Английский язык / Английский язык для медиков / Толковый англо-русский и русско-английский словарь физиологических терминов Dictionary of physiology (2010)

maturation

ticulum, lysosomes etc.) and the cell proper (plasmolemma, plasmatic membrane).

•arachnoid membrane — паутинная мозговая оболочка.

See arachnoidea.

•cell membrane — клеточная мембрана. Thin layer (plast) of lipoprotein nature (6–10 nm). The main chemical components: lipids (40%) phospholipids forming two-layer structure (bilayer); sphingomyelins, cholesterol (mainly in plasmatic membrane); proteins (50%) sunk in lipid part of membrane fully (integral) or partly (hemiintegral), proteins perform fermentative, transportal, receptive and structural functions carbohydrates (5–10%) connected with lipids (glycolipids) or proteins (glycoproteins).

•drum membrane — барабанная перепонка. Thin membrane located at the internal end of the external acoustic meatus. The drum membrane separates external and middle ear. When sound waves reache the drum membrane, it begins vibrating. Vibrations go to the hammer (malleus), one of the

•fetal membrane — зародышевая оболочка. A name given to the chorion, amnion or allantois.

•mucous membrane — слизистая оболочка. See mucosa.

•nuclear membrane — ядерная мембрана. Two-layer membrane surrounding the nucleus of a cell.

•olfactory membrane — обонятельная оболочка. Part of nasal mucosa with olfactorial receptors.

•plasmatic membrane — плазматическая мембрана.

Thick outer cellular membrane (10 nm) characterized by the presence of glicocalyx and high level of cholesterol.

•postsynaptic membrane — постсинаптическая мембрана. Участок терминали аксона клетки, воспринимающей возбуждение. The part of the cellular axon’s terminal perceiving excitation and having receptors proper neurotransmitter.

•presynaptic membrane — пресинаптическая мембрана. The part of cellular axon’s terminal conveying excitement. In the field of presynaptic membrane calcium canals are locat-

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ed contributing to confluence of synaptic vesicles with presynaptic membrane and excretion of mediator into synaptic cleft.

•serous membrane — серозная оболочка. See serosa.

•synovial membrane — синовиальная оболочка. Thick and dense membrane that lines inner articular surface and produces synovial fluid. See also joint.

memory — память. One of the main CNS characteristics expressed as the possibility to keep information about world events and reactions of the organism during short or long time. It consists of four stages: memorizing, keeping, reproducing and forgetting information.

meninges (pl.) — мозговые оболочки. Three membranes composed of connective tissue lining the skull and vertebral column, thus surrounding the brain and spinal cord: dura, pia and arachnoidea.

meningitis — менингит. Inflammation of the meninges caused by viral or bacterial infection.

menstrual — менструальный. Pertaining to menstruation.

M menstruation — менструация. Periodic discharge of thickened functional layer of endometrium and elimination of blood from the womb, occurring every month in women of reproductive age (from puberty to the menopause). Syn. period, — menstrual, adj.

merocrine — мерокриновый. Pertaining to glands in which the act of secretion leaves the cells intact. See also merocrine gland. mesaxon — мезаксон. Folds of myelin— producing cells sur-

rounding the axon.

mesencephalon — средний мозг. See midbrain.

metabolism — метаболизм. The sum of the chemical and physical changes occurring in the human organism contributing to its normal growth and development. Metabolism includes the process of splitting organic compounds associated with apportionment of energy required for normal course of other processes and reactions (see catabolism) and the process of forming compound substances that make up the basis of many tissues and organs of the body from the simple ones (see anabolism), — metabolic, adj.

