per

•plasmatic membrane — плазматическая мембрана. See plasmatic membrane.

plasmin — плазмин. Plasma globulin that has affinity with fibrin. Plasmin has a thrombolytic effect and reduces blood coagulation. Plasmin is usually present in the blood in the form of inactive precursor plasminogen. Plasminogen can be activated by tissue (urokinase) and blood plasminogen activators.

plasminogen — плазминоген.See plasmin.

platelet — тромбоцит. Oval anuclear (2–4 μm in diameter) blood cell that is a fragment of megakaryocyte. The main function of thrombocytes is their participation in blood coagulation and protective reactions. Syn. thrombocyte.

pleura — плевра. Serosa surrounding the lungs (visceral pleura) and inner surface of the walls of the thoracic cavity (parietal pleu-

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ra). Pleura has smooth, glittery, moist surface due to secretion of some fluid in it. This fluid moistens visceral and parietal pleura so that they can slip along each other without causing any pain to a man.

pleuritis — плеврит. The inflammation of the pleura, usually the result of pneumonia affecting the part of the lung located under inflammated pleura. Thus pleural surfaces are no longer glittery and slippery and become sticky causing pain during deep inhalation and characteristic noise of friction that can be heard in auscultation. Pleuritis is usually associated with the development of other diseases of the lungs, wall of the thoracic cavity, diaphragm or abdomen.

plexus — сплетение. A group of nerves or blood vessels.

•Auerbach's plexus — Ауэрбахово сплетение. A group of vegetative nerve fibers going from mesenteric plexus; located between circulatory and longitudinal layers of muscular tunic of the intestines. It innervates the intestines, controls intestinal peristalsis.

•Meissner's plexus — Мейснерово сплетение. A net of vegetative nerve fibers, located in the submucosa of the wall of gastrointestinal tract and innervating its muscles and mucosa.

•myenteric plexus — мышечно-кишечное сплетение (syn. intramuscular plexus). See Auerbach’s plexus.

P• submucous plexus — подслизистое сплетение. See

Meissner’s plexus.

pneumocyte — пневмоцит, альвеолоцит. Epitheliocyte lining walls of alveoli. Flat pneumocytes of the first type are respitatory, with endotheliocytes of the capillaries they form aerohematic barrier. Large pneumocytes of the second type have cubic form and secrete surfactant. Syn. alveolocyte.

pneumography — пневмография. Registration of movements of the human or animal thoracic cavity.

pneumonia — пневмония. Pulmonary inflammation resulting from different bacteria or viruses and affecting mostly alveoli so that they are filled with inflammatory exudation and blood cells making the lung tissue dense.

pneumothorax — пневмоторакс. The presence of air in the pleural cavity through any opening on the lung surface or in the wall of the thoracic cavity causing atelectasis.

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poikilothermic — пойкилотермный, холоднокровный. Incapable of regulating its own body temperature that ranges due to outer temperature. Reptiles and amphibia are poikilothermic. Syn. poikilothermal, poikilothermous, cold-blooded.

poison — яд. Any substance that irritates, affects structure or function of the body tissues. In big doses almost all substances act as poisons, however the term is mostly used for arsenic, cyanides and strychnine that are toxic even in small amount. Compare to: venom.

poisoning — отравление, интоксикация. A condition resulting from penetration of any toxic substance including alcohol and heavy metals into the organism.

polarization — поляризация. 1. Change in electric potential associated with going current. 2. Generation of potential difference between two points.

•membrane polarization — поляризация мембраны. The presence of potential difference at each side of the plasmatic membrane due to the difference of cations and anions concentrations in media separated by the membrane.

poliomyelitis — полиомиелит. Inflammation of grey substance of the spinal cord caused by a virus.

poliosis — поседение. Absence or decrease in melanin in the hair, brows, lashes. Syn. canities.

