Английский язык / Английский язык для медиков / Толковый англо-русский и русско-английский словарь физиологических терминов Dictionary of physiology (2010)

nerve

briform plate of the ethmoid bone and ending in the olfactory bulb.

•optic nerve — зрительный нерв. The second pair (II) of sensory cranial nerves. Beginning from the retina optic nerves leave the orbit via the optic canals. Then the optic nerves form the chiasm on the cerebral basis leading to optic tracts that go to subcortical optic centers (upper collicules of the quadrigeminum and lateral geniculated bodies) and then reach the occipital cortex. See also fig.7.

•sciatic nerve — седалищный нерв. The biggest nerve in the lower extremity. It descends via the posterior surface of the hip; near the popliteal fossa it branches into two big nerves: tibial nerve and common peroneal nerve, that innervate muscles and skin of the calf and foot.

•spinal nerves — спинномозговые (спинальные) нервы. Nerves beginning from the nuclei of the spinal cord.

•splanchnic nerves — внутренностные нервы. A group of sympathetic nerves, that innervate blood vessels and inner organs of the abdominal cavity. They emerge from the ganglia of the sympathetic trunk, located near the vertebral column and

•trigeminal nerve — тройничный нерв. The 5-th and the biggest mixed cranial nerve, that branches into three nerves: ophtalmic nerve (sensory), maxillary nerve (sensory) and submandibular (mixed) nerves. Motor fibers innervate masticatory and some cervical muscles; sensory fibers convey information about temperature, pain and touch from one side of the head, including the oral cavity and meninges.

•vagus nerve — вагус, блуждающий нерв. The 10-th (X) mixed cranial nerve; its sensory part innervates a part of the dura mater, skin of the external acoustic meatus (see ear) and the auricle, the mucosa of the pharynx, soft palate and larynx, heart, organs of the respiratory system, gastrointestinal tract, kidneys; its motor part innervates striated muscles of the pharynx and larynx; its parasympathetic part innervates inner organs of the neck, chest and abdomen (with the exception of organs of gastrointestinal tract located after the descending colon).

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•vestibulocochlear nerve — преддверно-улитковый нерв. The 8-th cranial nerve (VIII), conveying impulses from the vestibular organ and organ of Corti of the inner ear to the brain. This nerve consists of two parts: vestibular nerve and cochlear nerve. The nerve carries impulses from the semicircular canals, utricle and saccule, transmitting the information about the body posture and performing movements. It is the nerve of equilibrium.

nervous system — нервная система. A group of anatomical structures, formed by the nervous tissue. The nervous system consists of many neurons, conveying information in the form of nerve impulses to different parts of the body and perceiving it from them to maintain lifeactivity of the organism. On a gross anatomical basis the nervous system can be divided into two parts: the central nervous system (CNS) and the peripheral nervous system (PNS). On a physiological basis it can be divided into the somatic nervous system and the vegetative nervous system. The vegetative nervous system can be divided into two parts: the sympathetic nervous system and the parasympathetic nervous system.

• autonomic nervous system — автономная нервная си-

Nстема. See vegetative nervous system.

•central nervous system (CNS) — центральная нервная система (ЦНС). The brain and the spinal cord.

•parasympathetic nervous system — парасимпатическая нервная система. A part of the vegetative nervous system. Its center is located in the nuclei of the brainstem, and in the nuclei of II–IV sacral segments of the spinal cord. Their axons (preganglionic) go towards ganglia, located in the wall (intramural) or nearby the innervating organ, forming synapses with their neurons (neurotransmitter: acetylcholine). Fibers, going from the ganglionar neurones (postganglionic), directly innervate organs. In the endings of these fibers acetylcholine is released. The parasympathetic nervous system doesn’t innervate skeletal muscles, brain, smooth muscles of the blood vessels (with the exception of vessels of the tongue, salivary glands, gonads, coronary arteries), sense organs and medulla region of the adrenal glands. Excitation of the parasympathetic nervous system results in restoring and maintaining homeostasis, which is disbalanced due to excitation of the sympathetic nervous sys-

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tem (trophotropic function). The activity of the sympathetic nervous system is under control of the cerebral cortex, reticular formation, cerebellum, limbic system, hypothalamus (anterior nuclei). Physiological effects: see scheme 3, table 3 (appendix).

