Английский язык / Английский язык для медиков / Толковый англо-русский и русско-английский словарь физиологических терминов Dictionary of physiology (2010)

cirrhosis

chymosin — химозин. Proteinase structurally homologous to pepsin (chymosin or its proenzyme is secreted by the chief cells of the stomach glands).

circulation — циркуляция. Passage in a circle as the circulation of the blood.

•pulmonary circulation — малый круг кровообращения.

The system of blood vessels that begins in the right ventricle, goes to the lung for gas exchange and ends in the left atrium. Deoxygenated blood from the right ventricle of the heart enters the pulmonary artery from where the blood is pumped in all pulmonary capillaries that embrace alveoli. Gas exchange in the course of which the blood loses carbon dioxide and is supplied with oxygen takes place in them. Oxygenated blood then flows into the veins that joining together form four veins and carry the blood into the left atrium. This oxygenated blood circulates throughout the whole organism along the systemic circulation. See also the heart.

•systemic circulation — большой круг кровообращения. The system of blood vessels that begins from the left ven-

tricle of the heart and supplies with oxygen all parts of the body with the exception of the pulmonary vessels (vessels of the pulmonary circulation) where gas exchange takes place. The systemic circulation includes aorta, its branches along which oxygenated blood is distributed throughout the whole organism and veins that carry deoxygenated blood to the venae cavae.

circulatory — 1. циркуляторный. Pertaining to circulation. 2. Vascular.

cirrhosis — цирроз. A chronic progressing disease characterized by the damage to parenchyma and stroma of the liver associated with dystrophy of hepatocytes and rapid development of the connective tissue. The causes of cirrhosis development are as follows: alcoholism (alcoholic cirrhosis), viral hepatitis (postnecrotic cirrhosis), chronic obturation of the common biliary duct (secondary biliary cirrhosis), autoimmune diseases etc.

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clearance

clearance — клиренс. 1. The complete removal of a substance from the blood by the kidneys. 2. A test of renal function.

• clearance test — 1. (For kidney function) A test of the ex-

Ccretory efficiency of the kidneys based upon the amount of blood cleared of a substance in 1 minute as determined by the ratio of the substance in the blood to the amount excreted in the urine during a fixed time. 2. (For liver function) A test based on the ability of the liver to remove a substance from the blood.

clone — клон. A group of cells derived from a single parent cell by mitotic cell division; since reproduction is asexual, the descendants of the parental cell are genetically identical.

clot — 1. Коагулировать. Coagulate. 2. Сгусток, тромб. Dense formation appearing due to coagulation of lymph inside the lymphatic vessels or blood in the blood vessels or in the heart. A clot consists of fibril structures of fibrin forming a chain that contains different blood cells.

clottage — тромбоз. Obturation of any canal or duct by the blood clot.

clumping — агрегация. See aggregation.

coagulation — коагуляция. The process during which colloid liquid e.g. the blood transforms into jelly-like mass, a coagulum or clot.

•blood coagulation — свертывание крови. An enzymatic process initiated in case of vascular injury resulting in formation of fibrin clot. Two pathways lead to it: the intrinsic and extrinsic pathway. Both pathways are complex and involve numerous different proteins termed clotting factors. The intrinsic cascade is initiated when contact is made between blood and exposed endothelial cell surfaces. The extrinsic pathway is initiated upon vascular injury which leads to exposure of tissue factor (TF) (also identified as factor III), a subendothelial cellsurface glycoprotein. The intrinsic pathway requires the clotting factors VIII, IX, X, XI, and XII, the proteins prekallikrein and high-molecular-weight kininogen, as well as calcium ions and phospholipids secreted from platelets. The intrinsic pathway requires the clotting factors VIII, IX, X, XI, and XII, the proteins prekallikrein and high-molecular-weight kininogen, as well as calcium ions and phospholipids secreted from plate-

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cofactor

lets. The extrinsic pathway requires the clotting factors VII, III. The two pathways converge at the activation of factor X to Xa. Active factor Xa hydrolyzes and activates prothrombin to

thrombin. Ultimately the role of thrombin is to convert fibrin- C ogen to fibrin and to activate factor XIII to XIIIa. Factor XIIIa

(also termed transglutaminase) cross-links fibrin polymers solidifying the clot. See also scheme4.

coat — 1. оболочка. Outer covering layers of an organ or parts of it. 2. налёт. Fur e.g. on the tongue.

cocaine — кокаин. Alkaloid found in the leaves of Erythroxylon coca and synthesized industrially. Sometimes it is used as a local anesthetic in the otolaryngologic operations. Cocaine locally constricts small blood vessels therefore it shouldn’t be combined with adrenaline. Due to euphorigenic effect cocaine may cause drug dependence, therefore nowadays it can be replaced by safer anesthetics.

