Английский язык / Английский язык для медиков / Толковый англо-русский и русско-английский словарь физиологических терминов Dictionary of physiology (2010)

fever

•fasciculus gracilis — тонкий пучок. Lesser medially located fasciculus of the posterior funiculus of the spinal cord. With fasciculus cuneatus pertains to conductive pathway of proprioceptive sensitivity.

fat — жир. Ester of fatty acids and any alcohol e.g. triglycerols; the main form of accumulation of body energy (in the adipose tissue). Located under the skin (hypodermis) and surrounding some organs as kidneys fat has insulating function, provides the organism

with the main fatty acids and is quite necessary for normal ab- F sorption of fat soluble vitamins from the intestines. Excessive fat

may result in obesity.

fatigue — усталость, утомление. 1. Physical or mental exhaustion resulting from long or intensive activity. Muscular fatigue may be due to accumulation of metabolits e.g. lactic acid (see glycolysis) in muscles. Malnourishment or any disease may also cause chronic weakness. 2. Ability of an organism, organ or tissue to react properly to stimulation within a certain period of time.

feedback — обратная связь. The signal of any adjustment appearing in response to afferent signal to it. Feedback mechanisms are important for regulating many physiological processes e.g. they play an important role in forming hormones and in enzyme reactions. In negative feedback the more any substance is secreted the more its secretion is inhibited. In positive feedback the more any substance is secreted the more another substance is produced.

ferment — фермент. An enzyme taking place in fermentation. fermentation — ферментация. The chemical breakdown of

a substance by bacteria, yeasts, or other microorganisms, especially that involved in the making of beers, wines, and spirits.

fermentative — ферментативный. Causing or able to cause fermentation or to catalyze biochemical reaction.

ferritin — ферритин. A protein, containing a variable amount of iron, occuring in various tissues of humans and animals.

fever — жар, лихорадка, повышение температуры. Elevation of the body temperature above the normal (oral: 37°C, rectal 37,2°C). Fever is usually associated with chill (shivering), headache, nausea, constipation or diarrhea. Temperature over 40,5°C may lead to delirium (mental excitement associated with giblerisa and hallucinations) and cramps (especially in small children).

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fiber

The main causes of fever are different bacterial and viral infections such as bad cold, malaria etc.

fiber — волокно. A filamentary or threadlike structure e.g. skeletal muscular, nerve fiber or collagenous fiber.

•extrapyramidal fibers — экстрапирамидные волокна.

The system of nerve centers and motor ways connecting cerebral cortex, basal ganglia, red nucleus, thalamus, cerebellum, reticular formation and motor nuclea of cranial and spinal nerves

Fin a complex chain. That doesn’t include pyramidal system. The main function of extrapyramidal fibers is to regulate stereotypical reflex muscular movements.

•nerve fiber — нервное волокно. Long slim fiber (axon) begining from the nerve cell, along which nerve impulses are conveyed. Nerve fibers joining together form a peripheral nerve. Each nerve fiber has its own tunic with a thick layer of myelin (see myelin sheath) in myelinated nerve fibers (thick and dense myelin sheath rich in lipids isolates nerve fiber and prevents the leakage of nerve impulse).

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fibroblast

•pyramidal fibers — пирамидные волокна. The system of nerve fibers along which voluntary motor impulses from

•Purkinje fibers — волокна Пуркинье. See bundle of His.

•spindle fibers — веретено деления. See spindle.

fibril — фибрилла. Very slim fiber or its component e.g. myofibril of muscular fiber, — fibrillar, adj.

fibrillation — фибрилляция. Fast (350–700 per minute) incoordinate contraction of many separate muscular fibers of the heart. Thus the heart is no longer able to pump the blood. Fibrillation may occur independently in atria or ventricles of the heart. Atrial fibrillation, a typical form of arrhythmia, is manifested by accelerated arrhythmic pulse and heart beat. The main causes are: atherosclerosis, chronic rheumatic heart diseases or those associated with hypertension. Atrial fibrillation can be a complication of other diseases such as infectious diseases of the organs of thorasic cavity or hyperfunction of the thyroid gland. In ventricular fibrillation cardiac arrest develops. Most often this kind of fibrillation is due to myocardial infarction. Fibrillation can be treated by means of defibrillation.