•peripheral nervous system — периферическая нервная система. The peripheral nervous system includes all groups of the nervous tissue, located out of the central nervous system (out of the brain and the spinal cord). The peripheral nervous system includes all cranial and spinal nerves with their roots, their branches, nerve endings and ganglia.

•skeletal nervous system — соматическая нервная система. See somatic nervous system.

•somatic nervous system — соматическая нервная система. A part of the nervous system that innervates mainly the organs of the soma (striated (skeletal) muscles, the skin) and some inner organs (tongue, larynx, pharynx) and provides the interaction between the organism and the surroundings. Syn. skeletal nervous system.

•sympathetic nervous system — симпатическая нервная

система. A part of the vegetative nervous system. Its center is located in the nuclei of the lateral horns of the VIII cervical, N all thoracic and I–II lumbar segments of the spinal cord. Their axons (preganglionic) go towards pre— and paravertebral gan-

glia (see sympathetic trunk), forming synapses with their neurons (neurotransmitter: acetylcholine). Fibers going from the ganglionar neurones (postganglionic) directly innervate organs. In the endings of these fibers noradrenaline and acetylcholine (sweat glands, vessels of the skeletal muscles) are released. Postganglionic fibers innervate all organs and tissues (with the exception of adrenal glands that are innervated by preganglionic fibers). Excitation of the sympathetic nervous system results in energy consumption in the organism (ergotrophic function). The activity of the sympathetic nervous system is under control of the cerebral cortex, reticular formation, cerebellum, limbic system, hypothalamus (posterior nuclei). Physiological effects: see scheme 3, table 3 (appendix).

•vegetative nervous system — вегетативная нервная система. A part of the nervous system, that controls the activity of the inner organs, glands, vessels e.g. contractions of the

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heart, intestinal peristalsis, perspiration, salivation, vasodilation and vasoconstriction. The visceral nervous system maintains the homeostasis. The visceral nervous system can’t be controlled by consciousness, but it is supervised by the spinal cord, cerebellum, hypothalamus, basal ganglia, reticular formation and cerebral cortex. The visceral nervous system can be divided into two parts: the sympathetic nervous system and parasympathetic nervous system. Each of them consists of the central and peripheral division. Influence of these divisions is antagonistic, but sometimes they may act as sinergists e.g. both divisions increase salivation. Syn. autonomic nervous system, visceral nervous system.

•visceral nervous system — вегетативная нервная система. See vegetative nervous system.

neuraxis — нервная трубка. Embryonic structure transformed into the brain and the spinal cord. Syn. neural tube.

neurilemma — неврилемма. The cells surrounding one or several axons in the peripheral nervous system.

neuroglia — нейроглия. See glia.

neurohumoral — нейрогуморальный. Pertaining to nervous

Nand humoral factors of regulation.

•neurohumoral mediators of excitation — нейрогуморальные передатчики возбуждения.

neurohypophysis — нейрогипофиз. The posterior lobe of the hypophysis.

neuron — нейрон. The physiological unit of the nervous system; neuron generates, perceives and conveys nerve impulses, carrying information from one part of the body to another. Neurones consist of processes (neurites) and the body (the perikaryon or soma). Neurites can be divided into two functionally and morphologically different groups, dendrites and axons. See also fig.6.

•intercalary neuron, internuncial neuron — вставочный нейрон. A neuron running between and connecting two other neurons in the CNS.

•motor neuron — двигательный нейрон, мотонейрон.

Nerve cell of the spinal cord, myelencephalon, pons, cerebellum or diencephalon having an axon going from the CNS to effector tissues. There are somatic motoneurons going to the skeletal

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muscles and visceral motoneurons going to the smooth muscles and glands. Syn. motoneuron.

