Английский язык / Английский язык для медиков / Толковый англо-русский и русско-английский словарь физиологических терминов Dictionary of physiology (2010)

carbon

ing tissue, i.e. fenestration may increase or decrease as a function of the need to absorb or secrete. The endothelial cells are surrounded by a continuous basal lamina, which can act as a

selective filter. Fenestrated capillaries are found in endocrine C glands, lamina propria of the small intestine, kidneys.

capsule — капсула. 1. A membrane or any other structure protecting a tissue or organ from the outside influence e.g. the kidneys, adrenal glands and the lens are surrounded by the capsules. Joint capsule attached to the articular ends of the joint bones forms the closed articular cavity. 2. Soluble membrane usually composed of gelatin enclosing any medicine with unpleasant taste. 3. Mucous substance forming a protective layer around some bacteria. It is usually composed of polysaccharides.

carbh(a)emoglobin — карбгемоглобин. See carbon dioxide haemoglobin.

carbohydrates — углеводы. Any representative of group of compounds including carbon, hydrogen and oxygen with common formula Сх(Н20)y, however nowadays carbohydrates of other formula are found as deoxyribose (C5H10O4). Carbohydrates (monosaccharides, oligosaccharides, polysaccharides) are important sources of energy: they are produced by plants and come into the animal or human organism with the food, being one of three main components of it. All carbohydrates are converted into monosaccharides from which glucose is of most importance. Glucose takes part in many metabolic processes going with formation of energy. Glucose is the main source of energy in many cells. Excessive amount of carbohydrates unnecessary for immediate usage is accumulated in the liver and muscles in the form of glycogen and can be transformed into fatty deposits.

carbon — углерод. A chemical element of the fourth group of the periodical system, non-metal, chemical symbol C, ordinal number: 6, atomic mass: 12,01; carbon exists in three crystalline forms: diamond, graphite, carbine; compounds of carbon are present in all tissues, — carbonic, adj.

•carbon dioxide — оксид углерода (IV), углекислый газ,

двуокись углерода. CO2. Uncolored gas without smell that is a component of atmospheric air (0,03%); CO2 isa product of catabolism of proteins, fats and carbohydrates; in elevated concentration in the blood stimulates respiratory center in the my-

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elencephalon that results in an increase in alveolar ventilation; CO2 has vasodilative effect.

• carbon monoxide — оксид углерода (II), угарный газ,

Cокись углерода CO. Uncolored gas without smell. CO interacts with haemoglobin with the formation of carboxyhaemoglobin.

carbonic anhydrase — карбангидраза. An enzyme reversibly catalyzing formation of carbonic acid from carbon dioxide and water.

carboxyh(a)emoglobin — карбоксигемоглобин. See carbon monoxide haemoglobin.

cardia — кардиа. A lumen in the cardinal section of the stomach that merges with the gullet.

cardiac — сердечный, кардиальный. 1. Pertaining to the heart or influencing it. 2. Pertaining to the upper part of the stomach or influencing it.

•cardiac muscle — сердечная мышца. See cardiac muscle.

•cardiac output — минутный объем крови, сердечный

выброс. See cardiac output. cardialgia — изжога. See heartburn.

cardiogenic — кардиогенный. Something of the heart origin.

•cardiogenic shock — кардиогенный шок. See cardiogenic shock.

cardiomyocyte — кардиомиоцит. See striated muscular tissue. caries — кариес. Decay or destruction of the tooth or bone. carious — кариозный. Pertaining to caries or affected by it. carotene — каротин. A yellow or orange vegetal pigment per-

taining to caratinoids; that can exist in three forms: alpha, beta, gamma and delta. Beta-carotene is of the most importance as it is antioxidant capable of transformation into retinol in the human organism (vitamin A). Some products containing beta-carotene (milk, vegetables e.g. carrot) are rich in this vitamin.

cartilage — хрящ. See cartilaginous tissue, — cartilaginous, chondral, adj.

casein — казеин. A protein found in milk.

catabolism — катаболизм. Chemical reaction of converting complex compounds into simple ones associated with releasing energy. Complex compounds include nutrients contained in the

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food products e.g. fats, carbohydrates, proteins etc. as well as substances formed in the organism proper as glycogen, — catabolic, adj. Opposite to anabolism.

catalase — каталаза. An enzyme located in many cells (includ- C ing erythrocytes and hepatocytes) that catalyzes the breakdown

of H2O2

catalysis — катализ. Change in the rate of chemical reaction brought about by a catalyst, — catalytic, adj.

catalyst — катализатор. A substance able to increase the rate of a chemical reaction without taking part in it. Catalysts of many biochemical reactions are enzymes.

cataract — катаракта. Lenticular opacity that results in marked vision impairment.

catecholamines — катехоламины. A group of substances of great physiological importance. They include adrenaline, noradrenaline and dopamine. All these substances play an important role (mainly as neurotransmitters) in functioning of the sympathetic and central nervous system. Catecholamines contain benzene ring with hydroxyl groups (catechol) and amine group in the side chain.

cathode — катод. The negative electrode or pole of an electric circuit. Symbol ca., — cathodal, adj. Compare to anode.

cation — катион. Positively charged ion as Na+. Compare to: anion.

cavity — полость. Hollow space in any organ or anatomical structure.

