Английский язык / Английский язык для медиков / Толковый англо-русский и русско-английский словарь физиологических терминов Dictionary of physiology (2010)

enephalonL

tion by means of electric current applied to it. Velocity of movement of different components depends on their charge, thus the components going to different poles of the electrode are gradually separated. Electrophoresis is widely used for studying chemical composition of different tissues, eg for analysis of ratio of different blood plasma proteins.

embolism — эмболия. Condition in which embolus (obstructing mass) (thrombus, foreign body, air vesicle) sticks in the artery lumen that results in stoppage of bloodflow in it. Thromboembolism of the pulmonary artery is most common, in this case thromboembol from the lower extremities is carried by the blood and blocks the lumen of the pulmonary artery.

•air embolism — воздушная эмболия. Embolism in which embolus is an air vesicle.

emesis — рвота. See vomiting.

emulgation — эмульгация. Formation of an emulsion. emulsion — эмульсия. The condition in which the smallest

drops of one fluid as oil are dissolved in another as water. Another example is emulsion containing lipids dissolved in bile. These lipids are called emulgated and only in this condition they can be converted into glycerol and fatty acids with the presence of pancreatic lipase.

encephalin — энкефалин. Peptide formed in the brain and acting like morphine and other opiates. Besides. encephalins are produced by G-cells of the gastro-intestinal tract influencing digestion. See also scheme1 (color inset).

encephalitis — энцефалит. Inflammation of the brain. It may develop due to allergic reaction in general viral disease or vaccination or due to viral or bacterial infection.

encephalogram — энцефалограмма. A roentgenogram of the brain made in encephalography.

enephalonL — головной мозг. See brain.

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endbrain

endbrain — конечный мозг. The anterior part of the forebrain composed of the cerebral hemispheres, the telencephalon.

endocardium — эндокард. The membrane lining the interior of the heart, consisting of endothelium and the subgacent connective tissue.

endocrine — эндокринный. 1. Substance secreted into the blood-

Estream.2. Characterizing the cell, group of cells, organs presenting the function of the glands of internal secretion, ductless glands.

endolymph — эндолимфа. The fluid of the membranous labyrinth of the internal ear. Endolymph is rich in K+ ions (155 mmole/liter) and positively charged relatively to perilymph. See also cochlea. endorphin — эндорфин. One of the chemical compounds similar to encephalins that are produced in the brain and relieve pain. Endorphins are produced from beta-lipotrophin synthesized in

the hypophisis.

endoscope — эндоскоп. A device for visual examination of organs’ inner surfaces e.g. auriscope is used for examining the tympanic membrane and external acoustic meatus; gastroscope is used for examining gastric mucosa. Many endoscopes consist of a tube with the source of light on the end and optic system or tiny videocamera for conveying an image to the eye.

endotheliocyte — эндотелиоцит, эндотелиальная клетка.

The cell pertaining to endothelium. Syn. endothelial cell. endothelium — эндотелий. The simple squamous epithelium

lining the cavity of the heart, blood and lymphatic vessels. endothermic — эндотермический. Pertaining to the chemical

reaction associated with the absorption of heat.

energy — энергия. The capacity for doing work. Kinetic energy — that part of the total energy of a body in motion which is due to its motion.

enkephalin — энкефалин. See encephalin.

enterokinase — энтерокиназа. An enzyme of the intestinal juice converting inactive trypsinogen into active trypsin.

enzyme — фермент. Protein that is present in small amounts and speeds up (catalyzes) biochemical reactions without being changed. The action of an enzyme consists in binding with a substance (substrate) taking part in the reaction and converting it into another substance (product). S + E → SE → P + E, S — substrate, p — product, E — enzyme.

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epithelium (pl. epithelia) eosinophil — 1. эозинофил, эозинофильный лейкойцит.

epithelium (pl. epithelia) — эпителий. Tissue derived from ectoderm (with the exception of endothelium derived from entoderm), that covers the external surface of the body and lines hollow organs, separating the organism from the environment. Epithelia are separated from the underlying connective tissue by an extracellular supporting layer called the basement membrane. Epithelia don’t contain blood vessels. Epithelium also forms glands. Internal surfaces of blood and lymph vessels are lined by the type of epithelium, called endothelium. Epithelium, that lines serous membranes is called mesothelium. Epithelia are classified on the basis of the number of cell layers and the shape of the cells in the surface layer, — epithelial, adj.

