Английский язык / Английский язык для медиков / Толковый англо-русский и русско-английский словарь физиологических терминов Dictionary of physiology (2010)

genetics

•prostate gland — простата. Male sex gland, glandulo-mus- cular organ, producing alkaline secretion, a component of the sperm.

•pyloric glands — пилорические железы. See gastric glands.

•salivary gland — слюнная железа. A gland, secreting saliva. There’re three pairs of the major salivary glands: parotid, sublingual and submandibular glands and there’re a lot of minor salivary glands located in the mucosa of the oral cavity.

•seminal gland — семенной пузырек. The lateral bulge of the final section of each seminiferous duct resembling a coiled tubule. The excretory duct of the seminal gland joining the final section of the seminiferous gland forms the ejaculatory duct opening in the prostatic part of the urethra. The epithelium of the seminal glands secretes thick secretion that is the component of the sperm.

•serous gland — серозная железа. One which secretes a watery, albuminous fluid e.g. parotid gland.

•simple gland — простая железа. 1. A gland with but one secretory end-piece and an unbranched excretory duct. 2. A gland which is entirely composed of secretory cells, without a differentiated ductile portion.

•sublingual gland — подъязычная железа. Compound al- veolo-tubular paired salivary gland located at the upper surface of the diaphragm of the mouth bilaterally from the tongue. Sublingual gland secretes sero-mucous secretion into the oral cavity. Sublingual glands are the smallest salivary glands; each gland has the main duct — major sublingual duct, that opens in the sublingual caruncle with submandibular duct and several minor sublingual ducts; many of them open in the mouth cavity at the sublingual folds.

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glia

•submandibular gland — поднижнечелюстная железа.

Compound alveolar branched paired salivary gland, located in the submandibular triangle, that secretes sero-mucous secretion into the oral cavity. Excretory (Wharton’s) duct opens into the sublingual caruncle.

•sudoriferous gland — потовая железа. See sweat gland.

•suprarenal gland — надпочечник. See adrenal gland.

•sweat gland — потовая железа. Simple tubular exocrine gland, located in the dermis (see skin). Its secretory portion and

Gthe initial part of the excretory duct are coiled into a roughly spherical ball. Its secretion (sweat) is secreted at the surface of the skin. The sweat glands are located all over the skin with the exception of external genitalia; there’re large numbers of sweat glands in the armpits, soles, palms and forehead. They are of critical importance for the regulation of body temperature.

•thymus gland — тимус. See thymus.

•thyroidgland—щитовиднаяжелеза.—крупнаяэндокрин- ная железа. Large endocrine gland. The thyroid gland consists of great amount of follicles (about 30 mln). The wall of the follicle is made up of one layer of thyrocytes, that synthesize protein called thyreoglobulin, which enters the follicle’s lumen and is the component of jelly-like colloid. The secretion of the hormones of the thyroid gland is controlled by thyreotropic hormone of the hypophysis. The hormones of the thyroid gland (thyroxine and triiodthyronine) are responsible for growth, intellectual and physical development, regulate the rate of metabolic processes. Iodine is required for proper activity of the thyroid gland.

•tubular gland — трубчатая железа. A gland, in which secretory portion has tubular structure e.g. gastric glands. See also fig.4b.

glia — глия. Several types of non-neuronal, supporting cells of the CNS, neuroglia. Glia is composed of different cells that can be divided into macroglia: oligodendrocytes, astrocytes, ependymocytes (see ependyma), Swann’s cells and microglia, — glial, adj. globin — глобин. Protein that binds with iron-containing groups forming haemoglobin (that is present in the red blood cells) and myoglobin (that is present in the skeletal muscles (see muscle hae-

moglobin)).

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glomus

globulin — глобулин. A representative of a group of simple proteins that is well-soluble in diluted salt solutions and coagulates under warm. There are different globulins in the blood (serum globulins) including α-, β— and γ-globulins. γ-globulins play an important role in immune reactions (see antibody, immunoglobulin); α— and β-globulins are responsible for transporting lipids, iron and copper in the bloodstream.

glomerulus (pl. glomeruli) — клубочек. Net of the capillaries, surrounded by the Bowman’s capsule. Glomerulus is the place, where metabolic products are filtered out of the bloodstream into G the capsule’s lumen and then into the nephron’s tubules, — glomerular, adj.

glomus — гломус. Small round body (2–3 mm in diameter) formed by the chromaffin cells. Glomus caroticum, aorticum and pulmonary have chemoreceptors.