cochlea — улитка. A cavity of the internal ear resembling a snail shell; it contains the essential organs of hearing. Cochlea is coiled spiral canal, forming about 2,5 turns round the basis of cochlea (modiolus) where osseous spiral lamina is located. Inside the cochlea there is membranous labyrinth composed of two membranes: the basilar membrane that stretches from its free edge to the outer wall of the cochlea, and completes the roof of the scala tympani and the vestibular membrane (Reissneri) that extends from the thickened periosteum covering the osseous spiral lamina to the outer wall of the cochlea, where it is attached at some little distance above the outer edge of the basilar membrane. A canal is thus shut off between the scala tympani below and the scala vestibuli above; this is the ductus cochlearis or scala media filled with endolymph. When the vibrations from the middle ear reach membranous labyrinth of the cochlea via perilymph different frequencies of these vibrations make different parts of basilar membrane vibrate.

coenzyme — кофермент. Nonprotein organic compound bound to enzyme. Coenzyme plays an important role in reactions catalyzed by the enzyme. Coenzymes include coenzyme A, NAD, FAD.

cofactor — кофактор. Nonprotein compound that must be in the organism in small amounts to ensure proper functioning of

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collagen

appropriate enzymes. Cofactors are composed of coenzymes and metal ions e.g. ions of Na+ or K+

collagen — коллаген. Protein forming the main fibrillar struc-

Ctures of the ground substance of the connective tissue — collagen fibers. Some structures of the connective tissue e.g. ligaments, fascia, aponeuroses, tendons are mainly formed by bundles of collagen fibers located in parallel direction. Collagen can be also found in the skin, bones, cartilages. Collagen is not relatively elastic but is very strong, — collagenous, adj.

collateral — коллатераль. 1. Accessory or secondary; not direct or immediate. 2. One of the first branches of an axis cylinder of a nerve cell passing at a right angle.

colloid — коллоид. 1. A state of subdivision of matter in which the individual particles are of submicroscopic size and consist either of single large molecules, as of proteins or aggregates of smaller molecules. 2. Secret in the follicles of the thyroid gland, — colloidal, adj.

colon — ободочная кишка. The main part of the large intestine composed of four parts: ascending, transverse, descending and sigmoid. The colon doesn’t take place in digestion but great amount of water and electrolytes from indigested food mass is absorbed in it. By means of energetic peristalsis anhydrated content of the intestine (faeces) moves towards the rectum, — colonic, adj.

column — столб. Anatomical structure in the form of pillar or cylindric funicle.

•vertebral column — позвоночный столб, позвоночник.

Flexible column going from the base of the skull to the gluteal region. It encloses and protects the spinal cord; the skull, ribs, and pelvic bones are attached to it; it is also the place of fixation of the muscles of the back. The vertebral column is composed of bones (vertebrae) attached by means of diski of fibrocartilage, ligaments, joints. In infants the vertebral column is composed of 33 vertebrae: seven cervical, 12 thoracic, five lumbar, five sacral and four coccygeal. In adults sacral and coccygeal vertebrae form two different bones (sacrum and coccyx) therefore in adults the vertebral column is composed of 26 vertebrae. Syn. backbone, spine.

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compressed air illness

coma — кома. State of profound unconsciousness, characterized by loss of reaction to external stimuli and absence of spontaneous nervous activity, usually associated with injury to the cerebrum.

Coma may accompany a number of metabolic disorders or physi- C cal injuries to the brain from disease or trauma.

commensalism — комменсализм. A relation between individuals of two species in which one species obtains food or other benefits from the other without either harming or benefiting the latter. The commensal (the species that benefits from the association) may obtain nutrients, shelter, support, or locomotion from the host species, which is substantially unaffected.

complement — комплемент. A group of nine plasma factors present in the blood in the form of inactive proenzymes activating each other in certain sequence. Complement interacts with a certain fragment of antibody bound to antigen; contributes to lysis, agglutination and opsonization of foreign cells, due to this interaction amount of phagocytes eliminating foreign cells increases.

complex — комплекс. 1. A whole made up of complicated or interrelated parts. 2. A chemical association of two or more species (as ions or molecules) joined usually by weak electrostatic bonds rather than covalent bonds. 3. A combination of symptoms or related factors, as a symptom complex or syndrom.

