Английский язык / Английский язык для медиков / Толковый англо-русский и русско-английский словарь физиологических терминов Dictionary of physiology (2010)

organelle

opsin — опсин. A special protein together with retinal forming rhodopsin.

opsonin — опсонин. An antibody stimulating phagocytal activity.

opsonization — опсонизация. The process of interacting opsonins with bacteria making the latter more susceptible to phagocytosis. Opsonins bind to the outer walls of bacteria changing their physical and chemical structure.

optic — оптический, зрительный. Pertaining to the eye, vision or optics.

• optic blind spot, optic disk — оптическое слепое пятно, оптический диск. See discus nervi optici.

orbit — глазница, глазная впадина, орбита. The bony cavity containing the eye, which is formed by the frontal, sphenoid, ethmoid, nasal, lacrimal, maxillary, and palatal bones, — orbital, adj.

organ — орган. A structure in the body composed of a number of tissues that has special functions e.g. the heart, lungs, liver etc.

•organ of Corti — кортиев орган. The structure inside the cochlea responsible for hearing. It consists of hair cells and supporting cells on the basilar membrane that help transform

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organism

organism — организм. A complex biological structure of interdependent and subordinate elements whose relations and properties are largely determined by their function in the whole.

orthopnea — ортопноэ. Intensified respiration in a recumbent position. A condition in which there is need to sit up to breathe more easily.

osL — 1. кость. See bone. 2. рот.

osmolality — осмоляльность. The number of moles of solute per kilogram of solvent.

osmolarity — осмолярность. An expression of concentration in osmoles per liter.

osmole — осмоль. The mass of a substance (in grams) divided into a number of ions into which the substance dissociates in the solution.

osmoreceptor — осморецептор. Sensory neuron (located in the hypothalamus) that perceives changes in the osmotic pressure of the surrounding fluid. As soon as the pressure increases e.g. in dehydration of the organism the information is conveyed to the hypothalamic cells secreting vasopressin that comes to the posterior lobe of the hypophysis and then it is released. As a result elimination of water from the organism with the urine will be limited till

O the osmotic pressure restores to normal, — osmotic, adj. osmosis — осмос. The passage of a solvent (water) from a more

dilute to a more concentrated solution through a membrane that is more permeable to water than to the solute. It plays an important role in controlling water distribution in the organism.

osseous — костный. Pertaining to bone.

ossification — окостенение, оссификация. The hardening of a bone; calcification under the action of osteoblasts.

osteoblast — остеобласт. Specialized cell which produces a cartilaginous matrix for new bone formation turning into the osteocyte.

osteoclast — остеокласт. Specialized cell which causes erosion and demineralization of previously formed bone. The presence of osteoclasts can be observed only during demineralization in small cavities on the bone’s surface. (Osteoclasts have monocytar origin (see monocyte) and pertain to the system of mononuclear phagocytes).

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ovulation

osteocyte — остеоцит. Bone-forming cell that has become entrapped within the matrix of bone; this cell remains alive due to nourishment supplied by tubules within the extracellular material of bone.

osteomalacia — остеомаляция. Softening of bones due to a deficiency of vitamin D (see calciferol) and calcium.

osteoporosis — остеопороз. Demineralization of bones due to deficiency of vitamin D in adults. The loss of bony substance results in brittleness or softness of bones which may be associated with pain, loss of stature and other deformities and fractures.

otitis — отит. Inflammation of the ear.

otoliths — отолиты. Crystalline substances found in the utricles and saccules of the inner ears. Otoliths look like microscopic crystals of CaCO3 and Ca3(PO4)2.

outer — внешний. Being away from a center. Syn. external. output — выброс, выход. The amount of any substance pro-

duced, rejected or excreted with a certain period of time.

•cardiac output — сердечный выброс (see cardiac output). Blood volume pumped by the heart per minute. It amounts to 4,5–5 liters of blood per minute.

ovary — яичник. The main female gonad, where the ova (see ovum) and steroid hormones are formed in response to action of O gonadotropic hormones secreted by the anterior lobe of the hypophysis. In each ovary there is great amount of follicles, inside them

the ova develop, but only small part of them completely mature. Follicular cells surrounding the ovum secrete estrogen and small amount of androgen. After ovulation ruptured follicle is replaced by the corpus luteum and secretion of progesterone begins.

oviduct — яйцевод, маточная труба, фаллопиева труба.