•pseudostratified epithelium — псевдомногослойный эпителий. Epithelium all cells of which are in contact with the basement membrane, but not all of them reach the surface of the epithelium.

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equation

•simple epithelium — простой (однослойный и однорядный) эпителий. Epithelium with only one layer of cells.

•stratified epithelium — многослойный эпителий. Epithelium with two or more layers of cells.

•transitional epithelium — переходный эпителий. Epi-

Ethelium that is found exclusively in the excretory urinary passages and characterized by two states: relaxed (when the urinary passages are empty) and distended (when the urinary passages are filled with urine).

* keratinised stratified squamous epithelium (see epidermis)

equation — уравнение. A means of expressing equality between two parts written in mathematic and chemical symbols.

•Nernst equation — уравнение Нернста. An equation allowing to calculate membrane potential.

,

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esophagus

where [Ion]ext. and [Ion]int. — external and internal concentration of any ions, R — gaseous constant; T — absolute temperature; n — valency of an ion; F — Faradey’s figure.

equilibrium — равновесие. A state of balance. A condition when for every force there is a contraforce equal to it. Membrane equilibrium: a state of ionic balance created on opposite sides of

a membrane which is impermeable to an ion; also called Donnan E equilibrium.

equivalent — эквивалент. Equal in value, size, mass, force and other characteristics to something else.

•metabolic equivalent — метаболический эквивалент.

Energy consumed in rest; it is approximately equal to the energy emitted in binding 3–4 ml of oxygen per 1 kg of the body’s mass.

•nitrogen equivalent — азотистый эквивалент.Nitrogen content in proteins; this term is used in assessing the velocity of protein catabolism that is measured as elimination of nitrogen with the urine: 1g of nitrogen corre-

sponds to breakdown of 6,25g of proteins.

ergograph — эргограф. An instrument for registrating muscular work during physical activity. Ergoraph is used for assessing possibilities of sportsmen during trainings.

eructation — отрыжка. See belching.

erythrocyte — эритроцит. A red blood cell containing pigment haemoglobin. Erythrocytes take part in gas exchange and also have transport function (transport of ions, medicines etc.). Matured erythrocyte has no nucleus and looks like biconcave disk (diameter is about 7μm). There are about 5x1012 erythrocytes in 1 liter of the blood under normal conditions, — erythrocytic, adj. Syn. red blood cell.

erytrocytolysis — эритроцитолиз. See hemolysis. erythropoietin — эритропоэтин. Protein containing sialic acid

that stimulates erithropoiesis, formation of proerythroblasts and release of reticulocytes from the marrow; it is secreted by the kidneys and probably by other organs. Erythropoietin is present in the blood plasma and the urine. Erythropoietin is synthesized by the methods of genetic engineering and is used in chronic impairments of kidneys for stimulating erythropoiesis.

esophagus — пищевод. See gullet.

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ester

ester — сложный эфир. The product of replacing hydrogen atom in –OH groups by hydrocarbonic radicals in mineral and carbonic acids.

estrogen — эстроген. Steroid hormone, that controls female puberty, contributing to the development and proper functioning of female gonads, development of secondary sex characters

Ee.g. growth of mammary glands in women. Estrogens are mainly secreted by the ovarian follicles, but small amount of them is produced by the cortex region of the adrenal glands, testes and placenta. In men hypersecretion of estrogen may result in feminization.

ethanol — этанол. See alcohol.

ether — простой эфир. A group of compounds with a common formula R1–O–R2. The most well-known is diethylic ether (C2H5–O–C2H5) — volatile fluid, that was used for inhalation narcosis, but nowadays is practically replaced by safer and more effective medicines. In peroral intake diethylic ether has a laxative effect. Ether irritates the respiratory tract and influences blood circulation.

eukaryote — эукариот. Organism which cells have nuclear envelope and are able to mitotic division.

eupnea — эупноэ. Easy and free respiration in healthy people at rest.

examination — осмотр. Research or study done for diagnostics by means of a selected method e.g. bimanual, digital, oral, physical, external etc.

excess — избыток. Exceeding usual or normal amount, — excessive, adj.

•antigen excess — избыток антигенов. Condition characteristic of one of the allergic reactions. A result of interaction between antigens and antibodies in the organism when antigen excess results in increasing the number of immune (antigenantibody) complexes able to damage cells that leads to pathologies observed in some immune diseases.

exchange — обмен. The act or process of substituting one thing for another.