•abdominal cavity — брюшная полость. The cavity limited from the top by the diaphragm, from the front, behind and side

— by the abdominal muscles, from the bottom it merges with the pelvis cavity. The abdominal cavity includes the alimentary organs — the stomach, liver, intestine etc. and the urogenital organs — the kidneys, urinary bladder etc., in women there are also ovaries and the uterus.

•mouth cavity — ротовая полость. See oral cavity.

•nasal cavity — носовая полость. The central space in the facial skull. In the nasal cavity inhaled air is warmed, moistened and cleansed and smell is detected. Via the paired choanae the nasal cavity merges with the pharyngeal cavity and via the nostrils — with the environment. See also nose.

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•oral cavity — ротовая полость. The upper part of the alimentary system. The oral cavity includes the tongue and teeth

(see tooth) and leads to the pharynx. In the oral cavity the food

Cis masticated and mixed with the saliva. The process of digestion begins there.

•peritoneal cavity — брюшинная полость. The cavity located between the parietal and visceral layers of the peritoneum.

•thoracic cavity — грудная полость. The space limited by the thoracic cage and containing the inner organs (the heart, lungs, trachea, gullet, etc.).

•tympanic cavity — барабанная полость. The cavity of the middle ear; an irregular, air-containing, mucosa-lined space in the temporal bone. Tympanic cavity merges with pharyngeal cavity by means of the Eustachian tube.

cell — клетка. A mass of protoplasm containing a nucleus. The main unit of the organisms able to reproduce themselves. Each cell is limited with the cell membrane formed from lipids and proteins. The cell membrane presents the following functions: transport of different substances into the cell and impurities out of it, protection, perception of irritants and demarcation, — cellular, adj.

•acid cell — париетальная клетка. One of the types of the gastric glands’ cells; they secret ions of hydrogen and chlorine that form hydrochloric acid in the stomach cavity.

•APUD cell — клетка АПУД системы. The cells that are mainly located in the gastro-intestinal mucosa and in the pancreas where they produce large amount of neuromines (decarboxylated proamines) and oligopeptides with the hormonal action. APUD cells are also called diffuse endocrine system.

•beaker cell — бокаловидная клетка. The cell of the intestinal mucosa producing mucus. The largest amount of beaker cells are located in the mucosa of the large intestine.

•blood cell — клетка крови. Erythrocyte (syn. red blood), thrombocyte (syn. platelet) or leukocyte (syn. white blood cell). See also fig.1 (color inset).

•chief cell — главная клетка. 1. One of the columnar, granular cells of the fundic glands of the stomach; the source of pepsin. Also called zymogenic cell, central cell, adelomor-

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phous cell, peptic cell. 2. A chromophobe cell of the pituitary gland.

•endothelial cell — эндотелиальная клетка, эндотелиоцит. The cell pertaining to endothelium. Syn. endotheliocyte.

•ependymal cell — клетка эпендимы, эпендимоцит. See ependymocyte.

•glial cell — глиальная клетка. The cell pertaining to glia.

•goblet cell — бокаловидная клетка. See beaker cell.

•Leydig cell — клетка Лейдига. The cells disseminated between the convoluted seminiferous tubules. They secrete androgen in response to the action of luteinizing hormone of the anterior lobe of the hypophysis.

•mast cell — тучная клетка. The cell of the connective tissue which cytoplasm contains granules similar to those of basophilic leukocyte. These granules contain heparin and histamine. In man mast cells are found in the loose connective tissue e.g. in the walls of the gastro-intestinal organs, uterus, mammary glands, thymus, tonsils, along the blood vessels. Mast cells reduce blood coagulation, increase permeability of the histohematic barrier, in inflammation, they also stimulate immunogenesis.

•mucous cell — слизистая клетка, мукоцит. The cell that synthesizes mucus.

•muscular cell — мышечная клетка, миоцит. See myocyte.

•nerve cell — нервная клетка, нейрон. See neuron.

•Paneth’s granular cells — клетки Панета. The cells with large granules located on the bottom of the crypts of the small intestines. They consist of lysozyme, dipeptidase and other enzymes.

•parietal cell — париетальная клетка. See acid cell.