The tube serving to transport the ovum from the ovary to the exterior or to an organ such as the uterus. Syn. Fallopian tube, uterine tube, oviduct.

ovigenesis — овогенез. See oцgenesis.

ovulation — овуляция. The maturation and escape of the secondary oocyte from the ruptured graafian follicle. The follicle filled with fluid stretches the ovarian surface until the thin wall surrounding the follicle is ruptured that results in escape of the oocyte surrounded by follicular cells into the abdominal cavity from where it

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ovule, ovulumL (pl. ovula)

comes into the uterine tube and goes towards the uterus. Stimulus for ovulation is secretion of luteinizing hormone in the anterior lobe of the hypophysis. See also ovary, menstrual cycle.

ovule, ovulumL (pl. ovula) — яйцеклетка незрелая. The ovulum in the follicle of the ovary.

ovumL (pl. ova) — яйцеклетка зрелая. The ovum after ovulation. oxidant — окислитель. A substance accepting electrons in oxi-

dation-reduction reaction.

oxidase — оксидаза. An enzyme of vegetable or animal origin catalyzing oxidation of organic substances in the presence of molecular oxygen.

oxidation — окисление. Return of one or more electrons by an ion or a compound.

oxide — оксид. A binary compound of oxygen with a more electropositive element or group.

oxidizing agent — окислитель. See oxidant.

P

pacemaker — пейсмейкер, водитель ритма. Any rhythmical center that determines the rate of activity e.g. a group of atypical cardiomyocytes of the conduction system of the heart. See also pulse generator.

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pancreatitis

palate — небо. The upper wall of the oral cavity covered with mucosa.

•hard palate — твердое небо. Anterior two thirds of the palate. It consists of bony basis covered with mucosa.

•soft palate — мягкое небо. The posterior third of the palate. It is composed of muscles and their tendons covered with mucosa. While swallowing the soft palate gets up and prevents the bolus from coming into the nasal part of the pharynx and into the nasal cavity.

paleocortex — древняя кора. The most philogenetically ancient part of the cerebral cortex which parts are located on the inferior and medial surface of the hemispheres.

palpation — пальпация. Examination of any part of a body by means of the hands.

palsy — паралич. An old word that means paralysis. It is still used in such word combinations as Bell’s palsy, cerebrospinal palsy and Todd’s palsy.

•Bell’s palsy — паралич Белла. Peripheral paralysis of the facial nerve.

•Todd’s palsy — паралич Тодда. A temporary paralysis which sometimes follows a focal Jacksonian convulsive seizure.

pancreas — поджелудочная железа, панкреас. Mixed gland composed of acini secreting pancreatic juice (see appendix). P Pancreatic juice contains many enzymes taking part in diges-

tion (proteolytic: trypsinogen (see trypsin) and chymotrypsinogen (see chymotrypsin); amylolytic: amylase, glycosidase; lipase). This juice enters the duodenum via the system of ducts. In the pancreas there are also islets of Langerhans — isolated groups of endocrine cells: α-cells secreting glucagon, β-cells secreting insulin and δ-cells secreting somatostatin into the bloodstream, — pancreatic, adj.

pancreatitis — панкреатит. Inflammation of the pancreas. The acute form may be hemorrhagic, suppurative, or gangrenous. The onset of acute pancreatitis is usually sudden, with severe abdominal pain, vomiting and tenderness of the abdomen. Chronic pancreatitis may be interlobular, with an increase of interlobular connective tissue or interacinar, in which the interacinar spaces are invaded and the islets of Langerhans involved.

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pancreolipase

pancreolipase — панкреолипаза. Pancreatic enzyme splitting lipids into monoglycerols and fatty acids. The enzyme is active in the presence of biliary acids.

paracrine — паракринный. Pertaining to hormones secreted by endocrine glands and influencing the function of the surrounding cells. These hormones are practically not transmitted by the blood or lymph from the place of their secretion.

paraganglion — параганглий. A small orbed group of chromaffin cells that derives from neuroectoderm. These cells are similar to the cells of the medullar layer of the adrenal glands and can secret catecholamines (adrenaline and noradrenaline).

paralysis — паралич. Loss of motor function of any muscle or group muscles due to damage to the nervous system. Paralysis may differ in the number of affected muscles, severity of paralysis, spasticity or muscular weakness.

