Английский язык / Английский язык для медиков / Толковый англо-русский и русско-английский словарь физиологических терминов Dictionary of physiology (2010)

lactose

kinase — киназа. 1. A substance that contributes to conversion of inactive form of enzyme into active. 2. An enzyme catalyzing transmission of phosphate groups in the course of chemical reactions e.g. phosphofructokinase.

kinesis — движение. The general term for transformation of physical forms of energy.

kinetic — кинетический, двигательный. Pertaining to mo-

L

lacrimal — слезный. Pertaining to tears, their secretion or organs connected with them.

lactase — лактаза. A soluble enzyme secreted by the glands of the small intestine; it catalyzes splitting lactose into glucose and galactose while food digestion.

lactation — лактация. Secretion of milk by the mammary glands in the end of pregnancy following colostrums secretion stimulated by sucking the nipple. The process of lactation is controlled by such hormones as prolactin and oxytocin and stops after weaning a baby.

lactose — лактоза. Milk sugar, a disaccharide composed of glucose and galactose. Lactose is present only in milk. Lactose is able to be splitted by lactase (secreted in the small intestine) into its components. However in many cases intestinal lactose activity is high only in the neonatal period declining during childhood to a lower level maintained throughout adult life leading to lactose or milk intolerance.

391

lactotropin

lactotropin — лактотропин, лактотропный гормон. See prolactin.

lacuna — лакуна. A little hollow space e.g. one of the spaces of the compact bone layer that contains osseous cells.

laryngitis — ларингит. Inflammation of the larynx or vocal cords due to bacterial or viral infection or resulting from their irritation by gases or chemical substances etc. Vocal cords are no longer able to vibrate, voice becomes hoarse or disappears completely. Respiration is intensified and wheezing, painful «barking» cough develops.

larynx — гортань. Organ producing voice (in the larynx there are vocal cords whose vibrations produce voice); through the larynx the air passes from the nasal cavity to the trachea, — laringeal, adj.

latent — латентный, скрытый.

•latent period — латентный период. The length of time elapsing between the stimulus and the response.

392

leukemia

and organisms, — leukocytic, adj. Syn. white blood cells. See also fig.1 (color inset).

•agranular leukocyte — агранулярный лейкоцит. Leukocytes, in which the specific granules (neutrophilic, eosinophilic and basophilic) and segmented nuclei aren’t distinguished in the cytoplasm after Romanovsky-Giemsa stain (acid (eosin) and base (azur II) stains). Lymphocytes and monocytes are agranular leukocytes. Syn. agranulocyte, nongranular leukocyte.

•basophilic leukocyte — базофильный лейкоцит.

Amount: 1,0–4,0·109/l. Polymorphonuclear leukocyte with many large basophilic granules containing heparin and histamine, that crowd the cytoplasm and sometimes almost hide the nucleus; their ability to phagocytosis is insignificant. Basophils like mast cells take place in the regulation of blood coagulation and permeability of the blood vessels. Basophils take place in immunological and allergic reactions. Syn. basophil. See also

•eosinophilic leukocyte — эозинофильный лейкоцит.

Amount: 0,02–0,3·109/l. Polymorphonuclear leukocytes with many large, convex, homogenous in size, refracting cytoplasmic granules and with a larger nucleus than that of neutrophils. Ability to phagocytosis is insignificant. Eosinophils take place in allergic (breakdown of histamine) and antihelmintic reactions. Syn. eosinophil. See also fig.1c (color inset).

•granular leukocyte — гранулярный лейкоцит. Leukocytes, containing specific granules (neutrophilic, eosinophilic and basophilic) and segmented nuclei. Granules are distinguished in the cytoplasm after Romanovsky-Giemsa stain (acid (eosin) and base (azur II) stains). Syn. granulocyte.

•neutrophilic leukocyte — нейтрофильный лейкоцит.

Amount: 2,0–5,5·109/l. Type of granulocytes, characterized by segmented nucleus and small neutrophilic granules in the cytoplasm. Ability to phagocytosis is significant. Their specific granules contain antibacterial enzymes (lysozyme, alkaline phosphatase). Syn. neutrophil. See also fig.1b (color inset).

leukemia — лейкоз, лейкемия. A group of malignant bone marrow and other hematopoietic organs diseases involving an uncontrolled increase in leukocytes. Leukemia is characterized

393

leukopenia

by increase in number of one of the leukocytic series and decrease in the others (results in liability to infectious diseases), decrease in erythrocytes (results in anemia) and thrombocytes (results in bleedings) in the blood. The main symptoms are enlarged lymph nodes, liver, or spleen, bone pains, fatigue, abnormal bruising (occurs late in the disease), excessive sweating or night sweats, loss of appetite, unintentional weight loss.

leukopenia — лейкопения. A decrease below the normal number of leukocytes in the peripheral blood.

leukosis — лейкоз птиц. Any of various leukemic diseases of poultry.

leukotrienes — лейкотриены. Products of metabolism of arachidonic acid, having physiological activity — an important role in inflammation and allergic reactions.

life — жизнь. The period of time from someones birth until their death.