•glomus aorticum — аортальный гломус. Accumulation of the chromaffin tissue near the aortic arch. Glomus aorticum has receptors that take part in regulating arterial pressure (baroreceptors). When arterial pressure rises, impulses from the receptors come to the vasomotor center of the brain that initiates vasodilatation reflex followed by a decrease in the heart beat rhythm and normalization of arterial pressure. Besides, glomus aorticum contains chemoreceptors taking part in the regulation of respiration (but not significantly). Syn. aortic body, paraaortic body.

•glomus caroticum — сонный гломус. A small broadening near the beginning of the carotid artery where it divides into its external and internal parts. It contains receptors taking part in regulation of arterial pressure (baroreceptors). When arterial pressure rises, impulses from the receptors come to the vasomotor center of the brain that initiates vasodilatation reflex followed by a decrease in the heart rate and normalization of arterial pressure. Glomus aorticum contains chemoreceptors sensitive to hypoxia and hypercapnia and conveying this information to the respiratory center in the myelencephalon. Syn. carotid body.

glossopharyngeal — языкоглоточный. Pertaining to tongue and pharynx as glossopharyngeal nerve.

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glossopharyngeal

glottis — голосовая щель. The opening between the vocal cords. The term is often used in respect of the vocal cords or the part of the larynx where sounds are produced.

glucagon — глюкагон. Peptide hormone, secreted by α-cells of the islets of Langerhans in the pancreas; increases concentration of glucose in the blood; stimulates lipolysis, thus acting opposite to insulin.

glucocorticoid — глюкокортикоид. See corticosteroid. glucogenic — глюкогенный. Something synthesizing glucose.

G gluconeogenesis — глюконеогенез. The synthesis of glucose from compounds not containing carbohydrates e.g. from aminoacids. Gluconeogenesis runs mainly in the liver and kidneys. By means of gluconeogenesis the normal content of glucose in the organism is maintained. Thus gluconeogenesis plays an important role between food intakes and when amount of carbohydrates coming into the organism with food is insufficient.

glucose — глюкоза. A simple sugar that contains six carbon atoms (hexose). Glucose is an important source of energy for an organism and a single source of energy for the brain. There is no free glucose in the organism (with the exception of grape); however glucose is the component of saccharose and starch from which it is formed in digestion. Glucose accumulates in the organism as glycogen. Normal glucose concentration amounts to 3–5 mmol/l (it is maintained by means of different hormones especially insulin and glucagons). If glucose content goes down a man may develop neurological as well as some other symptoms (see hypoglycemia). On the contrary if glucose content goes up reaching 10 mmole/l hyperglycemia develops. It is one of the symptoms of diabetes mellitus.

glucoside — глюкозид. See glycoside.

glucosuria — глюкозурия. An excretion of glucose with the urine. Glucosuria usually takes place in diabetes mellitus.

glutamine — глутамин. The monamide of aminoglutaric acid. glycerin — глицерин. A polyhydric alcohol, С3Н5(ОН)3, found in combination with 3 molecules of fatty acid in fats. Syn. glyc-

erol.

glycine — глицин. A simple inpolar aminoacid, a component of collagen.

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gonadotropin

glycocalyx — гликокаликс. Glycoprotein complex bound to plasmatic membrane that includes different polysaccharides bound to proteins and lipids of the plasmatic membrane. Glycocalyx is well-developed in the cells of the small intestine where it contains proteins-enzymes taking part in breaking down different substances.

glycogen — гликоген, животный крахмал. A complex carbohydrate which contains branched chains of glucose. Glycogen is the main storage form of carbohydrates in the organism. Gly-

cogen accumulates in the liver and muscles and can be easily con- G verted to glucose. It is also known as animal starch.

glycogenesis — гликогенез. The synthesis of glycogen from glucose mainly in the liver and muscles.