•basal metabolism — основной обмен. Minimal energy consumption compatible with life (this energy is used for

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maintaining respiration, blood circulation and digestion). Basal metabolism is a basal metabolic rate (BMR) — the amount of energy expended per unit of time under basal conditions. It is usually expressed as calories per square meter of body surface.

metencephalon — задний мозг. Located above the myelencephalon portion of the brain that consists of the pons and cerebellum.

meththalamus — метаталамус. Part of the diencephalon that

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midwifery

rebral pediculi and nuclei of the reticular formation. Syn. mesencephalon. See also fig.5.

midwifery — акушерство. The branch of medicine caring for women during pregnancy, labor and the puerperium. Syn. obstetrics.

mineralocorticoid — минералокортикоид. See corticosteroid. mitochondrion (pl. mitochondria) — митохондрия. Organelles whose main function is formation of ATP and biosynthesis of some substances e.g. palmitic acid. The mitochondrial wall consists of two membrains — external and internal. The external has many invaginations — crists that contain the enzymes of the respiratory chain. The internal part of mitochondria is filled with

matrix containing ribosomes and DNA.

mitosis — митоз. 1. Indirect nuclear division; usually divided into a series of stages: prophase, metaphase, anaphase and telophase. Syn. Karyokinesis. 2. The division of the cytoplasm and nucleus, — mitotic, adj.

mitral — митральный. Pertaining to the mitral valve.

M molar — молярный. Pertaining to the solution, concentration of which is expressed in mol(e)/liter. Syn. molal.

molarity — молярность, мольность. The number of moles in one liter of the solution or concentration of a solution expressed through the mass of a solute in a liter of the solution to the molecular weigth of a solute. Symbol M e.g. 0,1M, 2M etc.

molecular — молекулярный. Pertaining to substances, having molecular structure.

molecule — молекула. A group of two or more atoms connected by chemical bond, — molecular, adj.

monocyte — моноцит. Agranular lymphocyte (16–20μm in diameter); monocytes have dark-blue kidney-like nucleus and bluish cytoplasm. Their function is elimination of the foreign particles (bacteria and necrotic tissues) from the organism by means of phagocytosis. Monocytes persist in the blood during 24 hours then they go to different tissues where they are differentiated into macrophages. Amount of monocytes in 1 liter of blood under normal conditions is 0,2–0,8x109. See also fig.1e (color inset).

monomer — мономер. See polymer.

monomeric — мономерный. Consisting of a single piece or segment.

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monosaccharide — моносахарид. A class of carbohydrates having from 3 to 9 «C» atoms (most often 5 or 6). Monosaccharides are classified in accordance with the number of «C» atoms contained in them. Thus trioses have 3 «C» atoms, tetroses 4 atoms of «C», pentoses — 5, hexoses — 6. The most common monosaccharide is glucose having the formula C6H12O6.

mood — настроение. Emotional state of the individuum. morbidity — 1. заболеваемость. The ratio of cases of a disease in

an area to the total population of that area. Syn. incidence. 2. болезненность, ухудшение состояния. The quality of disease or of being diseased, the conditions inducing disease.

morbid — болезненный, патологический, больной. Pertaining to disease or diseased part.

motility — подвижность. Ability to move spontaneously. motion — движение, телодвижение, жест. The act of changing place; movement.

• motion sickness — морская болезнь. See motion sickness. motoneuron — мотонейрон, двигательный нейрон. See motor neuron. M motor — двигательный, моторный. Neuronal structures causing contraction of muscular fibers or pigment cells or pro-

ducing the secretion by any glands by the way of generation and conveying impulses.

• motor area — моторная зона головного мозга. Area of the cerebral cortex irritation of which causes motor reaction.

mucin — муцин. See mucus.

mucopolysaccharide — мукополисахарид. See glycosaminoglycan.

mucosa — слизистая оболочка. A mucous membrane; tunica mucosa, lining most of tubular inner organs including nasal concha, air passages gastro-intestinal tract, urinary and sex tracts. Mucosa consists of epithelium with the glands, secreting mucus, and layers of connective tissue located under it (proper and muscular layers of mucosa).

mucous — слизистый. Pertaining to mucus or mucosa.

mucus — слизь. Viscid fluid secreted by mucosa. Mucus is barrier for the membranes secreting it and moistening substance including different enzymes. It consists mainly of glycoproteins. multicellular — многоклеточный. Consisting of many cells.

