Английский язык / Английский язык для медиков / Толковый англо-русский и русско-английский словарь физиологических терминов Dictionary of physiology (2010)

cycle

cuti(s) — кожа, собственно кожа. Integumentary system of the body consisting of the epidermis and dermis. Beneath the two layers there is hypodermis composed of adipose tissue. The

skin has many functions: protective, thermoragulating, respirato- C ry, metabolic including the exchange of the vitamins. The skin is

also a reservoir of the blood. Epidermidis protects the body from different injuries and invasion of parasites. In addition the skin prevents the body from dehydration. Vellus hair, sweat glands and capillaries of the skin take place in thermoregulation. If the body is overheated, hyperperspiration and dilation of the skin capillaries contribute to decrease in temperature.

cyanosis — цианоз. A bluish tinge in the color of mucous membranes and skin, due to insufficient oxygen content in the blood, to the presence of excessive amount, of reduced hemoglobin in capillaries.

cycle — цикл. 1. A series of events that are regularly repeated in the same order. 2. A complete sequence of changes associated with a recurring phenomenon such as an alternating current, wave etc., — cyclic, adj.

•cardiac cycle — сердечный цикл. A sequence of changes between two successive cardiac contractions. It takes less than one second (0,8 seconds at the heart rate 75 beats/min). Cardiac cycle consists of systole and diastole. During simultaneous contraction of the atria the blood is pumped into relaxed ventricles. Then ventricles contract powerfully and blood goes into the aorta and pulmonary artery.

•Krebs cycle — цикл Кребса. A series of enzymatic reactions originally described by H. A. Krebs as occurring in pigeon breast muscle, later found to occur in most living cells of aerobic organisms. It aims to define a cycle of reactions whereby the pyruvate (or a two-carbon derivative), formed during the anaerobic phase of carbohydrate oxidation, is converted to carbon dioxide and water. As intermediates of the Krebs cycle are also formed in the oxidation of fatty acids and aminoacids, it is thought to be the final common path for the burning of all foodstuffs to carbon dioxide and water. Syn. tricarboxylic acid cycle. See also scheme 6.

•menstrual cycle — менструальный цикл. Periodically changes in the female organism during which every four weeks

331

cysteine

ovum matures in recurring the ovary and enters the lumen of the uterine. The cycle takes place till menopause. Development of the ovum inside the ovarian follicle is composed of the following stages: primordial follicle, primary follicle, secondary follicle and Graafian follicle. When the ovum complete-

Dly matures the graafian follicle splits and the ovum enters the uterine via the uterine tube. See also ovary.

•tricarboxylic acid cycle — цикл трикарбоновых кислот.

See Krebs cycle.

cysteine — цистеин. Aminoacid containing sulfur. Cysteine is an important part of many enzymes. By means of disulfide bonds (S-S) located between cysteine molecules in the polypeptide chains tertiary structure of proteins is formed.

cytochrome — цитохром. Respiratory pigment composed of protein bound to h(a)em. The cytochromes commonly function as electron-transferring proteins e.g. in respiratory chain.

cytokinesis — цитокинез. Final stage of mitosis during which septum between two daughter cells is formed.

cytoplasm — цитоплазма. Jelly-like substance surrounding cellular nucleus. In cytoplasm organelles are located.

D

Dalton’s law — закон Дальтона. The pressure of a mixture of gases equals to the sum of the partial pressures of the constituent gases.

daltonism — дальтонизм. Congenital disorder of chromatic vision when a man can’t distinguish red color from green. The term is used for designation of colour-blindness. Sometimes daltonism develops due to acquired disorder of the retina but most of it is an inherited defect. It is believed to be associated with the disorder of functioning cones responsible for color reception.

deaf — глухой. Unable to hear.

deafness — глухота. Partial or total loss of hearing by one or both ears. It may be due to disease of the external auditary canal, the middle ear, the internal ear, the auditary nerve or the brain.

deamination — дезаминирование. The removal of an amine group from an aminoacid molecule with the formation of ammo-

332

deoxyribonuclease (DNAase, DNase, DNse)

nia and ketoacid. In the human body deamination takes place in the liver.

death — смерть. The absence of vital functions. The cessation of life beyond the possibility of resuscitation. Death is diagnosed on the basis of cardiac arrest. Brain death is detected in the lack of

functional activity of brainstem’s centers controlling respiratory, D pupilar and other important reflexes.

decarboxylase — декарбоксилаза. The enzyme extracting –COOH group as the molecule of carbon dioxide.

decompression — декомпрессия. 1. Reducing the pressure in any organ or part of the body surgically. 2. Gradual decrease in pressure in divers that work under high pressure created artificially (see compressed air illness).

•decompression sickness — декомпрессионная болезнь.

