Английский язык / Английский язык для медиков / Толковый англо-русский и русско-английский словарь физиологических терминов Dictionary of physiology (2010)

infestation

•nerve impulse — нервный импульс. Electrical activity of the neuronal membrane that propagates along the nerve fiber and, thus conveys information in the nervous system. Due to changing ion concentration inside the resting cell membrane gets polarized. The coming nerve impulse results in the propagation of depolarization wave and ion penetration through the membrane followed by the rapid increase in the membrane potential (action potential). Other nerve impulses are no longer able to come till the repolarization of the nerve is completed

(refractory period).

in utero — врожденный. See congenital.

inanition — истощение. A pathologic condition caused by insufficient concentration of nutritients in the blood. It can develop I due to starvation, malnourishment or in case of GI diseases.

inassimilable — неусваеваемый. Incapable of being assimilated.

inborn — врожденный. See congenital.

incidence –число случаев, частота заболеваний.

• incidence of disease — заболеваемость. See morbidity. incise — рассекать, делать разрез. Make an incision. incision — разрез. A surgical cut in soft tissues e.g skin or muscle

by means of a scalpel.

incompatible — несовместимый. 1. Incapable of being used or put together because of resulting chemical change or of antagonistic qualities, as two drugs, two tissues, two types of blood etc., — incompatibility, n. 2. Individuals that can’t communicate with each other due to any diseases, conflict etc.

incus — наковальня. A small bone resembling anvil and located in the cavity of the middle ear. It contacts with malleus and stapes.

infection — инфекция. Physiological, pathological adaptation and reparation reactions that take place in the macroorganism in the course of its interaction with pathogenic microorganisms, impairing its homeostasis and physiological functions.

infectivity — инфекционность. An ability to cause infectious diseases.

infestation — инвазия, проникновение. The presence of animal parasites on the skin e.g. ticks, lice or inside the human organism e.g. tapeworms.

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inflammation

inflammation — воспаление. The reaction of the organism to alteration (can be acute or chronic). Acute inflammation is an immediate reaction of the tissue to any alteration caused by infection or chemical or physical substance. The symptoms of acute inflammation are pain, fever, hyperemia, oedema, and dysfunction of the altered part of tissue. Blood vessels going near dilate and stimulate local blood circulation. Leukocytes penetrate into the tissue and start phagocytosis of bacteria and other pathogenic particles. If pathogenic agents are neutralized the process of healing begins if not — chronic inflammation develops.

inhalation — 1. вдох, вдыхание, ингаляция. The process of

Ibreathing in air into the lungs via the mouth and nose. 2. вещества для вдыхания. A medicinal substance to be used by inhalation.

inhale — вдыхать. Take a breath, breathe in.

inherent — 1. присущий, врожденный, прирожденный. An integral part of something.

• inherent immunity — врожденный иммунитет. inheritance — наследственность, наследование. Transmission of parents’ characteristics to the offspring.

inherited — унаследованный. Transmitted to the offspring, received from an ancestor

• inherited disease — наследственная болезнь. Syn. hereditary disease.

inhibit — тормозить, подавлять, задерживать. Suppress or delay.

inhibition — торможение, подавление. Suppressing or restraining the action of any organ, muscle or cell etc., being controlled by a number of nerve impulses.

inhibitor — ингибитор. 1. A substance inhibiting the course of any process or chemical reaction in the organism. 2. A neuron whose stimulation stops or suppresses the activity of the part it innervates, or of a neuron with which it synapses, — inhibitory, adj.

injection — 1. инъекция. Introduction of medicines or other fluids into the organism by means of a syringe e.g. intramuscular i., intravenous i., subcutaneous i. 2. лекарство для инъекции. The substance injected.

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internal

injury — травма, повреждение. A wound or damage to the body or any body region, traumatic in origin.

inner — внутренний. Being near a center. Syn. internal. innervation — иннервация. Connection of the nerve fiber and

any organ or part of the body. Along these nerve fibers motor impulses going towards tissue or sensory impulses going from the tissue to the brain are conveyed.

•reciprocal innervation — реципрокная иннервация. A kind of innervation when the motoneurons of the antagonistic muscles are inhibited and of the agonistic muscles are excited e.g. in flexion in the nerve center of the corresponding muscles (flexors) excitement develops, in the center of extensors — in-

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interneuron

interneuron — интернейрон. A small neuron of the CNS, connecting different neurons in the reflectory area. Its many dendrites form long chains and pathways within the brain and spinal cord, — interneuronal, adj.

interoceptor — интероцептор. Sensory nerve ending of different (sensory) neurons, perceiving any changes in the organism e.g. stretching of the muscle or change in the blood acidity.

•large intestine — толстая кишка. Part of the intestine, that begins at the ileocaecal valve and ends at the anus; it includes caecum, colon and rectum with anus.

•small intestine — тонкая кишка. Part of the intestine, located between the stomach and the large intestine; it includes the duodenum, jejunum and ileum.

intoxication — отравление, интоксикация; опьянение.