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murmur

murmur — шум. A blowing or rasping sound heard on auscultation. The murmur results from the presence of turbulent bloodflow in the heart and blood vessels or turbulent airflow in the respiratory tract. It may be due to valve damage, defect of heart septum, narrowing of the arteries and formations of arteriovenous anastamoses. Heart murmur may be heard in healthy people with hyperactive blood circulation and in children. Respiratory murmurs may be due to different obstacles (tumor, mucus etc.) to airflow located in the respiratory tract.

•apex murmur — верхушечный шум. One heard best in the area directly over the apex of the heart. Also called apical murmur.

•diastolic murmur — диастолический шум. A cardiac murmur occurring during diastole.

•Flint’s murmur — шум Флинта. An apical diastolic murmur sometimes heard in aortic regurgitation.

•Graham Steell murmur — шум Грехема Стила. A murmur of pulmonary valve incompetence: it may occur in cases

Mof severe mitral stenosis and cardiac insufficiency.

•systolic murmur — систолический шум. A cardiac murmur occurring during systole.

muscle — мышца. The organ formed by muscular tissue, the cells capable of contracting and producing different movements. Muscles may transduce energy of chemical reactions into mechanical energy. The main functions of muscles are performing different movements of the body, maintaining the body posture, facilitating different movements of inner organs and structures, as well as change of their pressure and tension, — muscular, sarcous, adj.

•cardiac muscle — сердечная мышца. The muscle of cardiac wall. It’s formed by striated muscle consisting of cardiomyocytes which form the chain; cardiomyocytes are linked by means of contacts called intercalated discs through which excitement is transformed from one cell to another. Myofibril of the cardiac muscle is almost similar to the myofibril of skeletal muscle. See also fig.14 b.

•red muscle — красная мышца. The skeletal muscle containing large amount of myoglobin. The muscle is able to perform slow movements during long time. Compare to white muscle.

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myocardium

•skeletal muscle — скелетная мышца. See striated muscle.

•smooth muscle — гладкая мышца. The muscle in which slow, long, involuntary contractions develop. Smooth muscles are present in the walls of hollow organs (stomach, intestines, blood vessels, urinary bladder, bronchi etc.). Smooth muscles activity is under the control of vegetative nervous system. See also fig.14 a.

•striated muscle — поперечно-полосатая мышца. The muscle formed by striated tissue is called skeletal. Skeletal muscles are fixed to the bones of the skeleton and perform their movements. These muscles are voluntary as their activity can be controlled. Striated muscle is composed of parallel fasciculi of multinuclear fibers. Myofibrils consist of actin and myosin filaments. During contraction actin filaments slip towards myosin filaments and the length of each sarcomer is reduced. See also fig.14 с.

•white muscle — белая мышца. The skeletal muscle containing small amount of myoglobin and able to perform rapid

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myocyte

myocyte — миоцит. Muscular cell, capable of contracting. See also muscular tissue.

myofibril — миофибрилла. Contractive organelle located in the cytoplasm of striated muscular tissue cells or fibers.

myogenic — миогенный. 1. Beginning from the muscle or pertaining to the muscle. 2. Pertaining to the origin of the muscular cells and fibers.

myoglobin — миоглобин. See muscle haemoglobin.

myopathy — миопатия. Any pathological condition of muscular tissue (mostly of skeletal muscle).

myopia — миопия, близорукость. An anomaly of refraction or lengthening of the eye ball that results in focusing parallel pencil of rays before the retina. Syn. shortsightedness, nearsightedness. Compare to hypermetropia. See also refraction, focal distance.

myosin — миозин. A contractile protein found in muscles. myxoedema — микседема. A pathological condition of the

adult, associated with malfunction of the thyroid, which is characterized by weakness, sleepiness, demencia, a decrease in excitability of the sympathetic nervous system, dysfunction of all kinds

Nof metabolism, oedema of subcutaneous tissue etc. Also called Gull’s disease, athyrea, athyreosis.