See compressed air illness.

deglutition — глотание. See swallowing.

delirium — бред. Persuasions not conforming to the reality and impossible to be changed by means of rational argumentation. Delirium may be one of the symptoms of schizophrenia and psychosis e.g. delirium of negation, delirium of persecution. Syn. delusion. delivery — роды. Passing the fetus and its membranes through la-

bour ways. Syn. parturition. delusion — бред. See delirium.

denaturation, denaturization — денатурация. Change of physical and physiological characteristics of protein by means of heating, Roentgen radiation or chemical substances.

dendrite — дендрит. A relatively short, highly branched neural fiber that carries electrical activity to the body of the neuron and contacts with other neurons, thus forming synapses.

denervation — денервация. The break in innervation of the muscles and skin. In that case muscular paralysis is observed, the muscles lose elasticity and are replaced by the adipose tissue. Denervated part of the skin loses any sensitivity. Its restoration may be very difficult.

density — плотность. The ratio of mass to volume. It is expressed in g/ml or kg/m3 (in SI system).

deoxyribonuclease (DNAase, DNase, DNse) — дезоксирибонуклеаза (ДНКаза). The enzyme of lysosomes capable of hydrolyzing deoxyribonucleic acid (see nuclease).

333

deoxyhaemoglobin

deoxyhaemoglobin — дезоксигемоглобин. The form of haemoglobin in which the hem groups are in the normal reduced form but are not bonded with a gas. Deoxyhaemoglobin is produced when oxyhaemoglobin releases oxygen.

deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) — дезоксирибонуклеиновая

Dкислота (ДНК). Compound composed of nucleotide bases and deoxyribose sugar, it contains the genetic code. Compare to ribonucleic acid.

deoxyribose — дезоксирибоза. Pentose included in DNA. See also deoxyribonucleic acid.

depolarization — деполяризация. The neutralization of membrane polarity in which the inside of the cell membrane becomes less negative in comparison with the outside of the membrane. The term is also used to indicate the reversal of membrane polarity that occurs during the production of action potentials in nerve and muscle cells.

derma — дерма, собственно кожа. Skin (0,5–5 m in width), located under the epidermidis formed by the connective tissue. Derma consists of two layers: papillary and reticular. The basis of the former is loose connective tissue that forms conic papillaries embedded in the epidermidis. The latter is formed by dense connective tissue. Derma contains many blood vessels, nerve endings, sweat glands and their ducts, hair follicles, smooth muscular fibers and sebaceous glands.

dermal, dermic — кожный, дермальный. Pertaining to skin and skin disorders.

development — развитие. The process of transition from the early stage to the next, more difficult.

dextral — праворукий. Right-handed; pertaining to the right side.

dextrin — декстрин. The carbohydrate produced by incomplete hydrolysis of starch (see amylum) under the action of amylase. diabetes — диабет. Disease that is characterized by polyuria, —

diabetic, adj.

•diabetes insipidus — несахарный диабет. A condition in which inadequate amounts of antidiuretic hormone (ADH) are secreted by the posterior pituitary. It results in inadequate reabsorption of water by the kidney tubules and, thus in the

334

dilatation, dilation

excretion of a large volume of dilute urine (20–25 l per 24 hours).

•diabetes mellitus — сахарный диабет. An appearance of glucose in the urine due to the presence of high plasma glucose concentrations, even in the fasting stage. The disease is caused

335

336

duodenum

divalent — двухвалентный. See bivalent.

duct — проток. Tubular structure or channel conveying the secretions of a gland.

•cochlear duct — проток улитки. See cochlea.

•excretory duct — выводной проток. See exocrine gland.

•Stensen's duct — стенонов проток. The duct of the parotid gland.

•Wharton's duct — вартонов проток. The duct of the submandibular gland.

dura, dura mater — твердая мозговая оболочка. The outer thickest membrane covering the brain and spinal cord. Consists of two sheets: external and internal. In some places dura mater splits and its inner sheet goes down in fissures separating different parts of the brain from each other and forming different structures: falx cerebri (between the cerebral hemispheres), tentorium (between the cerebellum and telencephalon). Going above the deepening of the skull it forms sinuses. See also meninges.

duodenum — двенадцатиперстная кишка. The first of the three parts of the small intestine. Bile comes into the small intestine from the gallbladder (via the common biliary duct) and

337

dynein

pancreatic juice from the pancreas. In the walls of the duodenum there’re many glands (including Brunner’s glands), producing alkaline secretion, rich in mucus, that protects the duodenum from the action of acid chyme, coming from the stomach.

dynein — динеин. The protein that forms so called hands connected with microtubules and acts as ATP-ase; thus facilitating

Emovement of the structures in which it is located (flagella, cilia

and tail of spermatozoon).

dyspnea — диспноэ, одышка. Subjective difficulty in breathing due to such diseases as bronchitis or asthma or those affecting pulmonary tissues e.g. tuberculosis, cancer etc. Cardiovascular diseases may also result in dyspnea.