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polymer

polymer — полимер. High-molecular substance formed by long chains of smaller molecules called monomers as glucose monomers joining together form glycogen polymer.

polymerase — полимераза. A group of enzymes catalyzing the synthesis of polymers in living cells.

polymerization — полимеризация. Synthesis of polymer by joining monomers together without forming side lowmolecular compounds.

polypeptide — полипептид. A molecule consisting of three or more aminoacids bound with peptide bonds. Protein molecules are polypeptides.

polypnea — полипноэ. Very rapid respiration; panting. Syn. tachypnea.

polysaccharide — полисахарид. A carbohydrate that includes a lot of monosaccharides joined in long linear or branched chain. polyuria — полиурия. The formation of excessive amount of highly diluted, almost colorless urine. The condition may result from excessive consumption of any fluid or any disease as diabe-

tes mellitus or renal diseases.

ponsL (Varolii) (pl. pontes) — мост (Варолиев). A part of the brainstem (structure of the metencephalon) that looks like transverse thickened roller. The posterior surface covered with the cerebellum takes part in the formation of rhomboid fossa; the ante-

Prior contacts with the myelencephalon from the bottom and the cerebral peduncles from the top. Inside the pons there are many conductive pathways connecting the cerebral cortex and the spinal cord and the cerebellar cortex; besides, there are some nuclei of the gray substance (V, VI, VII, VIII pairs of the cranial nerves, reticular formation).

pore — пора. 1. An opening in a membrane through which certain substances pass from one side of the membrane to another. 2. A lumen of the excretory duct of the sweat gland.

porphyrine — порфирин. One of the widely spread cellular pigments derived from porphyn. All the porphyrins binding to iron, magnium, zinc, nickel, copper and cobalt form chelates. They are found in haemoglobin, myoglobin (muscle haemoglobin), cytochrom and chlorofil playing an important role in many oxida- tion-reduction reactions in different organisms.

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portaL (pl. portae) — ворота органа. The hilus of an organ through which the vessels enter.

•porta hepatis — ворота печени. The transverse fissure of the liver through which the portal vein, portal artery and biliary

ducts enter the organ.

portal — портальный, воротный. Pertaining to the vena porta or its system.

•portal system — портальная система. Most often the system is called the hepatic portal system; it is formed by the portal vein and its branches. The blood running from the spleen, stomach, pancreas and the intestines comes into the portal vein and goes to the liver where it branches into many small capillaries called discontinous capillaries (sinusoids). From them nutrients absorbed during the food digestion and toxins that are detoxicated in the liver come into the hepatic cells.

positive — положительный.

•positive feedback — положительная обратная связь.

See feedback.

postganglionic — постганглионарный. Located behind or after a ganglion. An axon going from the neuron of the vegetative nervous system’s ganglion that innervates smooth muscles or glands. In the sympathetic nervous system postganglionic fibers are adren-

ergic, in parasympathetic nervous system — cholinergic. Compare P to: preganglionic.

posterior — задний. Pertaining to the back part of the body. Opposite to anterior.

potential — потенциал. 1. Capable of acting or doing work, as potential energy. 2. In electricity, a state of tension or of difference in energy capable of doing work.

•action potential — потенциал действия (ПД). Change of voltage on the nerve or muscular cell membrane due to passing charged particles via it (see depolarization). Syn. spike potential.

•excitatory postsynaptic potential — возбуждающий постсинаптический потенциал (ВПСП). Local change in depolarization that takes place in synapse when the excitement is conveyed.

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•inhibitory postsynaptic potential — тормозной постсинаптический потенциал (ТПСП). Local change in the direction of hyperpolarization that inhibits synapse.

•membrane potential — мембранный потенциал (МП).

Potential difference that can be registered between the external and internal surfaces of the membrane of any cell.

•resting potential — потенциал покоя. Potential difference that can be registered between the external and internal surfaces of cellular membrane of the excitable tissue.

•spike potential — потенциал действия (ПД). See action potential.

ргеganglionic — преганглионарный. Located in front of or preceeding a ganglion. Axons of the neurons of the vegetative nervous system leaving the brain as a part of the anterior roots of the spinal nerves or cranial nerves and going to the ganglia forming synapses with their neurons. Then the axons of postganglionic fibers go to the effector (muscle or gland). Compare to: postganglionic.

presbyopia — пресбиопия. Difficulty in reading at the usual distance (if the text is 30 cm far from the eyes) and performing any other work at this distance due to a low ability of the eye to change the focal distance in aged people. The cause of presbyopia is gradual loss of elasticity of the lens that results in a low ability

Pof the lens to increase its curvature in looking at short-distant ob-

jects.

pressure — давление. The amount of force that a gas or liquid produces in an area or container.