• Golgi complex — комплекс Гольджи. See Golgi apparatus. complexion — цвет лица. Color and appearance of the skin of

the face.

complication — осложнение. A secondary disease or condition developing in the course of a primary disease or condition.

compressed air illness — декомпресионная болезнь. Syndrome developing in people working under high pressure at a significant depth with respiratory apparatus. In case of quick return to normal atmospheric pressure nitrogen dissolved in the blood expands with the formation of gas vesicles that result in pain and circulation disorders in the small blood vessels of the brain and other organs. These manifestations of the disease can be relieved by return into region with higher atmospheric pressure with gradual decrease of this pressure that results in resolution of gas vesicles. Chronic compressed air illness may result in impairments in bones, heart and lungs.

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concentration

concentration — концентрация. 1. The act or result of increasing the intensity or strength of a substance. 2. A measure for the composition of a solution.

•conduction system of the heart — проводящая система сердца. Structures providing automatism of the cardiac muscle. Conduction system of the heart includes sinoatrial and atrioventricular nodes, bundle of His and Purkinje fibers.

cone — 1. конус. A solid body having a circle for its base and terminating in a point. 2. колбочка. One of the light-receptive, flask-shaped cells which, with the rods, forms an outer layer, the neuroepithelial layer of the retina. The human retina contains 6–7 mln cones. Cones function the best under bright light playing an important role in maintaining visual acuiteness. The part of the retina consisting of only cones is called fovea centralis or macula retinae. This part is the site of best vision. There are three types of cones, each of them perceives light with certain length wave — red, green or blue. Other colors are formed due to combination of these three colors. Compare to rod. Syn. retinal cone.

congenital — врожденный. In medicine, disease existing at or dating from birth.

conjuctivitis — конъюнктивит. Inflammation of conjunctiva. conjunctiva — конъюнктива. Thin mucosa lining the anterior part of the eyebulb and internal surface of the eyelids. Conjunctiva lining the internal surface of eyelids contains more blood vessels than conjunctiva lining the eyebulb that is also transpar-

ent, — conjunctival, adj.

conracture — контрактура. Fibrosis of a muscle that results in its compression and shortening. It usually develops due to severe pain or immobilization of muscle or extremity for a long time. It may also result from alcohol abuse over a long period of time. constant — 1. постоянный. Permanent. 2. постоянная, кон-

станта. Any permanent value.

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corpuscle

constriction — сжатие. An act or product of constricting, the quality or state of being constricted, something that constricts. Syn. contraction, tightening.

convulsion — судорога. An involuntary general paroxism of muscular contraction. It is either tonic (without relaxation) or clonic (having alternate contractions of opposite groups of muscles), — convulsive, adj.

cornea — роговица. Transparent tissue — convex plate forming the anterior part of the tunica fibrosa of the eye. The cornea refracts light going into the eye in such a way that it reaches the lens and is focused on the retina. Cornea doesn’t contain any blood vessels and is very sensitive to pain.

corpus (pl. corpora) — тело. See body.

•corpora quadrigemina — четверохолмие. A group of superior (anterior) and inferior (posterior) colliculi forming together tectum of the midbrain. Superior colliculi are the subcortical center of vision, inferior — of hearing.

•corpus callosum — мозолистое тело. The great transverse commissure connecting the cerebral hemispheres; a broad, arched band of white matter at the bottom of the longitudinal

fissure of the cerebrum.

corpuscle — тельце. 1. A small rounded body. 2. An encapsulated sensory nerve end-organ. 3. Old term for cell, especially a blood cell.

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cortex (pl. cortices)

•renal corpuscle — почечное тельце, мальпигиево тельце. Renal glomerulus and its capsule. Syn. malpighian corpuscle. See also nephron.

•adrenal cortex — кора надпочечников. External part of the parenchyma of the adrenal gland that is composed of three layers: zona glomeruloza, zona fasciculate and zona reticularis.

•cerebellar cortex — кора мозжечка. The external gray or molecular layer consists of fibers and cells. The nerve fibers are delicate fibrillж, and are derived from the following sources: (a) the dendrites and axon collaterals of Purkinje’s cells; (b) fibers from cells in the nuclear layer; (c) fibers from the central white substance of the cerebellum; (d) fibers derived from cells in the molecular layer itself. In addition to these there are other fibers, which have a vertical direction, and are the processes of large neuroglia cells, situated in the nuclear layer. They pass outward to the periphery of the gray mater, where they expand into little conical enlargements which form a sort of limiting membrane beneath the pia mater. The cells of Purkinje form a single stratum of large, flask-shaped cells at the junction of the molecular and nuclear layers, their bases resting against the latter; in fishes and reptiles they are arranged in several layers. The cells are flattened in a direction transverse to the long axis of the folium, and, thus appear broad in sections carried across the folium, and fusiform in sections parallel to the long axis of the folium. From the neck of the flask one or more dendrites arise and pass into the molecular layer, where they subdivide and form an extremely rich arborescence, the various subdivisions of the dendrites being covered by lateral spinelike processes. From the bottom of the cells of Purkinje the axon arises; this passes through the nuclear layer, and, becoming medullated, is continued as a nerve fiber in the subjacent white substance. The internal rust-colored or nuclear layer is characterized by containing numerous small nerve cells of a reddishbrown color, together with many nerve fibrils. Most of the cells

