Английский язык / Английский язык для медиков / Толковый англо-русский и русско-английский словарь физиологических терминов Dictionary of physiology (2010)

bilirubin

belching — отрыжка. Going of gas or small amount of acid content from stomach into the oral cavity. Syn. eructation.

bends — высотные боли. See compressed air illness. B benign — доброкачественный. Meaning a favorable course of

treatment. See also tumor.

biconcave — двояковогнутый. Having two concave surfaces. Biconcave lenses are used for correction of myopia. Compare to biconvex.

biconvex — двояковыпуклый. Having two convex surfaces. Biconvex lenses are prescribed to correct hypermetropia. Compare to biconcave.

bifurcation — бифуркация. Division into two branches e.g. bifurcation of the blood vessels or trachea.

bile — желчь. A viscid secretion (pH=7,3–8,0) that is continuously produced by the liver (the amount ranges from 250 to 1100 ml a day) but is stored in the gallbladder and periodically released into the duodenum after release of cholecystokinin which provokes the biliary bladder contraction and emptying. Bilirubin and biliverdin, the two principal bile pigments that are responsible for golden, yellow or brown color of the bile. The bile doesn’t contain digestive enzymes. The bile salts emulsify fats into small droplets which permit access to lipase, and then carry the broken down products in soluble complexes (i.e. micelles) to the sites of absorption. The bile also serves as a vehicle for the excretion of such water-soluble substances as cholesterol, drugs, steroid hormones and bilirubin. In addition, it stimulates choleresis and cholekynesis, hydrolysis, erythrocytes proliferation, inactivates pepsin in the duodenum etc.

biliary — желчный. Pertaining to or influencing the bile or biliary duct.

bilirubin — билирубин. A yellow pigment found in the bile. Bilirubin is formed during catabolism of haemoglobin and it is released in the course of the destruction of the erythrocytes and other hemcontaining proteins (indirect bilirubin). Then bilirubin is carried to the liver with plasma albumin. In the liver bilirubin is conjugated to glucuronic acid. Thus conjugated bilirubin (direct bilirubin) becomes soluble in the bile. Then it is carried to the intestines and forms stercobilin. A part of bilirubin is reabsorbed and returns

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into the bloodflow. Coming into the kidneys bilirubin is filtered out into the urine, where it turns into urobilin. Sterocobilin and

B urobilin are responsible for brown coloration of stool and urine. biliverdin — биливердин. A dark green pigment derived from

bilirubin.

biogenesis — биогенез. A theory according to which life derives from the previous life but not a dead substance, — biogenetic, adj.

biosynthesis — биосинтез. Formation of a compound from its separate components by living organisms in vivo or in vitro.

biosystem — биосистема. A living organism or any system of organisms that are able to interact with other biosystems directly or indirectly.

bipolar — биполярный. Describing a neuron with two processes going in different directions.

bite — укус. A skin puncture produced by the teeth or mouth parts of an insect, snake or other.

bivalent — двухвалентный. Something that has a valence of two; denoting the ability to combine with or to displace two atoms of hydrogen or their equivalent.

blind — слепой. A man that uncapable of seeing or with extremely bad vision.

•blind gut — слепая кишка. See caecum.

•blind spot — слепое пятно. See discus nervi optici. blindness — слепота. The absence of vision, inability to see.

block — блокада. Interruption of physical or psychical activity caused by medical procedure or due to a disease.

•bundle branch block — блокада ножки пучка Гиса. A blockage of the right or left bundle branches or the left anterior or posterior fascicles resulting in an abnormal sequence of ventricular excitation.

•sinoatrial block — блокада сердца. A condition characterized by disturbance in the conduction of electrical impulses generated by the sinoatrial node followed by disturbance in

pumping of the blood. blockade — блокада. See block.

blood — кровь. Body fluid circulating throughout the whole organism. The blood flows along arteries and veins integrating numerous substances and distributing them to the entire body. The

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blood is composed of blood cells in suspended condition. About 5 liters of blood are contained in the human organism.

• blood bank — банк крови. A medical department in which B donors whole blood or plasma is stored till it is required for transfusion. The blood is stored under refrigeration (4°C) and

is to be used within 4 weeks from the moment it was brought to the blood bank.

•blood-brain barrier — гематоэнцефалический барьер.

A barrier that prevents the blood circulating in the human organism from mixing with tissue fluid surrounding the brain’s cells. Blood-brain barrier is a semi-permeable membrane as only liquids (but not solid particles and large molecules) pass through it.

•blood count — анализ крови. Determination of the number of different blood cells in a certain blood volume (usually expressed as the number of cells per 1 liter of blood). A sample of the blood with known dilution is placed in a special camera where the number of the blood cells is counted. Results of a blood count play an important role in diagnostics of different blood diseases. Syn. blood test.