fibrin — фибрин. The insoluble protein derived from fibrinogen during the final stage of blood coagulation in the presence of thrombin. Fibrin monomer polymerizes into fibrin chain which is the basis of blood clottage blocking impaired blood vessel.

fibrinogen — фибриноген. A soluble protein in the plasma which transforms into insoluble fibrin when the blood is coagulated. Normal fibrinogen contents in the blood is 2–4 g/l (in pregnant women — 4–6 g/l)

fibroblast — фибробласт. A stellate or spindle shaped cell with a large, oval, flattened nucleus and a thin layer of cytoplasm found in connective tissue which synthesizes and secretes basic components of intercellular substance. Syn.: fibrocyte, also called con- nective-tissue cell.

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fibrosis

fibrosis — фиброз. Thickening and scarring of scars in the connective tissue due to its inflammation or trauma.

filter — 1. Фильтрация. Passing the fluid through porous material for separating suspended hard fractions (filtration fractions). 2. Фильтр. Porous material for filtering fluids.

filtrate — фильтрат. The liquid passed through the filter. filtration — фильтрация. The process of straining through a filter.

• filtration fraction — фильтрационная фракция. See fil-

Fter (1).

fluid — жидкость. 1. A substance whose molecules move freely upon one another. 2. Any liquid secretion of the body. 3. Liquid or gaseous.

•cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) — цереброспинальная жидкость. The fluid within the cerebral ventricles and between the arachoid membrane and pia mater of the brain and spinal cord. It prevents the brain from the contact with skull during movements of the head. Cerebrospinal fluid is secreted by epithelium covering vascular plexes of the brain ventricles, going through which it reaches subarachnoid cavity and finally it is absorbed in the venous blood via arachnoidae granulations and in the blood and lymphatic capillaries near the roots of cranial and spinal nerves. Cerebrospinal fluid contains water, glucose, different salts, enzymes and a small amount of leucocytes (but no erythrocytes).

•interstitial fluid — тканевая жидкость. Body fluid contained in its tissues. See tissue fluid.

•synovial fluid — синовиальная жидкость. The viscid fluid produced by synovial membrane into the articular cavity for smearing and nourishing articular cartilage. See also joint.

•tissue fluid — тканевая жидкость. See interstitial fluid. flutter — трепетание. Upset in the heart beat rhythm (like in fi-

brillation) which may occur in the atria and ventricles of the heart. Causes and treatment are similar to those in fibrillation.

•atrial flutter — трепетание предсердий. Frequent contractions of the atria with the rate of 250 to 400 a minute causing serrated waves on ECG. ECGs indicate two types of atrial flutter: impure, in which the events are not accurately repeated

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from cycle to cycle; pure, in which the events are constant from cycle to cycle.

focal — фокальный, фокусный. Pertaining to focus.

•focal distance — фокусное расстояние. A distance between the lens and the point on the axis where the lightrays meet while looking at distant object. In man with good vision this point is located on the eye retina, in man with myopia it is located before the retina, in man with hypermetropia — behind

follicle — фолликул. A small secretory sac or gland e.g. one of the ovarian follicles in maturing ovum.

•Graafian follicle — граафов пузырек. The mature follicle of the ovaries before ovulation which contains a large cavity filled with fluid. Graafian follicle stretches the surface of the ovaries. Inside the follicle, on one of its walls oocyte develops.

•lymphatic follicle, lymphoid follicle — лимфатический фолликул. Limited accumulation of the lymphoid tissue in which lymphocytes develop. Many lymphatic follicles are located in the walls of alimentary and respiratory tracts.

•ovarian follicle — яичниковый фолликул. See menstrual cycle.

•primary follicle — первичный фолликул. See menstrual cycle.

•primordial follicle — примордиальный фолликул. See menstrual cycle.

•secondary follicle — вторичный фолликул. See menstrual cycle.

forebrain — передний мозг. The anterior part of the brain that includes the telencephalon (hemispheres) and diencephalon.

fragility — хрупкость. Quality of being easily broken or destroyed.

