Английский язык / Английский язык для медиков / Толковый англо-русский и русско-английский словарь физиологических терминов Dictionary of physiology (2010)

histidine

hiccup — икота. Sudden involuntary contraction of the diaphragm and closing the vocal folds followed by sudden stoppage of breathing characteristic sound. Repeated hiccup may result from indigestion or serious diseases e.g. alcoholism.

hidrotic — потогонный. Producing perspiration.

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histiocyte

histiocyte — гистиоцит. Fixed macrophage of the loose connective tissue.

histology — гистология. Science about minute structure and function of tissues studied by means of special methods of staining and methods of light and electron microscopy. Syn. microscopic anatomy.

hives — крапивница. Itching rash, the result of r histamine release from the mast cells. In this case oedema develops very quickly (during several hours). Syn. urticaria.

holocrine, holocrinous — голокриновый. Pertaining to any gland or type of secretion in which the cells of the gland are fully

Hdestroyed and their protoplasm joins the secretion. See also holocrine gland.

homeostasis — гомеостаз. The ability or tendency of an organism or cell to maintain internal equilibrium by adjusting its physiological processes such as blood pressure, body temperature, ac- id-base balance etc., despite changing surroundings.

homoiothermic — гомойотермный. Capable of maintaining constant body temperature irrespective of the changes in the temperature of the surroundings. Mammals (including man) and birds are homoiotermic. Compare to poikilothermic.

hormone — гормон. A substance, secreted by endocrine glands e.g. adrenal glands, hypophisis etc. and endocrine cells, that comes into the bloodstream and is transported to different organs and tissues, where it can change their structure and influence their functions. In accordance with their chemical structure hormones can be divided into proteins and peptides, derivatives from aminoacids and steroids, — hormonal, adj.

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• adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) — адренокортикотропный гормон (АКТГ). A hormone, secreted by the anterior lobe of the hypophisis in response to any stress situation. ACTH controls the secretion of corticosteroids produced by the adrenal glands.

• antidiuretic hormone (ADH) — антидиуретический H

гормон. See vasopressin.

•follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) — фолликулостимулирующий гормон (ФСГ). A hormone, secreted by the anterior lobe of the hypophisis. FSH stimulates growth and maturation of the ovarian follicles, secretion of estrogens and ovulation in females; in males FSH stimulates spermatogenesis in the testes.

•gonadotropic hormones — гонадотропные гормоны.

Hormones synthesized and secreted by the hypophysis; gonadotropic hormones stimulate testes or ovaries (gonads), promoting synthesis of the sex hormones and spermatozoa or ovules (see ovulum, ovum) in the human organism. Synthesis of gonadotropic hormones is controlled by gonadotropic releasing hormone (gonadoliberin) of hypothalamus. The main gonadotropic hormones are follicle-stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone. Syn. gonadotropin.

•lactotropic hormone (LTH) — лактотропный гормон (ЛТГ). See prolactin.

•lipotropic hormone — липотропный гормон. A hormone, secreted by the anterior lobe of the hypophysis that stimulates mobilization of fatty acids from the adipose tissue. Syn. lipotropin.

•luteinizing hormone (LH) — лютеинизирующий гормон (ЛГ). A hormone, secreted by the anterior lobe of the hypophisis. LH stimulates ovulation, formation of the corpus luteum, synthesis of progesterone by ovaries in women; and synthesis of androgen by interstitial cells of testes in males.

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histiocyte

•melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH) — меланоцитстимулирующий гормон. A hormone, secreted by the anterior lobe of the hypophisis. In males MSH stimulates synthesis of melanin and determines location of its granules, influencing pigmentation of the skin.

•natriuretic hormone — натрийуретический гормон.

A hormone, secreted by walls of the atria in response to their stretching. It relaxes smooth muscles of small blood vessels, stimulates diuresis and excretion of sodium by the kidneys, thus reducing the volume of circulating blood. This hormone also inhibits secretion of renin, activity of angiotensin II and al-

Hdosterone, lowers blood pressure.

•parathyroid hormone — паратиреоидный гормон, паратгормон, паратирин. A hormone, secreted by the parathyroid glands; it regulates (together with calcitonin) level of calcium and phosphorus in the organism. In the bone tissue it activates osteoclasts that results in deminiralization of the bone tissue and increase in amount of calcium in the blood. In kidneys it stimulates reabsorbtion of calcium. Excessive amount of parathyroid hormone in the organism results in osteoporosis; parathyroid hormone deficiency results in reduction of the amount of calcium in the blood that causes increase of neuromuscular excitability, that manifests as twitches of single muscles followed by spastic contractions of muscular groups. Animal dies of tetanic cramps.

•releasing hormones — рилизинг факторы, рилизинг гормоны. See hypophisis.

•somatomammatropic hormone — соматомамматропный гормон, соматомамматропин. Peptide hormone, similar to somatotropic hormone in its biological characteristics, under normal conditions it is produced by placenta and in pathology by some tumors.

•somatotropic hormone (STH) — соматотропин, соматотропный гормон (СТГ). A hormone, secreted by the anterior lobe of the hypophisis; stimulates growth of long bones of extremities, synthesis of proteins. Its synthesis and secretion are controlled by releasing hormone (liberin), produced by hypothalamus, and somatostatin. Hypersecretion of somatotropic hormone results in gigantism in children and

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hypermetropia

acromegaly in adults. Hyposecretion of this hormone results in dwarfism.

• thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) — тиреотропный гормон (ТТГ), тиреотропин. A hormone, secreted by the anterior lobe of the hypophisis. This hormone stimulates activ-

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•type I hypersensitivity (anaphylactic) — реакция гиперчувствительности I типа (анафилактическая). An allergic reaction provoked by reexposure to a specific type of antigen. In response plasmacytes secrete antibodies — IgE. IgE bind to Fc receptors on the surface of mast cells and basophilic leukocytes that become «sensitized.» Later exposure to the same allergen, cross-links the bound IgE on sensitized cells resulting in degranulation and the secretion of pharmacologically active mediators such as histamine, leukotriene, and prostaglandin that act on the surrounding tissues. The principal effects of these products are vasodilation and smooth-muscle contraction.

•type II hypersensitivity (antibody-dependent) — реакция гиперчувствительности II типа (антителозависимая). An allergic reaction in course of which the antibodies produced by the immune response bind to antigens on the patient’s own cell surfaces that results in inflammatory reactions. The antigens may either be intrinsic («self» antigen, innately part of the patient’s cells) or extrinsic (absorbed onto the cells during exposure to some foreign antigen, possibly as part of infection with a pathogen).

•type III hypersensitivity (immune complex) — реакция гиперчувствительности III типа (иммунокомплекс-

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hypofunction

ная). Allergic reactions that occur when antigens and antibodies are present in roughly equal amounts, causing extensive cross-linking. Large immune complexes are deposited in vessel walls and induce an inflammatory response.

•type IV hypersensitivity (cell-mediated or Delayed-Type Hypersensitivity, DTH) — реакция гиперчувствительности IV типа (клеточно-опосредованная или ги-

перчувствительность замедленного типа, ГЗТ). A type of cell-mediated response composed of several steps: ex-

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hypoglycemia

hypoglycemia — гипогликемия. Decreased concentration of glucose in the blood; it can lead to the development of muscular weakness and dyscoordinated movements, confused consciousness and hyperhydrosis.

hypophiseal — гипофизарный. Pertaining to hypophisis.

• hypophiseal-portal system — гипофизарная портальная система. The system of vessels going from the hypothalamus to the anterior lobe of hypophysis. The system takes part in transporting adenohypophysotropic hormones (liberins and statins).

hypophisis — гипофиз. One of the main endocrine glands in the

Hhuman organism; pisiform structure, located in the hypophiseal fossa in the Turkish saddle in the sphenoidal bone. The cells of the anterior lobe of the hypophisis (adenohypophysis) synthesize tropic hormones: thyroid-stimulating hormone, adrenocorticotropic hormone (see vasopressin), gonadotropic hormones (gonadotropins), somatotropic hormone (somatotropin, growth hormone), prolactin (lactotropic hormone), luteinizing hormone, lipotropiс hormone (lipotropin) and melanocyte-stimulating hormone. The secretion of these hormones is regulated by specific releasing hormones (factors): liberins — stimulators of synthesis and secretion of hormones of the adenohypophisis, and inhibitory hormones called statins; releasing hormones are produced by the hypothalamus and transported into the adenohypophysis via hypophyseal

portal system. Hypothalamic hormones oxytocin and vasopressin are secreted by supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei, then these hormones are transported in the posterior lobe of the hypophysis (neurohypophysis) and stored there. From the neurohypophysis they are secreted into the blood, — hypophyseal, adj. Syn. the pituitary.

hypophysectomy — гипофизэктомия. Surgical extraction or destruction of the hypophysis.

hypopnea — гипопноэ. Respiration less deep or/and slower than normal respiration.

hypotension — гипотензия. A condition in which the arterial blood pressure is an abnormally low. Hypotension may be due to significant fluid loss e.g. in diarrhea, massive burns or vomiting or significant blood loss.

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immunity hypotensive — гипотензивное средство. A medication that

I

icterus — желтуха. See jaundice.

ideation — процесс мышления, образование идей. The formation of a mental conception; the cerebral action by which or in accord with which, an idea is formed.

ileum — подвздошная кишка. Distal part of the small intestine. Ileum goes from the jejunum to the ileocaecal valve, — ileal, adj. imbalance — дисбаланс. Lack of balance between antagonis-

tic forces.

immunity — иммунитет. The way of protecting the organism from living bodies and substances with genetically foreign information, — immune, adj.

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immunoglobulin (Ig)

•acquired immunity — приобретенный иммунитет.

A resistance due to the interaction between the organism and pathogenic agent. It can be active or passive.

•active immunity — активный иммунитет. The type of immunity in which the cells of the organism are capable of resisting developing infection or small amount of pathogenic injected into the organism by means of cell-mediated or humoral immunity.

•cell-mediated immunity — клеточно-опосредованный иммунитет. The type of immunity mediated by the cells (T- lymphocytes, macrophages etc.).

•genetic immunity — генетический иммунитет. Resis-

Itance of any species to a certain antigen.

•humoral immunity — гуморальный иммунитет. The type of immunity mediated by antibodies.

•infection immunity — инфекционный иммунитет. The immune resistance to the second (repeated) infection, mediated by the proper antigen in the organism.

•natural immunity — естественный иммунитет. The resistance of the species that had not been immunizated by the infection or vaccination; it is specific antigens.

•passive immunity — пассивный иммунитет. The type of immunity that develops due to the injection of antibodies contained in the immune serum taken from immunized man or animal. The infants have passive immunity to some common diseases due to small amount of antibodies acquired in utero by the placental transfer from the mother or bee stings.

immunoglobulin (Ig) — иммуноглобулин. One of the blood proteins (γ-globulin) functioning as the antibodies. Ig can also be the receptor of lymphocytes. There are several types of Ig. They are IgA, IgD, IgE, IgG, IgM.

impairment — нарушение, ухудшение. Weakness or dysfunction e.g. due to any disease.

impatent — скрытый (rare use). Latent, potential, concealed, not manifest.

impermeable — непроницаемый, непроходимый. Not permiting a passage.

impulse — импульс. 1. A sudden action of any force. 2. The action potential of the nerve fiber

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