E

ear — ухо. The organ of hearing that consists of three parts: the outer ear — auricle and external acoustic meatus, the middle ear

— drum cavity and ossicules, the inner ear — vestibulum, cochlea and semicircular canals. Sound waves are caught by the auricle, come into external acoustic meatus and make drum membrane vibrate. Via ossicules — malleus (hammer), incus and stapes sound vibrations reach the oval window, located in the inner ear. Inside the cochlea sound vibrations are transformed into nerve impulses. Semicircular canals, vestibulum composed of saccule and utricle form vestibular organ (apparatus) allowing a man to maintain equilibrium.

ear drum — барабанная перепонка. See drum membrane. echogram — эхограмма. Record of ultrasound reflected from

the inner organs.

ecology — экология. The science studying relationships between a man, vegetable and animal world and environment, including, the influence of man’s activity on environment and wild nature. ecosystem — экосистема. Group of animals and a certain ter-

ritory where they live.

ectopia — эктопия. Abnormal position of an organ or a part of the body; usually congenital.

ectopic — эктопический. 1. Pertaining to malalignment of any part of the body due to trauma or congenital defect. 2. Located or emerging out of place as ectopic systole (extrasystole).

338

electroencephalography

effector — эффектор. Any muscle or gland stimulated by the motor nerve. The term pertains to a muscle or gland; opposed to receptor.

efferent — эфферентный. 1. Pertaining to nerves or neurons, transmitting impulses from the brain or the spinal cord to muscles, glands and other effectors (thus term «efferent» is used for de-

scription of any motor nerve or neuron). 2. Pertaining to vessels E or ducts carrying lymph or blood away from any organ or its part; opposed to afferent.

ejection — выброс. Discharge of something by means of physical effort as ejection of the blood from the heart chambers.

elasticity — эластичность. Possessing of elastic properties. elastin — эластин. The albuminoid base of elastic tissue. Protein

that forms fibers embedded into ground substance of the connective tissue. Elastin has less tensile strength but more extensibility than collagen.

electrocardiogram (ECG) — электрокардиограмма (ЭКГ).

A curve showing changes in cardiac electrical potential and its propagation in the working heart. Every cardiac cycle has certain ECG waves (P,Q,R,S and T). P-wave corresponds to the impulse distribution throughout the atria, Q-wave — the interventricular septum, R-wave — the ventricular myocardium and S-wave — the ventricular bases. See also fig.15.

electrocardiography — электрокардиография. Graphic record of changes in electrical potentials taking place during the work of the heart on moving paper tape (electrocardiogram — ECG). ECG is recorded by means of special device, called electrocardiograph. By means of ECG different heart diseases can be diagnosed as they lead to characteristic changes in ECG.

electrochemical — электрохимический. Pertaining to chemical reactions occurring with the presence of charged particles or pertaining to mechanisms of these reactions.

electrode — электрод. One of the terminals of metal, salts or electrolytes through which electricity is applied to or taken from the body or an electric device or instrument.

electroencephalography — электроэнцефалография. A method of graphical recording the electrical activity of different parts of the brain as a curve called electroencephalogram (EEG). EEG is recorded by means of a special device called encephalograph. EEG

339

electrolysis

reflects the condition of the human brain and the level of consciousness. Electroencephalography is used for revealing damaged parts of the brain in case of epilepsy, diffuse impairments of the brain, hidden injuries, endogenic intoxication and tumors of the brain. There’re different characteristic EEG-waves describing sleep-wake cycle (α, β, δ, τ).

electrolysis — электролиз. 1. Chemical reactions in an electrolyte under the action of electric current. 2. Destruction of parts of the tissue under the action of electric current.

electrolyte — электролит. A substance that dissociate into the ions while reacting with the solvent e.g. the NaCl water solution consists of Na+ and Cl— ions.

• serum electrolyte level — уровень электролитов в сыворотке крови. Na+, K+, Cl— and other ion concentrations in the blood. In different diseases serum electrolyte level may change — in diarrhea or vomiting electrolytes are discharged from the organism in great amounts or on the contrary in renal insufficiency electrolytes cease to excrete and are accumulated in tissues.

electron — электрон. Elementary negatively charged particle; in atom electrons are located round positively charged nucleus.

electronegative — электроотрицательный. Negatively charged chemical element, able to give electrons, thus transforming into cation.

electrophoresis — электрофорез. Method of separation of electrically charged particles or substances (mainly proteins) in solu-

340