• life-span — продолжительность жизни. 1. Duration of

Lindividuum’s life. 2. Usual or average duration of life of certain species.

ligament — связка. Fasciculus of dense connective tissue that fixes a joint.

ligature — лигатура. Any material e.g. neilon, silk or wire which is tied round blood vessel for blood discontinuation or round tumor for its fixation and further extraction.

limbic — лимбический. Pertaining to the limbic system of the brain.

•limbic system — лимбическая система. Functionally single complex of nerve structures responsible for emotional behavior, motivations, processes of study and memorizing, instincts and regulation of the sleep-wake cycle. The limbic system is composed of hypothalamus, amygdala and hippocampus.

lip — губа. 1. Paired muscular fold surrounding the orifice of the mouth, lined inside by the mucous membrane, outside — by stratified squamous epithelium, lips. 2. One of the labia majora or labia minora. 3. A projecting margin, rim, — labial, adj.

• cleft lip — заячья губа. Harelip.

lipase — липаза. An enzyme secreted by the pancreas and glands of the small intestine, lipase contributes to splitting fats into glycerin and fatty acids during digestion.

394

•high-density lipoproteins (HDL) — липопротеины высокой плотности. Lipoproteins transporting excessive cholesterol and its esters from tissues to the liver where they are turned into biliary acids. HDLs are used for synthesis of steroid hormones in the adrenal glands. HDLs are anti-aterogenous (prevent atherosclerosis).

•low-density lipoproteins (LDL) — липопротеины низкой плотности (ЛНП). Lipoproteins transporting cholesterol to tissues and organs. LDL are aterogenous (contribute to development of atherosclerosis).

•very high-density lipoproteins (VHDL) — липопротеины очень высокой плотности (ЛОВП). Lipoproteins functionally similar to high-density lipoproteins.

•very low-density lipoproteins (VLDL) — липопротеины очень низкой плотности (ЛОНП). Lipoproteins func-

395

lipotropin

tionally similar to low-density lipoproteins being their precursors.

lipotropin — липотропин. See lipotropic hormone). liquid — 1. жидкость. See fluid. 2. жидкий.

liver — печень. The biggest gland in the organism (1200–1600 g in weight) located in the right hypochondriac region. The liver produces bile which then accumulates in the gall bladder before coming into the duodenum. In the liver the most important processes of proteins, fats and carbohydrates exchange take place. The liver regulates amount of sugar in the blood, converting excessive glucose into glycogen; in the liver anabolism and catabolism of the proteins, deamination of aminoacids, detoxication of the ammonia (NH3) and its conversion into urea take place; the liver synthesizes fatty acids, triglycerols, phospholipids, cholesterol, ketone bodies. The liver extracts lipids (chylomicrons) from the blood and it’s responsible for their oxidation in other tissues. In the liver lipoproteins of high and low density are synthesized. In addition,

Lthe liver produces fibrinogen and prothrombin (the main coagulation factors), and anticoagulant — heparin. In embryo, the liver

is hematopoietic organ; in adults the liver produces such plasma proteins as albumins, β— and γ-globulins. The liver plays an important role in detoxication of the organism and discarding damaged erythrocytes and other substances undesirable for the organism (excessive estrogen in man). The liver produces vitamin A,

that accumulates there with vitamins B12, D, E and K, — hepatic, adj. Syn. hepar.

load — нагрузка. Deviation from normal parameters (water, salt, warm, etc.); in positive load — they are above the norm, in negative — below.

loading — нагрузка. An injection of any substance for studying metabolic functions e.g. an injection of glucose to determine tolerance to it.

lobe — доля. 1. One of the parts of an organ or body, that is limited by fissure, connective tissue, septa or other structures. 2. Round prominent part, — lobar, adj.

lobule — долька. A small lobe or a part of lobe, — lobular, adj. local — местный. Pertaining to part of something; neither com-

mon nor systemic.

396

lymphocyte

loin — поясница. A part of the back and sides of the body between the ribs and pelvis, — lumbar, adj. Syn. lumbus.

longsightedness — дальнозоркость. See hypermetropia. lordosis (pl. lordoses) — лордоз. Forward curvature of the lum-

bar spine.

lumbus — поясница. See loin.

lymphatic — лимфатический. Pertaining to lymph, its vessels and lymphatic nodes.

•lymphatic system — лимфатическая система. System of vessels performing outflow of tissue fluid to the bloodstream. Due to lymphatic nodes lymphatic system presents a barrier function for foreign particles, microorganisms and tumor cells.

lymphocyte — лимфоцит. Type of leukocytes; structural elements of the immune system, permanently present in the blood; these cells are present in the red bone marrow, lymphatic nodes, spleen, thymus and in the lymphoid tissue of the alimentary tract. They can be distinguished after applying Romanovsky-Giemsa stain: these cells have dense nucleus and pale blue, transparent cytoplasm. Lymphocytes, containing small amount of cytoplasm are

397

lymphocytosis

called small lymphocytes; lymphocytes, containing large amount of cytoplasm are called large lymphocytes (in newborns). Under normal conditions amount of lymphocytes is 1,5–4,0х109/l of the blood. Lymphocytes take part in the immunological reactions and are divided into B-lymphocytes (antibodies-producing cells) and T-lymphocytes, subdivided into T-helpers, T-killers and T-suppressors, — lymphocytic, adj. Syn. agranular leukocyte. See also fig.1d (color inset).