•capillary fragility — хрупкость капилляров. Weakness of the capillaries, as in purpura, — fragile, adj.

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freckle

freckle — веснушка. Brown little spot on the skin of the face and hands of the people with fair hair and skin. Freckles are absolutely harmless and develop due to excessive formation of melanin without increasing the number of melanocytes under solar light.

fructose — фруктоза. Saccharide present in honey and some fruits. Fructose is the component of disaccharide — sucrose. It is used for producing energy in the liver during glycolysis. Fructose is prescribed to the patients with diabetes mellitus as its me-

Gtabolism doesn’t depend on insulin production in the human organism.

function — функция. Specific action or physiological characteristic of an organ.

furuncle — фурункул. A boil; a cutaneous abscess; usually the result of infection of a hair follicle or a duct of cutaneous glands by pyogenic bacteria, especially by Staphylococcus aureus, — furuncular, adj.

G

galactic — 1. Молочный. Relating to milk or lactation. 2. Лактогенный. Promoting the flow of milk, lactation.

galactosamine — галактозамин. Galactose containing an amino group. Aminosaccharide, a component of glycosaminoglycans.

galactose — галактоза. Monosaccharide, a component of lactose. In the human organism the process of transforming galactose into glucose takes place in the liver. Newborns with galactosaemia (rare inherited disease of metabolism) have no enzyme responsible for this transformation.

galactoside — галактозид. A glycoside which, on hydrolysis, yields the sugar galactose and an aglycone.

gall — желчь. See bile.

gall-bladder — желчный пузырь. A pear-shaped sack (7–10 cm in length) located under the right hepatic lobe. It accumulates the bile. The bile enters the gall-bladder from the liver where it is formed, then from the gall-bladder under the action of cholecystokinin secreted when the food enters the duodenum, the bile goes to the duodenum via the common biliary duct.

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gamete — гамета. Matured sex cell: ovum in women and spermatozoon in men. Gametes are haploid cells with half of a set of chromosomes.

ganglion (pl. ganglia) — ганглий. Any structure (in neurology or anatomy) containing a group of neurons and a number of synapses. In the sympathetic nervous system chains of ganglia form the sympathetic trunk located on either side of the vertebral column; in the parasympathetic nervous system ganglia are located inside innervated organs or near them. In the posterior (sensory) root in

intervertebral opening there is a spinal (sensory) ganglion. Gan- G glia contain pseudounipolar neurons but don’t contain synapses.

In the CNS limited groups of nerve cells are called ganglia or nuclei e.g. basal ganglia (nuclei).

•basal ganglia — базальные ганглии. Gray substance, or nuclei, within the cerebral hemispheres (see telencephalon), including the corpus striatum, amygdala and claustrum.

gaster — желудок. See stomach.

gastrin — гастрин. A hormone produced by the cells of the mucosa of the pyloric part of the stomach (G-cells). The secretion is stimulated by the food entering the stomach. The hormone circulates in the blood and stimulates the production of the gastric juice (hydrochloric acid and pepsinogen) and peristalsis of the stomach, intestines and gall-bladder. See also scheme1 (color inset).

gastritis — гастрит. Inflammation of the gastric mucosa. Acute gastritis is due to excessive consumption of alcohol or other substances that irritate gastric mucosa and result in vomiting. Chronic gastritis develops in inveterate smokers, people suffering from chronic alcoholism and may be due to regurgitation of the bile from the duodenum into the stomach. Nowadays bacterium Helicobacter Pylori has been proved to play an important role in development of gastritis and ulcer.

gastroscope — гастроскоп. An endoscope for examining the inner surface of the stomach.

gene — ген. A certain sequence of DNA or RNA that functions as a unit responsible for synthesis of a single polypeptide chain.

genetic — генетический. Pertaining to genetics. Produced by genes.