•blood pressure (BP) — кровяное давление. Pressure of the blood inside the arteries. It is maintained by means of contractions of the left ventricle, resistance of arterioles and capillaries, elasticity of the arterial walls, viscosity and the blood volume. The highest pressure is observed in systole when the ventricles contract (systolic pressure) and the lowest pressure — in diastole when the ventricles are relaxed and filled with blood (diastolic pressure). blood pressure is expressed in mm Hg. In adults systolic pressure is about 120 mm Hg., diastolic — about 80 mm Hg. Thus it is written as 120/80. Individual insignificant variations of these figures are quite normal. Muscular tension as well as emotional fac-

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tors such as fright, stress or excitement result in hypertension. The lowest systolic blood pressure is usually observed during sleep. Emotional stress may cause an abnormal decrease in blood pressure (hypotension) and lead to failure of blood circulation.

•central venous pressure (CVP) — центральное венозное давление. Blood pressure in the right atrium (see heart). In rest it amounts to 40–120 mm water.

•diastolic blood pressure — диастолическое кровяное давление. See blood pressure.

•oncotic pressure — онкотическое давление. Colloid-os- motic pressure of plasma proteins. See also osmosis.

•osmotic pressure — осмотическое давление. Pressure under which the molecules of water begin penetrating into a solution through semipermeable membrane; the more concentration of the solution (i.e. the more dissolved molecules) the more osmotic pressure. Osmotic pressure of the blood plasma is an important characteristic. Osmotic pressure determines the distribution of water between the blood, cells and tissues e.g. in starvation osmotic pressure of the blood plasma decreases relatively to osmotic pressure in tissues (due to decrease in concentration of the plasma proteins), that results in moving of the solvent (water) into the tissues that brings about

•partial pressure — парциальное давление. Pressure of one of the components of gas mixture, if its volume were equal to the volume of the whole mixture under the same temperature.

•pulse pressure — пульсовое давление. The difference between systolic and diastolic pressure (variations of blood pressure during the cardiac cycle): 120 — 80 = 40 mm рт. ст.

•systolic blood pressure — систолическое давление. See blood pressure.

proenzyme — профермент. Inactive form in which some enzymes are usually produced and secreted as alimentary enzymes. This form prevents damage of the cells where these enzymes are synthesized. Just after proenzyme is secreted, it is transformed into its active form.

profound — глубокий. Extending far below the surface.

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progesterone — прогестерон. Steroid hormone secreted by the corpus luteum (see ovary, menstrual cycle), placenta, adrenal cortex and the testes. It prepares the endometrium to implantation of the germ. If the ovum is fertilized this hormone provides the proper conditions in the uterus that are necessary to the normal course of pregnancy. Progesterone inhibits the formation of the new ova in the ovaries.

progressive — длительный. Gradually, extending.

prolactin — пролактин. The lactogenic hormone that is synthesized and accumulated in the anterior lobe of the hypophysis. It is responsible for lactation in women after labor and stimulates production of progesterone in the corpus luteum in the ovaries. Excessive prolactin secretion increases the likelihood of an abnormal milk secretion (galactorrhea) in men and women. Syn. lactotropic hormone.

proline — пролин. Uncharged, hydrophobic aminoacid that is present in many proteins.

propagation — 1. Проведение, распространение. 2. Размножение, воспроизводство.

proprioceptive — проприоцептивный. Capable of registering impulses originating in receptors in muscles, joints, etc.

•proprioceptive impulse — проприоцептивный импульс. Impulse that appears in the muscles, joints, tendons

Pand vestibular apparatus of the inner ear. Their reflex functions

are concerned with locomotion and maintenance of the posture.

proprioceptor — проприорецептор. Specific sensory nerve ending (see receptor) that perceives stimuli connected with movements and muscular activity of the body. Proprioceptors are located in the muscles, tendons, fasciae, bones, joint capsules and ligaments where they perceive information conveyed to the brain and used for coordination of muscular activity.

prosencephalon — передний мозг. The forebrain or anterior brain vesicle of the embrio that divides into the telencephalon and diencephalon. From it are derived the cerebral hemispheres, olfactory lobes, corpus striatum and various parts of the thalamus, as well as the third and the lateral ventricles.

prostaglandin — простагландин. A representative of a group of hormone-like substances in different tissues and fluids of the

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