glycogenolysis — гликогенолиз. The conversion of glycogen to glucose mainly in the liver and muscles.

glycolysis — гликолиз. Transformation of glucose to lactic acid in the absence of oxygen (anaerobic glycolysis) or to two molecules of pyruvic acid in the presence of oxygen (aerobic glycolysis). Glycolysis takes place in the cellular cytoplasm. In the course of glycolysis a small amount of energy is produced (as ATP). See also scheme1.

glycosaminoglycan — гликозаминогликан. Compound carbohydrate, the main structural component of connective tissue. Glycosaminoglycan molecules are composed of uronic acids and aminosaccharide. Syn. mucopolysaccharide (o. use).

glycoside — гликозид. A compound formed due to replacing hydroxyl (–OH) group of sugar by any other group. (In case of glucose the compound is called glucoside).

glycoprotein — гликопротеин. A complex of proteins with oligosaccharides (hexosamines, hexoses, sialic acid) that is the component of fibers and ground substance of the connective tissue. gonad — гонада. 1. The reproductive glands: the testes (in men) and ovaries (in women) producing gametes. 2. The embryonic sex gland before morphologic identification as ovary or testis is pos-

sible. Also called indifferent gonad, — gonadal, adj. gonadotropin — гонадотропин. See gonadotropic hormone.

•chorionic gonadotropin — хорионический гонадотропин. A hormone secreted by the placenta and similar to go-

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granulocyte

nadotropin produced by the hypophysis. Most of chorionic gonadotropin is excreted with the urine that is used in tests for indicating pregnancy.

granulocyte — гранулоцит. See granular leukocyte. granulocytopenia — гранулоцитопения. A decrease in the number of granular leukocytes in the blood, agranulocytosis. gullet — пищевод. Cylindrical tube, located between the phar-

ynx and the stomach (length — 22–30 cm.). The gullet is lined by mucosa, in its submucosa there’re many glands, which secretion moistens the food, going via the gullet into the stomach. Muscular layer is made of the skeletal muscles in the upper third of the

Hgullet, in the middle third it’s gradually replaced by the smooth muscles, in the lower third it’s completely made of the smooth muscles, — esophageal, adj. Syn. esophagus.

gynecology — гинекология. A study of female diseases (especially of the female reproductive system).

H

habituation — привыкание. A condition of tolerance to the effects of a drug aquired by its continued use.

h(a)em — гем. Iron-containing pigment (porphyrin) that in combination with the protein globin forms haemoglobin that is present in erythrocytes.

h(a)ematocrit — гематокрит. The ratio of packed red blood cells to total blood volume (plasma — 50–55%, formed elements — 50–45%) in a centrifuged sample of the blood expressed as a percentage.

h(a)em(at)olysis — гемолиз. The destruction of erythrocytes due to physical e.g. temperature or chemical influence associated with the formation of homogeneous solution. Hemolysis is an important preparatory stage in determining the amount of haemoglobin in the blood or identifying different enzymes of erythrocytes. Syn. hemolysis, erytrocytolysis, — h(a)em(at)olytic, adj.

h(a)em(at)opoiesis — гемопоэз. Process of forming blood cells. By means of h(a)ematopoiesis old cells are replaced by new ones (old cells are discharged from the bloodflow). In healthy adults h(a)ematopoiesis takes place in the red marrow. H(a)ematopoi-

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h(a)emoglobin

esis takes place during the whole human life, — h(a)em(at)opoietic, sanguifacient, adj.

h(a)ematuria — гематурия. The presence of blood in the urine. This blood may be discharged from the kidneys, one or both ureters, urinary bladder or urethra due to their trauma or any disease.

h(a)emocytometer — гемоцитометр. An instrument for counting the number of blood cells.

h(a)emoglobin — гемоглобин. A chromoprotein found in the erythrocytes and responsible for their coloration; it derives from the pigment haem binding with the protein globin. Haemoglobin

has a great affinity for oxygen and transports it to different tis- H sues and organs. Haemoglobin binds with oxygen when the blood passes via the lungs; oxygen is released when the blood reaches tissues. Under normal conditions there is 12–18 g/dl.