Poisoning, as by a drug, a serum, alcohol, or any poison; state of being intoxicated.

inulin — инулин. Carbohydrate with high molecular mass; it’s used for testing the kidneys. Inulin is eliminated from the blood-

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irradiate

stream via the kidneys. Its injection into the bloodstream and measuring its amount in the urine during certain period of time allows to determine the amount of inulin filtered out by the kidneys.

invagination — инвагинация, внедрение. The act of ensheathing or becoming ensheathed.

involuntary — непроизвольный. Performed or acting independently of the will, as involuntary muscles of viscera.

iodide — йодид, йодистый препарат, соль йодистоводородной кислоты. Salt of hydroiodic acid.

iodine — йод. Chemical element, small amount of which is required for proper growth and development of the organism. Adult organism contains approximately 30 mg of iodine. Iodine, most- I ly located in the thyroid gland is necessary for synthesis of thyroid hormones. Deficiency of iodine in the human organism results in formation of goiter. Daily intake of iodine in adults should amount to 150 μg. Great amount of it is found in salt, sea food, vegetables grown in the areas rich in iodine.

iodopsin — йодопсин. Eye pigment consisting of 11-cys-retinal bound to opsin. The pigment is located in retinal cones.

ion — йон. An atom or group of atoms having electrical charges due to loss or gain of one or more electrons. There are two types of ions: positive — cations, and negative — anions.

ionization — ионизация. The formation of positive and negative ions and the electrons from electrically neutral atoms and molecules.

ipsilateral — ипсилатеральный. 1. Referring to structures on the same side of the body axis. 2. Affecting the same side of the body as brain’s hemisphere. The term is used mainly in respect of paralysis (or other symptoms).

iris — радужка. Part of the vascular tunic of the eye located in front of the lens that regulates the amount of the light coming into the eye. Rays go via the central opening in the iris (pupil). Two sets of smooth muscle cells control the size of the pupil: one circulatory arranged in the papillary border, forms the sphincter pupilled; the other, radially arranged, is the dilator pupillae.

irradiate — облучать. Treat the body tissues with X-rays or radium rays.

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irradiation

irradiation — облучение. A method of diagnostics or treatment by means of ray energy.

irresuscitable — неоживляемый. Incapable of being resuscitated.

irritability — раздражимость, раздражительность, возбудимость. A condition or quality of being excitable; the power of responding to a stimulus. One of the characteristics of the neurons which may generate and convey electrical impulses in response to their stimulation of the muscular cells that contract and glandular cells that produce secretions when being stimulated by the nerve impulses.

irritable — 1. раздражимый, возбудимый, раздражительный.

IReacting to stimuli; easily excited; susceptible of irritation. 2. болезненно чувствительный, воспаленный.

irritant — 1. раздражитель, раздражающее средство. An agent that induces irritation. 2. вызывающий раздражение. Causing or giving rise to irritation.

irritation — раздражение. The act of irritating.

ischemia — ишемия. Discontinuation of blood supply to any part of the body due to narrowing or obstructing the blood vessels nourishing it. Ischemia of the myocardium results in angina pectoris or myocardial infarction. Ischemia of the gastrocnemius muscles on physical exertion (leading to lameness) or at rest (leading to the pain) often occurs in aged people with atherosclerosis of the peripheral vessels of the extremities distant from aortic bifurcation into iliac arteries.

isoosmotic — изоосмотический. Referring or pertaining to solutions with equal osmotic pressure.

isotonic — изотонический. 1. See isoosmotic. 2. In physiology, having uniform tension under pressure or stimuli.

isotope — изотоп. The atom of one and the same chemical element, the nucleus of which has equal number of protons but different — of neutrons. The element has the same atomic number as the basic element. Due to this, isotopes have different atomic masses. Radioactive isotopes can split into other isotopes and elements producing α, β, γ–rays. Some radioactive isotopes can be produced artificially by means of bombing the element by neutrons. They are called nuclides and are common in radiotherapy.

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joint

isotropic — 1. Имеющий одинаковые качесива во всех направлениях. Having the same shape and appearance from whatever point observed. 2. Обладающий одинаковой преломленностью. Being singly and uniformly refractive.

isthmus — перешеек, узкая соединительная часть. 2. узкий проход, соединяющий две полости. The neck or constricted part of an organ.

•isthmus of thyroid gland — перешеек щитовидной железы. The narrow transverse part connecting the lobes of the thyroid gland.

•uterine isthmus — перешеек шейки матки. The transverse constriction of the uterus deviding it into two portions, the body and the cervix.

itching — 1. зуд (см. pruritis). 2. зудящий.