•T-helpers — Т-хелперы. Cells, producing substances, that promote differentiation of B-lymphocytes into the plasmacytes (stimulate humoral immunity).

•T-killers — Т-киллеры. Lymphocytes, that carry out reactions of cell-mediated immunity; these lymphocytes destroy foreign cells (transplantate), infectious agents, tumor cells and mutant cells.

•T-suppressors — Т-супрессоры. Cells, producing substances, that inhibit differentiation of B-lymphocytes into the plasmacytes (inhibit humoral immunity).

M

macrodactily — макродактилия. Abnormally large fingers or toes.

macroglia — макроглия. One of the two main types of glia including ependymocytes (see ependyma), astrocytes and oligodendrocytes.

398

matrix

macrophage — макрофаг. A cell cap able of phagocytosis. The main function of macrophages is participation in natural, specific and antitumor immunity. Macrophages are present in the connective tissue, most of the tissues and organs including red bone marrow, spleen, lymphatic nodes, liver (Kupffer cells), lungs (alveolar macrophages) and CNS. These cells are derived from monocytes. Fixed macrophages or histiocytes are constantly present in the connective tissue without any movement (resting macrophages); free macrophages go between the cells and accumulate at the sites of penetration of pathogenic agent and contribute to elimination of bacteria or other foreign substances from the organism.

macula retinae — пятно сетчатки. See cone.

malleus — молоточек. Hammer-like bone of the middle ear that is connected with incus and drum membrane.

maltase — мальтаза. An enzyme found in saliva and pancreatic juice that converts maltose into glucose.

maltose — мальтоза. A disaccharide consisting of two glucose molecules. Maltose is formed in the human organism during the digestion of amylum and glycogen. M

mannose — манноза. A disaccharide consisting of two glucose molecules.

manometer — манометр. The instrument for measuring pressure in fluid or gas. It consists of the U-shaped tube filled with mercury water or any other fluid. This tube is closed from the one end and the other end is sunk into fluid being under pressure. The pressure is measured by means of graduated scale.

marrow — костный мозг.

•red bone marrow — красный костный мозг. Central hemapoietic organ, located in spongy substance of plain and tubular bones. In the red bone marrow there is a population of the blood stem cells that can be differentiated into the cells of myeloid and lymphocytic series.

•yellow bone marrow — желтый костный мозг. Located in the diaphyses of the tubular bones part of the bone marrow which has lost its hematopoietic function, red cells becoming

largely replaced by fat cells.

mastication — жевание. The act of chewing.

matrix — матрица. 1.The basis of tissue. 2. Intercellular substance of tissue.

399

maturation

maturation — созревание. The process of coming to full development. The term also includes the cytoplasmic changes which occur in the preparation of the germ cell for fertilization.

maturity — зрелость. The state or quality of being mature; full growth and development.

mechanoreceptor — механорецептор. Sensory nerve ending perceiving mechanical movements occurring due to straining or constricting the tissue.

mediator — медиатор. See neurotransmitter.

medicine — медицина, лекарство. 1. The science and practice of diagnostics, treatment and prevention of diseases. 2. The science and practice of conservative methods of treatment. 3. Any substance used for treating diseases, — medical, adj.

megakaryocyte — мегакариоцит. A giant cell of the marrow that transforms into thrombocytes (platelets).

megalokaryocyte — мегакариоцит. See megakaryocyte. meiosis — мейоз. The type of cellular division when one mater-

nal cell transforms into four daughter cells with half of chromo-

Msome set of somatic cell each. Meiosis results in the formation of spermatozoa and ovula.

melanin — меланин. Dark-brown or black pigment contained in the hair, skin, vascular (iris) and retinal tunics of the eye. Formation of melanin in melanocytes of the skin epidermis is stimulated by solar rays (the skin becomes sun tanned) to protect skin layer located deeper.

melanocyte — меланоцит. A cell located in the basal layer of epidermis that produces dark-brown pigment melanin.

melatonin — мелатонин. A hormone, secreted in darkness (not in the light) by pineal body. Melatonin receptors located in the cells of hypothalamus nuclea react to the excretion of this hormone and synchronize functions of these nuclea in accordance with periodical changes of days and nights by conveying information to the brain when the day or night begins. Melatonin is formed from serotonin. They both regulate sleep-wake cycle.

membrane — мембрана, оболочка. 1. A thin layer of fiber tissue functioning as the tunic of any organ or tissue, lining fastening of any cavity, septum or structure. 2. The tunics surrounding membranic organels of the cell (mitochondria, endoplasmatic re-

400