•gas exchange — газообмен. Exchange of gases between the organism and environment as well as inside the organism (gas exchange between the blood and the tissues). Gas exchange in-

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expiration

cludes consumption of oxygen from the environment and excretion of carbon dioxide, small amount of other gases and vapour.

excitability — возбудимость. Capability of being excited. excitation — возбуждение. In neurophysiology: passing an im-

pulse via the membrane of the myocyte or nerve fiber. During the excitation polarized membrane instantly depolarizes and action E potential appears in it.

excitement — возбуждение (эмоциональное). A condition associated with possible impulsive or badly controlled activity. excrement — экскремент. The product of live activity, eliminated from the organism via the anus. Excrements are formed in the colon and are hard or semihard undigested food mass (mostly cellulose) mixed with the biliary pigments responsible for charac-

teristic color, with bacteria, water and other secretion. excrete — выделять. Eliminate impurities from the organism.

excretion — выделение, экскреция. Discharge of the metabolic products from the organism (mostly by the kidneys). The term includes elimination of excessive water, salts and part of the urea via sweat glands; elimination of the carbon dioxide and vapour via the lungs; elimination of faeces via the anus, — excretory, adj.

exemia — экземия. The condition in which the volume of circulating blood temporary decreases e.g. in shock due to its storage in the organs of abdominal cavity (centralization of circulation). exhalation — выдох. Passing the air from the lungs via the mouth

and nasal cavity in the process of respiration.

exhale — выдыхать. Make an exhalation, breathe out. exhaustion — 1. истощение. See inanition. 2. расход. Elimina-

tion of contents, consumption of any deposits.

• heat exhaustion — тепловой удар. See heat stroke. exocrine — экзокринный. 1. Pertaining to secretion eliminat-

ed from the organism into the lumen of any organ. 2. Applied to glands which deliver their secretion or excretion to an epithelial surface, either directly or by means of ducts.

expansion — 1. расширение, увеличение объема. Increase in gas volume. 2. растяжение (мышцы грузом).

experiment — опыт, эксперимент. expiration — выдох. See exhalation.

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expire

expire — выдыхать. See exhale. external — наружный. See outer.

extero(re)ceptor — экстеро(ре)цептор. Receptor perceiving

•lower extremity — нижняя конечность. The hip, thigh, leg, ankle and foot.

•upper exremity — верхняя конечность. The shoulder, arm, forearm, girdle, wrist, and hand.

eye — глаз. Nearly spherical organ of vision occupying the anterior part of the orbit. It perceives light, color and responds to these irritations. The eye is formed by three layers or tunics: fibrous tunic (sclera and cornea), vascular tunic (choroid, ciliary body and iris) and neural tunic (retina). See also fig.3.

eyeball — глазное яблоко. The globe of the eye. The body having irregular spheric form limited by the sclera and located in the eye socket.

F

factor — 1. фактор, действующее начало. A substance playing an important role in performing different physiological processes as growth factor. 2. ген. 3. признак, особенность.

•coagulation (clotting) factors — факторы свертывания.

Plasma factors undergoing chemical changes under certain circumstances which is followed by blood coagulation. Coagulation factors are called as follows: factor VIII, factor IX etc. Any factor deficiency in the blood leads to the impairment of blood coagulation.

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fascia

•releasing factor — релизинг фактор. Substances produced by hypothalamus. Releasing factors are able to speed up or inhibit synthesis and secretion of the proper hormone in the anterior lobe of hypophisis. Inhibiting releasing factors are called statins, catalyzing — liberins.

•rhesus factor, Rh factor — резус фактор. The special antigen that can be on the surface of erythrocytes. It is called Rh-factor. Most people (85%) has those factor and are called

Rh-positive (Rh+); if they don’t — Rh-negative (RH–). Incompatibility between Rh-positive and negative blood leads to serious problems during blood transfusion and to haemolytic disease of newborns.

fascia — фасция. Connective tissue surrounding and separating muscles in the organism. There are superficial (located just under the skin) fascia, proper fascia (surrounding single muscles) and deep fascia.

fascicle, fasciculusL (pl. fasciculi) — пучок. A group of muscular or nerve fibers going together, — fascicular, adj.

•fasciculus cuneatus — клиновидный пучок. The biggest fasciculus of the posterior funiculus of the spinal cord. With fasciculus gracilis pertains to conductive pathway of proprioceptive sensitivity.

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