•sensory neuron — чувствительный нейрон. Nerve cell of the spinal and visceral ganglia, brainstem having an axon to the CNS.

neurosis (pl. neuroses) — невроз. Any long psychological or behavioral disorder when the contact with the environment is maintained, but the circumstances are perceived as abnormal. The main manifestations of neurosis are anxiety, fear, preoccupation and intention to get rid of them.

neurotransmitter — нейромедиатор, нейротрансмиттер.

A chemical mediator released from presynaptic nerve ending and conveying nerve impulse in synapse to postsynaptic ending, muscular fiber or gland that are innervated by these nerves. See also presynaptic membrane, postsynaptic membrane.

neutron — нейтрон. Subnuclear electro-neutral particle, the mass of which exceeds that of proton.

neutrophil — нейтрофил, нейтрофильный лейкойцит.

See neutrophilic leukocyte.

nexus — нексус. Chinklike contact through which water solu-

ble molecules pass from one cell to another. There is a space be- N tween plasmatic membranes of adjacent cells (2–4 nm in width)

in the nexus. Both plasmatic membranes are linked by connexons — hollow hexagonal protein structures (9 nm in size), which are formed by six protein functioning cells with electrical activity e.g. cardiomyocytes.

nicotine — никотин. Toxic alkaloid received from tobacco. It is responsible for developing dependence on tobacco in smokers. In small dozes nicotine stimulates the vegetative nervous system causing hypertension, tachycardia and loss of appetite in smokers. In large dozes nicotine causes paralysis of vegetative nervous system’s ganglia, — nicotinic, adj.

nitrogen — азот. Gaseous chemical element — the main component of the air (79%). Nitrogen is an important component of proteins and nucleic acids; a man gets nitrogen with food rich in proteins (atmospheric nitrogen can’t be used without changes). Nitrogenous impurities are excreted from the organism with the urine. Liquid nitrogen is used for freezing some tissue samples before their laboratory study. Chemical symbol N.

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node

node — узел. Limited mass of differentiated tissue. Syn. nodus.

•atrioventricular node — предсердно-желудочковый узел. A part of the conduction system of the heart, that is located in the intraatrial septum. Impulse comes to atrioventricular node from sinoatrial node via the atrial cardiomyocytes then it’s transmitted via the bundle of His to the ventricular myocardium.

•lymphatic node — лимфатический узел. One of many ovoid structures, components of the lymphoid system. Groups of the lymphatic nodes are located in many parts of the human body e.g. groin, armpits, behind the auricle. They are composed of the lymphoid tissue and filter out lymph, preventing penetration of the foreign bodies into the bloodstream, in addition, in the lymphatic nodes antigen dependant differentiation of lymphocytes takes place.

•sinoatrial node — синусный узел. Heart pacemaker: specific part of the myocardium, located in the upper wall of the right atrium near the entrance of the inferior vena cava. Fibers of the sinoatrial node are self-exciting (have automaticity); they make 70 contractions per minute. Impulses appearing af-

Nter each contraction can accelerate or slow down the heart rate and are distributed via the atrial cardiomyocytes and fibers connecting sinoatrial and atrioventricular nodes. Sinoatrial node is innervated by the nerves of the vegetative nervous system.

nodusL — узел. See node.

noradrenaline — норадреналин. A hormone having similar action with adrenaline; it is secreted by the medulla of the adrenal glands and is released by sympathetic nerve endings as neurotransmitter. The hormone induces constriction of small blood vessels that results in elevation of the blood pressure; noradrenaline stimulates the coronary circulation, increases the force of the heart contractions and the heart rate. Noradrenaline increases frequency and depth of the respiratory movements, pulmonary ventilation, dilates the bronchi, relaxes the smooth muscles of the intestines inhibiting peristalsis. Besides noradrenaline stimulates glycogenolysis and lipolysis. Syn. norepinephrine.

normal — нормальный. 1. Referring to solutions containing the equivalent weight of a substance, in grams, in a liter. 2. Not affected by symptoms of disease.