•carbon dioxide haemoglobin — карбгемоглобин. A `compound consisting of haemoglobin and carbon dioxide. In the form of carbhaemoglobin 7,7% of the carbon dioxide of the blood is transported. Syn. carbh(a)emoglobin

•carbon monoxide haemoglobin — карбоксигемоглобин (НbCO). Stable compound consisting of carbon-monoxide and haemoglobin. Carbon monoxide haemoglobin doesn’t carry oxygen to different tissues of the organism that’s why carbon monoxide intoxication may result in death over a short period. It’s formed in great amount in case of carbon monoxide intoxication in small amounts it is found in the blood of smokers and residents of large cities. An increase in the level of carbon-monoxide-haemoglobin results in asphyxia. Syn. carboxyh(a)emoglobin.

•oxygenated haemoglobin — окисленный гемоглобин

(HbO2), оксигемоглобин. A form of haemoglobin in association with oxygen in the arterial blood.

•reduced haemoglobin — восстановленный гемоглобин. Haemoglobin of erythrocytes after releasing oxygen from oxigenated haemoglobin in tissues.

•muscle haemoglobin — миоглобин. Soluble iron-contain- ing protein pigment of myocytes similar in its structure to haemoglobin. It contains haem that reversibly binds with oxygen,

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h(a)emoglobinometer

thus functioning as oxygen depo in the muscles. Syn. myoglobin.

h(a)emoglobinometer — гемоглобинометр. An instrument for determining the concentration of haemoglobin in the blood and consequently an ability of the blood to transport oxygen.

h(a)emoglobinuria — гемоглобинурия. The presence of free

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hemiplegia

haustrum (pl. haustra) — гаустра. Numerous sacculations of the wall of the large intestine separated from each other by fissures. health — здоровье. A condition of bodily soundness with optimal functioning of organs and tissues without symptoms of any

disease or abnormalities.

hearing — слух. The special sense by which the sonorous vibrations of the air are communicated to the mind.

•residual hearing — остаточный слух. In the measurment of hearing loss, the amount of hearing that a person retains irrespective of temporary reductions.

•hearing loss — потеря слуха.

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hemodialysis

hemodialysis — гемодиализ. Elimination of impurities or toxic substance from the blood by means of dialysis. Haemodialysis is usually prescribed to the patient with any renal dysfunction and is performed with the help of the artificial kidney or dialyser. Patient’s arterial blood is passed through dialyser and is collected on one side of semipermeable membrane; meanwhile the solution analogical to the patient’s blood is accumulated on the opposite side. Only water and impurities are filtrated through this membrane. Then cleansed blood is brought back to the patient via the vein.

hemolysin — гемолизин. A substance (e.g. antibody or bacterial

H toxin) causing haemolysis of erythrocytes. hemolysis — гемолиз. See haematolysis.

Henle’s loop — петля Генле. Part of the renal tubule that forms a loop going towards the center of the kidney. Henle’s loop consists of descending (thin) tubule where reabsorbtion of water takes place, ascending part (consists of thick and thin parts) and distal straight tubule where reabsorbtion of electrolytes takes place. See also nephron.

heparL — печень. See liver.

heparin — гепарин. Anticoagulant produced by the hepatocytes, basophils, mast cells; heparin inhibits action of thrombin. Heparin reduces permeability of interstitium, thus causing antiinflammatory effect as histamine antagonist.

hepatitis — гепатит. Inflammation of the liver due to viruses or toxins or impairment of immunity in the human organism.

hepatocyte — гепатоцит. The main hepatic cell performing different metabolic functions including synthesis and accumulation of essential substances (glycogen, lipids), inactivation of toxic substances and synthesis of the bile (choleresis).

heredity — наследственность. Processes taking place in the organism and leading to biological similarity between parents and their offspring. Heredity is studied by genetics, — hereditary, adj. hernia — грыжа. A protrusion of an organ or its part through connective tissue or through a wall of the cavity in which it is normally enclosed e.g. umbilical hernia — protrusion of a part of the small

intestine through umbilicus, — hernial, adj.

hexose — гексоза. Any monosaccharidecomposed of 6 carbon atoms e.g. glucose. Hexoses are more often present in the food.

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