•ischemic paralysis — ишемический паралич. Paralysis due to stoppage of the circulation in a certain part of the human body as in some cases of embolism and thrombosis.

•phonetic paralysis — фонетический паралич. Paralysis of the vocal cords.

•spastic paralysis — спастический паралич. Weakness of one or several extremities associated with an increase in their reflectory activity that results in resistance to passive moving.

PThe disease is due to impairment of the nerve fibers of the cor-

ticospinal pathway that initiate movement under normal conditions and inhibit the stretching reflexes.

•Volkmann’s paralysis — паралич Фольксманна. A variation of ischemic paralysis; paralysis of a hand due to constriction of the blood supply when tight splint or casts are applied to the forearm.

parasite — паразит. Any organism living inside (endoparasite) or on the surface (ectoparasite) of other alive organism known as the host, from which it obtains nourishment during all or part of its existence.

parasympathetic, parasympathic — парасимпатический.

Pertaining to the parasympathetic nervous system. parathormone, parathyrin — паратгормон, паратирин. See parathyroid hormone.

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peptidase

parathyroid — паращитовидная железа. See parathyroid gland.

parenchyma — паренхима. The essential or specialized part of an organ. Compare to stroma.

parietal — париетальный, пристеночный. Pertaining to the wall of any cavity as parietal layer of peritoneum.

parotid — околоушная слюнная железа. See parotid gland. parturition — роды. See delivery.

passive — пассивный.

•passive immunity — пассивный иммунитет. See passive immunity.

•passive transport — пассивный транспорт. See passive transport.

pathogenesis — патогенез. Etiology and development of a disease or pathological process.

pellagra — пеллагра. Chronic disease due to deficiency of vitamins B and aminoacid tryptophan in the organism. The main manifestations are skin, gastro-intestinal and psychological disorders. The disease is characterized by dermatitis of surfaces exposed to the sun, glossitis and stomatitis.

pelvis — таз. An osseous structure including pelvic bones, sacrum and coccyx. Pelvis is a firm structure protecting organs located in the inferior part of the abdominal cavity and is the place where

the bones and muscles of the lower extremities, back and abdo- P men are fixed, — pelvic, adj.

pentose — пентоза. A simple sugar, molecule of which contains five atoms of carbon as ribose and deoxyribose that are the components of nucleotides.

pepsin — пепсин. The main alimentary enzyme of the gastric juice (see appendix). Pepsin is responsible for splitting proteins into peptones. It is formed in the gastric cavity under the action of hydrochloric acid from pepsinogen secreted by gastric glands. Besides pepsin can activate pepsinogen.

pepsinogen — пепсиноген. The antecedent substance or zymogen of pepsin, present in the chief cells of the gastric glands, which during digestion is converted into pepsin.

peptidase — пептидаза. An alimentary enzyme that splits proteins into aminoacids in the stomach and intestines.Peptidases are

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peptide

usually divided into endopeptidases catalyzing hydrolysis of the peptide bond distant from the end of the peptide chain (split proteins into oligopeptides) and exopeptidases catalyzing hydrolysis in the end of the peptide chain with the formation of aminoacids.

peptide — пептид. A substance which molecule is formed from several aminoacids bound to each other with amino and carboxyl (-NH-CO-) group. This bond is called peptide bond.

•vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) — вазоактивный интестинальный пептид (ВИП). Biologically active substance produced by D1-cells of the gastro-intestinal tract. It inhibits gastric secretion, amplifies the secretion of bicarbonates by the pancreas and the intestinal secretion. VIP inhibits cholecystokinin-pancreozymine, relaxes smooth muscles of the blood vessels of the biliary bladder and gastro-intestinal sphincters. See also scheme1 (color inset).