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nose — нос. An organ of olfaction and the initial part of the respiratory tract; in the nasal cavity inhaled air is warmed, moistened and cleansed. External nose is a triangular organ located in the middle of the face. External nose is composed of nasal bones and group of cartilages covered by the skin. Nostrils are the openings that lead into the nasal cavity lined with mucosa. Mucosa of the nasal cavity morphologically and functionally can be divided into two regions: respiratory and olfactory. Respiratory region is lined with the pseudostratified columnar ciliated epithelium with great amount of beaker cells producing mucus. Olfactory region is lined with the olfactory epithelium containing olfactory receptors which respond to smell-producing substances, odorants, dissolved in the mucus covering the epithelium. Nasal septum divides the nasal cavity into two parts: on each lateral wall of the nasal cavity there are three nasal conchae bellow which there are nasal meatuses. In these meatuses open nasal sinuses, — nasal, rhinal, adj.

nuclease — нуклеаза. The enzyme that catalyzes splitting nucleic acids breaking bonds between adjacent nucleotids e.g. ribonuclease acting on RNA and deoxyribonuclease influencing DNA.

nucleolus (pl. nucleoli) — ядрышко. A small, hard spherical body N within cell nucleus which disappears during cellular division. Nucleolus consists of RNA taking part in ribosomes synthesis; nucle-

olus proper plays an important role in the synthesis of proteins and ribonucleic acids.

nucleoprotein — нуклеопротеин. A compound containing nucleic acid and protein. Ribosomes are nucleoproteins consisting of RNA; chromosomes are nucleoproteins containing DNA, histone and nonhistone proteins.

nucleoside — нуклеозид. A compound containing saccharide (pentose) and nitrogenous base (purine or pyrimidine) e.g. adenosine, guanosine, cytidine, thymidine and uracil. See also nucleotide.

nucleotide — нуклеотид. A compound consisting of saccharide, phosphate group and nitrogenous base (purine or pyrimidine). Nucleic acids (DNA and RNA) are polynucleotide which contain purine bases — adenine and guanine, pyrimidine — thymine and cytosine, deoxyribose and phosphate group; in RNA timine is replaced by uracile, deoxyribose — by ribose.

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nucleus (pl. nuclei)

nucleus (pl. nuclei) — ядро. 1. The main structure of the cell containing its genetic material — DNA. The complex of DNA and protein is dispersed through nucleus as chromatin. During cellular division chromatin spiralizes and can be visually distinguished as chromosomes. Nucleus also includes RNA mostly located in the nucleolus. Chromatine and nucleolus are located in cytoplasm. Nucleus is separated from the cytoplasm by a double membrane

— nuclear envelope. 2. Anatomical group of neurons in the brain and spinal cord that performs definite functions.

•arcuate nucleus — аркуатное ядро. Nucleus of the tuber cinireum — the main source of hypophyseal hormones (liberins and statins) together with ventromedial nucleus.

•paraventricular nuclei — паравентрикулярные ядра.

An anterior group of hypothalamic nuclei consisting of central and peripheral parts. The cells of the central part secret ADH (see vasopressin) and oxytocin coming into the posterior lobe of the hypophysis. The cells of the peripheral part secrete liberins and statins. See also hypothalamus, hypophyseal portal system.

•red nucleus — красное ядро. Nuclei of the midbrain regulating muscular tonus. Stimulation of the red nuclei result in

Nelevating tonus of the flexor-muscules. This nuclei inhibit lateral vestibular nucleus (Deiters) of the myelencephalon that

•supraoptic nuclei — супраоптические ядра. A posterior group of hypothalamic nuclei secreting ADH (see vasopressin) and oxytocin that come to the posterior lobe of the hypophysis. The cells of the peripheral part secret liberins and statins. See also hypothalamus, hypophyseal portal system.