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cortisone

are nearly spherical and provided with short dendrites which spread out in a spider-like manner in the nuclear layer. Their axons pass outward into the molecular layer, and, bifurcating

at right angles, run for some distance parallel with the surface. C In the outer part of the nuclear layer are some larger cells, of

the type II of Golgi. Their axons undergo frequent division as soon as they leave the nerve cells, and pass into the nuclear layer; while their dendrites ramify chiefly in the molecular layer. Finally, in the gray substance of the cerebellar cortex there are fibers which come from the white center and penetrate into the cortex.

•cerebral cortex — кора больших полушарий (головного мозга). External layer of the forebrain with a complex structure. The cerebral cortex comprises up to 40% of the brain weight and includes about 15 billion neurons. The cerebral cortex is directly charged with human mentality influencing perception, memory, thinking, intellectual abilities; it is also initiates voluntary actions and controls all vegetative functions in the organism. Due to great number of gyri and sulci the surface of the cerebral cortex significantly increase.

•renal cortex — корковое вещество почки. A part of the renal parenchyma with renal corpuscles, proximal and distal convoluted nephron tubules.

corticosteroid — кортикостероид. Steroid hormone, produced by the cortex region of the adrenal glands. There’re two types of corticosteroids: glucocorticoids and mineralocorticoids. Glucocorticoids e.g. hydrocortisone (cortisol), cortisone and corticosterone play an important role in the metabolism of carbohydrates, fats and proteins: increase concentration of glucose in the blood due to stimulation of gluconeogenesis and inhibition of glycolisis; inhibit biosynthesis of proteins and stimulates proteolysis; stimulate lipolysis that result in increase in concentration of fatty acids in the blood. Glucocorticoids have marked antiinflammatory effect, therefore they are usually used for treatment of different inflammatory diseases. Mineralocorticoids e.g. aldosterone take place in regulation of water-electrolytic balance.

cortisol — кортизол. See cortisone.

cortisone — кортизон. Corticosteroid mainly used in treating deficiency of corticosteroids taking place in Addison disease or after

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costa (pl. costae)

surgical removal of the adrenal glands. It is prescribed per os or in injections; it may cause such serious side-effects as gastric ulcer, gastric hemmorhage, disoders of the nervous and endocrine sys-

C tem, immunodeficiency, damage of muscles, bones and eyes. costa (pl. costae) — ребро. See rib.

cough — кашель. Sudden explosive expulsion of the air through the glottis and contributing to elimination of irritating particles from the respiratory tract.

creatine — креатин. Product of protein exchange in muscles. Its phosphate — creatine phosphate (phosphocreatine, phosphagen) is necessary for formation of ATP from ADP.

creatinine — креатинин. Metabolite formed in the muscles from creatin and creatin phosphate. Creatinine is eliminated from the organism by the kidneys.

cretinism — кретинизм. Syndrome including nanism, mental retardation, thickening of the skin and features due to insufficient congenital production of thyroid hormones. See also thyroid gland.

crypt — крипта. Asmall pit, sacor cavity e.g. cryptsof Lieberkьhn, also called Lieberkьhn’s glands that are tubular invaginations in the lamina propria mucosae of the intestine.

crystalloid — кристаллоид. A substance capable of going through semipermiable membrane in solution (unlike colloids), having a crystal-like nature.

curare — кураре. Extract from the cortex of Southamerican trees (species of Strychnos and Chondodendron plants) affecting propagation of the neuro-muscular excitation. It causes relaxation and paralysis of the skeletal muscles by a selective blocking of the neuromuscular junction.

curative — лечебный. Potentially having healing properties. cure — 1. лечить. To restore to health, soundness, or normality. 2.

лечение. Special method or course of treatment. 3. Излечение. Restoration of the health.

current — поток. Flow of fluid, air or electric current.

•action current — потенциал действия (ПД). Reaction taking place on the membrane of excitable structures under the action of threshold or suprathreshold stimuli, increasing permeability of the membrane to the Na+ ions.

cusp — створка. Segment of one of the cardiac valves.

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