•gastric inhibitory peptide (GIP) — гастроингибирующий пептид (ГИП). Biologically active substance produced by K-cells of the small intestine. GIP reduces the secretion and peristalsis of the stomach inhibiting the release of gastrint stimulating the secretion of the intestinal juice (see appendix) and inhibiting absorption of electrolytes in the small intestine. See also scheme1 (color inset).

P• pancreatic peptide (PP) — панкреатический пептид (ПП). Biologically active substance produced by PP-cells of the pancreas. It inhibits the secretion of enzymes and bicarbonates by the pancreas, stimulates proliferation of the small intestine’s mucosa and gastric peristalsis. PP takes place in the metabolism of lipids and carbohydrates. See also scheme1 (color inset).

peptone — пептон. A large peptide formed due to the action of enzymes (peptidases) on the proteins at the initial stages of the digestion of proteins.

percussion — перкуссия. A method of examination of any part of the body by means of tapping its surface with fingers or a small hammer (plessor) and analysis of arising vibrations. By means of this method a doctor can reveal the presence of pathologic induration, enlargement of different organs, presence of any fluid e.g. in the pleural cavity.

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peritoneum

perforation — прободение. The act or occurrence of piercing or boring into a part, especially into the wall of a hollow organ. perfusion — перфузия. 1. Pouring of fluid. 2. The passage of fluid through spaces. 3. The introduction of fluid into tissues by their

injection into arteries.

pericardium — перикард, околосердечная сумка. A closed sac enveloping the heart and consisting of two layers. Between these layers there is a clift-like pericardial cavity containing small amount of fluid, preventing friction between the two layers during heart contraction.

perichondrium — надхрящница. The fibrous connective tissue covering a cartilage.

pericyte — перицит. One of the flat cells located near the outer surface of the capillary. Its cytoplasm contains contractile fibers allowing pericyte to regulate the lumen of the capillary.

perilymph — перилимфа. Fluid located between the osseous membranous labyrinths of the inner ear (see also cochlea). Its composition is similar to that in the cerebrospinal fluid. Perilymph contains many Na+ ions (140 mmol/l). Compare to endolymph. period — период, круговой цикл. Duration, measure of time.

The space of time during which anything is in progress.

•refractory period — рефрактерный период. The period during which the membrane of an axon or myocyte is no lon-

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permeability

permeability — проницаемость. Ability of cells and tissues to let gases, water and dissolvents pass through them as capillary permeability.

permeable — проницаемый. Pertaining to the ability of substances to go via membranes and other structures, affording passage.

peroxidase — пероксидаза. An enzyme that can be found mainly in plants, leukocytes and milk. This enzyme catalyzes dehydrogenation (oxidation) of different substances in the presence of hydrogen peroxide that acts as an acceptor of hydrogen and turns into water in the course of this chemical reaction.

peroxide — пероксид, перекись. A compound with the –O–O— bond as hydrogen peroxide (H2O2 or H–O–O–H). peroxisomе — пероксисома. A small intracellular organelle that looks like lysosome but contains enzymes as catalase taking part in

the reactions of formation and breaking down of H2O2. perspiration — потоотделение, пот, испарина. The process of sweat production by the sweat glands. It plays an important role

in the regulation of body temperature. In insensible perspiration sweat evaporates from the skin surface at once; sensible perspiration is characterized by the appearance of visible sweat drops or beads of sweat on the skin.

phagocyte — фагоцит. A cell capable of injesting bacteria, pro-

Ptista, other cells, their parts and small particles. Phagocytes in-

clude granular leukocytes (microphages) and macrophages that play a big role in protective mechanisms of the body.

phagocytosis — фагоцитоз. An absorption of bacteria and other foreign particles by the specialized cells (phagocytes).

phagolysosome — фаголизосома. See phagosome. phagosome — фагосома. A vesicle separated from the cellular

membrane of phagocyte containing absorbed particle. Phagosome contacts with lysosome forming phagolysosome.

pharynx — глотка. A funnel-shaped canal lined by the mucosa. The upper wall of the pharynx is joined with the basis of the skull, between the VI-th and VII-th cervical vertebra the pharynx narrows and leads to the gullet. It is subdivided into three parts: nasal, mouth and laryngeal. The nasal part of the pharynx is connected with the nasal cavity via the choanae, with the cavity of the middle ear — via the Eustachian tube; the mouth part of the

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