N

narcosis — наркоз. Anaesthetization, a condition of artificial sleep with full or partial loss of pain sensitivity caused by the intake of narcotic medications depressing functions of the nervous system.

narcotic — 1. наркотик. Medicine producing analgetic and soporific effect. The term is used mainly in respect of morphine and other medications depressing brain activity e.g. anaesthetics and substances causing the state of hypnosis in man. In judicial terminology by «narcotic» is meant the substance resulting in narcomania and, thus restricted for legal usage. Narcotics are almost replaced by soporifics for insomnia as a patient may become dependent on them. But they are still used for relieving pains. 2. Preparation for narcosis.

natrium — натрий. See sodium.

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nausea — тошнота. A sense of going to vomit e.g. in sea-sickness or during pregnancy.

nearsightedness — близорукость. See myopia. negative — отрицательный.

neocortex — новая кора. See cerebral cortex.

nephron — нефрон. Physiological unit of the kidney, that consists of renal corpuscle and tubules (length 20-50 mm). A cuplike structure — Bowman’s capsule is the beginning of the nephron. The capsule encloses a tuft of capillaries, called glomerulus, forming the renal (malpighian) corpuscle. The cavity of the Bowman’s capsule merges with the proximal part of nephron’s tubules (proximal convoluted tubule, proximal straight tubule). It’s followed by the Henle’s loop, composed of the descending (thin) segment and ascending (thick and thin (sometimes) parts). The Henle’s loop leads into the distal part of the nephron (distal straight tubule, distal convoluted tubule), followed by the collecting tubule (duct). Afferent glomerular arteriole branches into capillaries of the glomerulus, from which the urine is filtered out into the capsule’s lumen and water, nitrogenous metabolic products, and other substances (with the exception of large molecules

of proteins and formed elements of blood), comes into the re- N nal tubule, where the major part of these substances (water, electrolytes, glucose, aminoacids, small molecules of proteins) is reabsorbed into the bloodstream and the remaining fluid (urine) comes into the collecting tubules. Collecting tubules merge to

form papillary ducts (of Bellini), which terminate on the tips of the renal papilla and empty into a distended, funnel shaped part (minor calyx) of the ureter. See also fig.8.

nephrosis — нефроз. Degenerative changes of the epithelium of the renal tubules.

nerve — нерв. A bundle of nerve fibers, conveying impulses from the brain or the spinal cord to muscles and glands (motor or centrifugal nerves) or from receptors to the brain and the spinal cord (sensory or centripetal nerves). Most large nerves are mixed nerves that include centrifugal and centripetal nerves, emerging from and going to different parts of the body.

•cranial nerves — черепно-мозговые нервы. Nerves emerging from the brain nuclei. There’re twelve pairs of the cranial nerves.

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Table 6

•facial nerve — лицевой нерв. The 7-th pair of the cranial nerves (VII): mixed motor and sensory nerve, that inner-

Nvates mimic muscles, taste buds (anterior two thirds of the tongue), sublingual and submandibular salivary glands and lacrimal glands (parasympathetic part). A small branch, going to the middle ear, innervates the stapedius muscle, that makes the stapes moving.

•glossopharyngeal nerve — языкоглоточный нерв. The 9-th cranial nerve (IX) — mixed nerve that innervates the styloglossus muscle (motor part) and the parotid gland (parasympathetic part), and the posterior third of the tongue and the soft palate (sensory part).

•nerve ending — нервное окончание. Ending of one of the branches of the nerve fiber that comes into contact with the muscle (neuromuscular termination) or with the gland (neuroglandular termination).

•nerve fiber — нервное волокно. See nerve fiber.

•olfactory nerve — обонятельный нерв. The 1-st pair of the cranial nerves (I); that consists of the central processes going from the neurosensory cells of the olfactory epithelium (membrane), that form 20–40 nerves, going through the cri-

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