•red blood cells (RBC) — красные кровяные тельца, эритроциты. See erythrocyte.

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cellulose

•Shwann’s cells — шванновские клетки. Glial cells forming myelin sheath of the peripheral nerves.

•stem cell — стволовая клетка. The cell transforming into

Ccellular sprouts.

•white blood cells (WBC) — белые кровяные тельца,

лейкоциты. See leukocyte.

cellulose — целлюлоза. Carbohydrate that contains glucose. Cellulose is an important part of vegetative cells. It is not digested in the human organism but is a component of food. Absorbent cotton is one of the purest forms cellulose.

cement — цемент. In dentistry: a thin layer of the osseous tissue located on the surface of the tooth’s root. By means of cement the fibers of periodontium are attached to the tooth. Filling material for the teeth.

centre — центр. 1. The middle point of any surface or of a body. 2. A group of neurons that controls different functions of the organism e.g. the respiratory and cardiovascular centers are areas of the grey substance located in the myelencephalon and regulating respiration and blood circulation respectively.

centrifugal — центробежный. Proceeding from the center to the periphery e.g. from the brain to periphery.

centrifuge — центрифуга. An apparatus for separating substances of different densities by centrifugal force.

centriole — центриоль. Cell organelle that is located in cytoplasm near the nucleus. Centriole consists of a cylinder the wall of which includes 9 triplets of microtubules. Centriole forms the spindle apparatus during cell division. In interphase there are two centrioles in the centrosome, while cell division they replicate and pairs go to the poles of the cell forming spindle between them. Centrioles take part in forming cilia and flagella.

centripetal — центростремительный. Moving toward the center from the periphery e.g. from periphery to the brain.

centrosome — центросома, клеточный центр. See centriole. Also called central body.

cerebellum — мозжечок. The biggest part of the posterior part of the brain; it is located in the posterior cranial fossa above the pons and myelencephalon under the occipital lobes of the brain. Like the brain the cerebellum has cortex (grey substance) and white substance. Three pairs of wide fascicles of the nerve fibers — low-

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er, middle and upper — join the cerebellum with the myelencephalon, pons and midbrain respectively. The cerebellum consists of two hemispheres and the middle part — vermis. The main func-

tions of the cerebellum are to maintain pose and muscular tonus, C keep equilibrium and synchronize action of different groups of muscles on a subconscious level by transforming muscular contractions into smooth well-coordinated movements. The cerebellum does not initiate movements and does not take part in conscious perception of feelings and development of intellectual skills in man.

cerebritis — энцефалит. See encephalitis.

cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) — цереброспинальная жидкость. See cerebrospinal fluid.

cervical — шейный. 1. Pertaining to or influencing the neck. 2. Pertaining to or influencing the cervix of any organ (mainly of the uterus).

chain — цепь.

•electron transport chain — цепь переноса электронов.

A group of inner mitochondrial membrane-associated electron carriers mediating biochemical reactions that produce

ATP. Electrons from NADH and FADH2 are passed through an electron transport chain to oxygen, which is reduced to water. This is a multi-step redox process. The enzymes that catalyze these reactions are able to create simultaneously a proton

gradient across the membrane, producing phosphorylation of ADP by means of ATP synthase enzyme.

chamber — камера. Any space or camera.

•anterior chamber of the eye — передняя камера глаза.

The space of the eyeball limited by the cornea from the front and the anterior surface of the iris — from behind. See also posterior chamber of the eye, eye.

•chamber of the heart — камера сердца. Atria and ventricles. See also heart.

•posterior chamber of the eye — задняя камера глаза.

The eyeball cavity limited by the posterior surface of the iris from the front and the anterior surface of the lens — from behind. The posterior chamber of the eye merges with the anterior chamber by means of the pupil. Both chambers are filled with aqueous humor. See also eye.

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characteristic

characteristic — признак.

chemoreceptor — хеморецептор. Afferent neuron responsible for generating nerve impulse in response to interaction between

Cthe receptor and certain chemical molecule. The impulse is distributed along the sensitive nerves. Large amount of chemoreceptors is located in the taste buds of the tongue and on the nasal mucosa.

chemotaxis — хемотаксис. Response of an organism or a cell, such as a leukocyte, to a chemical stimulus. Chemotaxis may be positive or negative. Attraction toward a substance is positive while repulsion is negative chemotaxis.

chill — озноб. A sensation of cold with shivering and paleness resulting from constriction of the blood vessels of the skin and is accompanied by a rise in body temperature.

chloride — хлорид. A binary compound containing Cl— ions; a salt of hydrochloric acid.