•ventromedial nucleus — вентромедиальное ядро. Nucleus of the tuber cinireum — the main source of hypophyseal hormones (liberins and statins) together with arcuate nucleus.

nuclide — нуклид. See isotope.

nutrient — питательное вещество. A certain group of chemical compounds: proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, vitamins, mineral salts and water that come to the organism from the outside and are necessary for energetic needs, forming and restoring the structure of the body tissues and regulating body functions.

nutrition — питание. Consumption of nutrients and their further digestion. If the patient can’t eat in the usual way nutrients can

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be introduced via special tubes (enteral feeding) or intravenously (intravenous feeding).

nystagmus — нистагм. Oculovestibular reflex. Rhythmic twitch of the eye balls. It consists of two components: slow abduction of the eyes and their quick adduction to the initial position. It develops after rotation, allows to see where the body moves.

O

obesity — ожирение, тучность. See adiposis. obstetrics — акушерство. See midwifery.

obstruction — обструкция, непроходимость, закупорка.

A blockage or an obstacle, — obstructive, adj. Syn. obturation. occlusion — 1. окклюзия, закупорка. Phenomenon of a decrease in amount of excited neurons in simultaneous irritation of their receptors in comparison with amount of excited neurons in discrete or subsequent irritation of these receptors. 2. Прикус зу-

бов.

oedema — отек. An accumulation of excessive fluid in tissues due to the upset mechanisms of fluid exchange. There may be decrease of osmotic pressure of the plasma from reduction in pro-

tein concentration, increased hydrostatic pressure in the capillar- O ies due to cardiac failure, increased permeability of the capillary

walls from ingury or inflammation, or there may be obstruction of the lymph channels e.g. angioneurotic oedema, giant urticaria, Quinke’s disease; cardiac oedema; cerebral oedema; nephritic oedema; pulmonary oedema.

olfaction — обоняние, нюх. Perception of smell due to receptors perceiving dissolved chemical substances. These chemical substances are initially airborne; they are inhaled before they reach the mucus of the olfactory membrane then they are dissolved in it and contacts with olfactory receptors that result in generation of the nerve impulse going toward the cortical center (gyrus rectum) along the olfactory nerves via the olfactory bulb, — olfactory, adj.

oligodendrocyte — олигодендроцит. Glial cells (see glia), that form myelin sheath around the axons in the CNS and are the functional homologue of peripheral Schwann cells. Unlike Schwann

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cells oligodendrocytes can form parts of the myelin sheath around several axons.

oligosaccharide — олигосахарид. A carbohydrate consisting of several monosaccharides e.g. disaccharides — lactose, saccharose, mannose.

oncocyte — онкоцит. A neoplasm cell. See also cancer. oncology — онкология. The study or science of neoplastic

growth and methods of their treatment which can include hormone and chemotherapy, surgery and radiation.

oncotic — онкотический.

•oncotic pressure — онкотическое давление. See oncotic pressure.

ontogeny, ontogenesis — онтогенез, развитие отдельного организма от зародыша до смерти. The development of individuum from fertilization of the ovum till death, as distinguished from phylogenesis, the evolutionary history of the rall or group to which the individual belongs, — ontogenetic, adj.

oцcyte — ооцит. An ovule located in the ovary from which ovum forms after meiosis. In the end of the third month of prenatal development due to many mitotic divisions of oogonia primary oocytes are formed and stay in this condition until the pubescence.

OOnly small amount of oocytes is preserved until the pubescence and only some of them mature. In pubescence the primary oocyte undergoes the stages of meiosis that results in formation of

the secondary oocyte and the polar body. After maturation of the graafian follicle it ruptures (ovulation), secondary oocyte comes into the abdominal cavity, from where it enters the uterine tubes. Fertilization of the secondary oocyte results in completion of the second meiotic division with the formation of the second polar body and ovum.

oцgenesis — овогенез. The process of the origin, growth and formation of the ovum in its preparation for fertilization, — oцgenetic, adg. Syn. ovigenesis. See also oцgonium, oцcyte.

oцgonium — оогония. Female sexual cell that is formed at the early stages of an embryo development. Primitive germ cells migrating to the embryonic ovaries begin to multiply with the formation of the small oogonia. In the end of the third month of pregnancy after repeatable mitotic division they form the primary oцcytes.

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