J

J

jaundice — желтуха. Yellow coloration of skin, sclerae and mucous membranes due to an increase of bilirubin in the blood. This increase may be due to obstruction of the ducts which carry the bile from the liver to the duodenum (obstructive jaundice), to disease of the cells which excrete bilirubin (hepatocellular jaundice) or to an overproduction of bilirubin due to increased breakdown of erythrocytes (hemolytic jaundice).

jaw — челюсть. Either of the two bones that form the skeleton of the mouth: the upper (maxilla) or lower jaw (mandibule). The jaws form the place for teeth and are the place of their fixation in the oral cavity. The upper jaw takes part in forming orbits, nasal cavity and hard palate.

jejunum — тощая кишка. Part of the small intestine. The jejunum makes up about two thirds of the small intestine. It connects the duodenum and the ileum, — jejunal, adj.

joint — сустав. Flexible junction of the bones, attaching surfaces of which are covered with the layer of hyaline cartilage and tightly contact with each other. The extent of the contact and strength of the joint is provided with the ligaments and other structures. From the outside, attaching parts of the bones are surrounded by the bursa, filled with the synovial fluid facilitating lubrication of

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joint

the bones’ surfaces for reducing friction in the joint. Syn. articulation.

•ankle joint — голеностопный сустав. Ginglymus (hingejoint). The structures entering into its formation are the lower end of the tibia and its malleolus, the malleolus of the fibula, and the transverse ligament, which together form a mortise for the reception of the upper convex surface of the talus.

•ball and socket joint — шаровидный сустав. Like that of Enarthrosis, the hip, shoulder.

•compound joint — сложный сустав. The joint formed by three or more bones.

•coxal joint, coxofemoral joint — тазобедренный сустав.

An enarthrodial or ball-and-socket joint, formed by the reception of the head of the femur into the cup-shaped cavity of the

Jacetabulum.

•cubital joint — локтевой сустав. Ginglymus or hinge-joint. The trochlea of the humerus is received into the semilunar notch of the ulna, and the capitulum of the humerus articulates with the fovea on the head of the radius.

•elbow joint — локтевой сустав. See cubital joint.

•humeral joint — плечевой сустав. See shoulder joint.

•joints of foot — суставы стопы. Ankle joint, intertarsal joints, tarsometatarsal joints, intermetatarsal joints, metatarsophalangeal joints, interphalangeal joints.

•joints of hand — суставы кисти. Radiocarpal joint, intercarpal joints, carpometacarpal joints, intermetacarpal joints, metacarpophalangeal and interphalangeal joints.

•knee joint — коленный сустав. Formerly described as a ginglymus or hinge-joint, but is really of a much more complicated character. It must be regarded as consisting of three articulations in one: two condyloid joints, one between each condyle of the femur and the corresponding meniscus and condyle of the tibia; and a third between the patella and the femur, partly arthrodial, but not completely so, since the articular surfaces are not mutually adapted to each other, so that the movement is not a simple gliding one.

•mandibular joint — височно-нижнечелюстной сустав.

A ginglymo-arthrodial joint; the parts entering into its formation on either side are: the anterior part of the mandibular fossa

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ketone

of the temporal bone and the articular tubercle above; and the condyle of the mandible below.

•radiocarpal joint — лучезапястный сустав. A condyloid articulation. The parts forming it are the lower end of the radius and under surface of the articular disk above; and the navicular, lunate, and triangular bones below.

•shoulder joint — плечевой сустав. An enarthrodial or ball- and-socket joint. The bones entering into its formation are the hemispherical head of the humerus and the shallow glenoid cavity of the scapula, an arrangement which permits of very considerable movement, while the joint itself is protected against displacement by the tendons surrounding it.

•simple joint — простой сустав. The joint formed by two bones.

•talocrural joint — голеностопный сустав. See ankle

juice — 1. Тканевая жидкость. Interstitial fluid. 2. Сок. The secretion of the alimentary glands.

•gastric juice — желудочный сок. See appendix.

•intestinal juice — кишечный сок. See appendix.

•pancreatic juice — панкреатический сок. See appendix. juvenile — ювенильный. Young; pertaining to youth or child-

hood.

K

keratin — кератин. One of a group of albuminoid tissues, characteristic of keratic tissues: nails, hair and outer layer of the skin. keratinization — кератинизация, ороговение. The process of cornification of the tissue due to accumulation of keratin inside its cells. This process occurs in epidermis as well as in such structures of the organism as the hair, nails etc.: in the progress of keratinization the cells get flat, lose their nuclea and get filled

with keratin as they come to the surface of the body.

ketone — кетон. An organic compound derived by oxidation from a secondary alcohol with (–C=O) group and two alkyl groups on each side. Ketones of acetoacetic acid, acetone and hydroxibuti-

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ketonemia

rate (called ketone or acetone bodies) are formed due to fats conversion.

•ketone bodies — кетоновые (ацетоновые) тела. Acetoacetic acid, acetone and D-3-hydroxibutirate; ketone bodies are synthesized by the liver from acetyl-CoA; under normal conditions there is a small amount of ketone bodies in the blood but none — in the urine. Ketone bodies are preferable sources of energy for the heart, skeletal muscles and kidneys. In starvation and diabetes mellitus the level of ketone bodies in the blood significantly increases (ketonemia), they appear in the urine (ketonuria). In these pathologies ketone bodies become the main source of energy for some organs as the brain due to their lipophily and ability to quick penetration via the biological membranes, in cells ketone bodies are converted into two molecules of acetyl-CoA. See also scheme 3.

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