•chloride shift — хлоридный шифт. A diffusion of Cl— ions

into erythrocytes in exchange for HCO3— ions, taking part in the capillaries following the formation of carbon acid from carbon dioxide.

cholecystokinin-(pancreozymin) — холецистокинин- (панкреозимин). A hormone secreted by the cells of duodenal mucosa in response to chyme rich in fats entering it. It results in contracting biliary bladder and ejecting the bile into the intestines, stimulates the production of enzymes by the acinous cells of the pancreas, secretion of pepsinogen (see pepsin) in the stomach, peristalsis of the small and large intestines and inhibits the secretion of hydrochloric acid and peristalsis of the stomach. See also scheme1 (color inset).

cholestasis — холестаз. Insufficient (in comparison with the norm) flow of the bile into the intestines associated with obstructive jaundice. It may result from mechanical obstruction of the biliary ducts e.g. by stones (extrahepatic biliary obstraction) or any liver disease caused e.g. by chlorpromazine in some patients hypersensitive to it (intrahepatic cholestasis).

cholesterol — холестерин. Lipid (sterol) present in the blood and many tissues of the human body. Cholesterol and its derivatives are important components of the cellular membranes, steroid hormones and biliary acids. Daily consumption of cholesterol

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with the food by the Western Europeans amounts to about 500– 1000 mg/day. Cholesterol is synthesized mainly in the liver from acetyl-CoA; its concentration in the blood under normal condi-

tions amounts to 140–300 mg/100 ml (3,6–7,8 mmol/l). Trans- C port form of cholesterol is lipoproteins. Impairment of binding

and consumption of lipoproteins of low density (LLD) plays an important role in the development of atherosclerosis. Nowadays there are a lot of medicines that reduce the level of cholesterol in the blood and in the human organism in general. In addition, cholesterol is an important component of biliary stones formed in the biliary bladder.

cholinergic — холинэргический. Applied to parasympathetic or preganglionic sympathetic nerves which liberate acetylcholine at the nerve terminal and use it as neurotransmitter. Compare to adrenergic.

cholinesterase — холинэстераза. An enzyme splitting complex compounds of choline into choline and acid components. The term is usually used in terms of acetylcholinesterase that splits neurotransmitter acetylcholine into choline and acetic acid. Cholinesterase is present in all cholinergic synapses where acetylcholine is quickly split during conveying nerve impulses that enables following impulses to pass along them. Cholinesterase is also found in the blood and some other tissues of the human organism.

chondroblast — хондробласт. A young, cartilage cell able to divide and produce components of matrix.

chondrocyte — хондроцит. The main cell of the cartilaginous tissue (see cartilage). Chondrocyte is unable to divide and has a low level of synthesis.

chorea — хорея. Involuntary trembling of the head, face and extremities. Each movement is sudden but may be maintained during several seconds. Most often chorea is due to the affection of the basal ganglia, however may result from medical therapy in the treatment for parkinsonism.

choroid — собственно сосудистая оболочка глаза. Part of the vascular tunic of the eye. The choroid consists of loose connective tissue with many capillaries.

chromatin — хроматин. Threadlike structures in the cell nucleus consisting primarily of DNA and protein.

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chromosome

•sex chromatin — половой хроматин. Chromatin present only in female somatic cells as inactivated X-chromosome in

a compact form. Every somatic female cell contains 1 inacti-

Cvated X-chromosome. By sex chromatin sex of a child may be detected before his birth.

chromosome — хромосома. Structure in the cell nucleus, containing DNA and associated with proteins, as well as RNA made up according to the genetic instructions in the DNA. The chromosomes are found in a compact form during cell division and, thus become visible as discrete structures in the light microscope during this time. Every cell contains 46 chromosomes.

•homologous chromosome — гомологичная хромосома.

One of two chromosomes that pair during meiosis, or chromosomes that contain information for the same biological features and contain the same genes at the same positions (loci) but possibly different genetic information at those genes. See also allele.

•sex chromosome — половая хромосома. Chromosome responsible for sex of a child. There are two sex X chromosomes in women and two X and Y chromosomes in man.

chronaxie — хронаксия. Temporary characteristic, measure of excitability of the nerve or muscular tissue. It represents the least time of acting electrical stimulus in two rheobases, sufficient for appearing excitation.

chronic — хронический. Of long duration; opposed to acute e.g. long-lasted disease with slow changes in the patient’s condition.

chyle — лимфа. See lymph.

chylomicron — хиломикрон. Transport form of lipids in the organism. It looks like microscopic particle consisting of triglycerols (80%), proteins (2%), phospholipids (7%), cholesterol (8%). Chylomicrons are formed in erythrocytes after digestion and absorption of fats from the small intestine. They go into intercellular space and then are absorbed to the lymphatic capillaries of the villi.

chyme — химус. Semi-fluid acid mass formed when the food is mixed with the gastric juice by means of peristalsis. See also stomach.

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