•genetic code — генетический код. Genetic information of chromosome’s DNA, the system where specific combinations

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of three neighbor nucleotides in DNA control specific combinations of concrete aminoacids in protein.

genetics — генетика. The study of how, in all living things, the characteristics and qualities of parents are given to their children by their genes.

geneticist — генетик. A specialist in genetics.

genom — геном. All genetic material of any organism including genes contained in chromosomes; sometimes the term is used in respect of a group of genes contained in the main haploid set of

Gchromosomes of a certain cell. Human genom consists of 23 pairs of chromosomes.

genotype — генотип. Genetic information that is contained in a pair of alleles responsible for any characteristic of a man. A class of individuals having the same constitution.

gland — железа. An organ, formed by glandular epitheliocytes, that produces and secretes certain substances, either utilized by the organism during its life activity or discarded from it. There’re two main types of glands: exocrine glands, secreting different substances via their ducts and endocrine glands, producing substances and secreting them directly into the bloodstream, — glandular, adj.

•adrenal gland — надпочечник. Paired gland; adrenal gland resembles triangle, located above the upper extremity of the kidney. Each adrenal gland consists of two parts: medulla (stroma of the adrenal gland) and cortex (yellowish tissue, that surrounds medulla). Medulla produces adrenaline and noradrenaline in stimulation by the sympathetic nervous system. Cortex produces three types of corticosteroid hormones: influencing metabolism of carbohydrates — glucocorticoids e.g. cortisol, electrolytes — mineralocorticoids e.g. aldosterone and gonads e.g. estrogen and androgen.

•alveolar gland — альвеолярная железа. A gland, in which secretory portion has alveolar structure as the parotid gland. See also fig.4a.

•apocrine gland — апокриновая железа. A gland, which cells lose some of their cytoplasmic substance while functioning. The continuity of the plasma membrane is restored by the synthesis of the broken edges of the membrane, and the cell is

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able to accumulate the secretory product anew. This mechanism is used by apocrine sweat glands, the mammary glands and the prostate gland.

•cardiac glands — кардиальные железы. See gastric glands.

•compound gland — сложная железа. A gland with branched excretory duct.

•(corpus)-fundic glands — фундальные железы. Glands of the corpus and fundus of the stomach. Syn. acid glands. Syn.

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•Lieberkuhn's glands — Либеркюновы железы (крипты). Simple tubular glands, located between the intestinal villi

in the small intestine. They extend through the lamina propria down to the muscular mucosae. Lieberkuhn’s glands are lined with columnar epithelium, containing different types of cells (enterocytes, beaker (goblet) cells, Paneth’s granular cells and endocrine glands, that produce gastrin, somatostatin, cholecystokinin, and secretin). Undifferentiated cells close to the bottom of the crypts regenerate the epithelium (time of the epithe-

Glial cell turnover is 5–6 days). The crypts of Lieberkьhn secrete intestinal juice (about 2 liter/day). In the large intestine Lieberkuhn’s glands are longer, more developed and composed of more mucus producing cells than in the small intestine.

•mammary gland — молочная железа. Organ of milk secretion in women. See also lactation.

•merocrine gland — мерокриновая железа. A gland whose secretion corresponds to the process of exocytosis. Vesicles open into the surface of the cell, and the secretory product is discharged from the cell without any further loss of cell substance. This mechanism is used by merocrine salivary glands.

•mixed gland — смешанная железа. 1. A gland, containing mucous (see mucous gland) and serous (see serous gland) secretory units e.g. submandibular gland, sublingual gland. 2. A gland with exocrine and endocrine types of secretion.

•mucous gland — слизистая железа. A gland, which secretion contains mucin and has high viscosity.

•parathyroid glands — паращитовидные железы. Two pairs of glands located on the posterior surface or inside the thyroid gland. The main oxyphilic cells of these glands produce parathyroid hormone.

•parotid gland — околоушная слюнная железа. Compound alveolar paired exocrine gland, located at the lateral surface of the face below and in front of the external ear. It secretes serous secretion into the oral cavity. Excretory (Stensen’s) duct opens at the lateral wall of the vestibule of the mouth near the second upper molar.

•pileous gland — сальная железа. See sebaceus gland.

•pineal gland — шишковидная железа. See pineal body.

•pituitary gland — гипофиз. See hypophysis.

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