•blood group — группа крови. One of the human blood types. This classification is based on the presence or absence of certain antigens (agglutinogens) on the erythrocytes’ surface. The serum of one group’s blood contains antibodies (agglutinins) that act against cells of its other groups. There are more than 30 systematizations of blood groups but the main is AB0 system. This system is based on the presence or absence A and B antigens: A and B groups contain A and B antigens respectively; AB group contains both antigens and 0 blood group has no antigens. In the blood of A group there are antibodies against B antigen, B group — against A antigen, 0 group — against A and B antigens, AB group — there are no antibodies. The blood with one of these antigens (or both antigens) can’t be transfused to a patient whose blood contains antibodies corresponding to these antigens. Below-stated table shows what blood groups can be used in blood transfusion for each group. Earlier people with 0 blood group were considered universal donors. Nowadays only the blood of the same group can be transfused.

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blush

•(blood) pool — кровяное депо. An accumulation of the blood in any part of the body due to dilation of the capillaries or veins and diminishing the circulation in them.

•bloodstream — кровоток. Blood flow in the organism.

•blood test — анализ крови. See blood count.

•blood vessel — кровеносный сосуд See blood vessel. blush — гиперемия. Short-lasted blood flow to the face or neck

due to emotional stress.

body — тело. 1. An animal’s organism. 2. The human trunk without extremities. 3. The main or the biggest part of any organ e.g. of the stomach or the uterus. 4. A limited area of the compact tissue e.g. the carotid body.

•aortic body — аортальный гломус. See glomus aorticum.

•body of stomach — тело желудка. The part of the stomach located between its fundus from the top and an antrum of the pylorus from the bottom.

•carotid body — сонный гломус. See glomus caroticum.

•ciliary body — ресничное тело. A part of the vascular tunic of the eye between the choroid and the iris. The ciliary body consists of two parts: the ciliary ring from the surface of which the ciliary processes (about 70–75 radial ciliary processes located behind the iris) go towards the lens. Fibers of the Zinn’s zonule supporting the lens are attached to each process. The biggest part of the ciliary body is formed by the ciliary muscle whose contractions change the lens’ curve.

•foreign body — инородное тело. A substance present in any organ or tissue where it is not normally found.

•geniculate body — коленчатое тело. A formation of the diencephalon. Four oval, flattened bodies on the posterior inferior aspect of the thalamus. There are lateral and medial genicu-

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•malpighian body — мальпигиев клубочек. A part of the nephron that includes capillaries of the glomerulus and Bowmen’s capsule surrounding them.

•Nissl body — тельце Ниссля. Chromophil substance of nerve cells. A group of parallel cisterns of the granular endoplasmatic reticulum and polyribosomes rich in RNA in the cytoplasm of neurons.

•paraaortic body — парааортальное тельце. See glomus aorticum.

•pineal body — шишковидное тело. A small endocrine gland looking like pea located in the sulcus between the superior colliculi of the quadrigeminal body and attached to the thalamus. The pineal body synthesizes and secrets melatonin, serotonin and the number of polypeptides with hormonal action. In adult the pineal body accumulates calcificated concrements (brain beach) looking like a characteristic shadow on roentgenogram. Anatomically the pineal body is called epiphysis. It influences sexual development, functions of the gonads and rhythm of sleep and wake. The epiphysis modulates the activity of the hypophysis, pancreatic islets (see pancreas), parathyroid glands, adrenal glands and thyroid gland.

•quadrigeminal body, quadrilangular body — четверохолмие. A structure that forms the tectum (see brainstem) of the midbrain and consists of four colliculi. The superior colliculi is the primary subcortical center of vision, facilitating visual orienting reflex — movement of the head and eyes towards the light irritant, fixation of glance and watching moving objects. The inferior colliculi is the primary subcortical center of hearing facilitating hearing orienting reflex — movement of the head towards sound irritant.

•vitreous body — стекловидное тело. Transparent jelly-like mass (due to large amount of hyaluronic acid) filling the space between the retina and the lens. It consists of 98% of water with step amounts of glycoproteins and loose net of collagen fibers. Vitreous body pertains to refractory (see refraction) apparatus of the eye.

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boil

boil — фурункул. Acute suppurative and necrotic inflammation of the hair follicle and surrounding connective tissue due to patho-

Bgenic staphylococcus. Syn. furuncle.

bombesin — бомбезин. Peptide produced by P-cells of the stomach and the small intestine. Bombesin stimulates gastrin secretion, contractions of the gallbladder and secretion of enzymes of the pancreas by means of stimulation of cholecystokinin release. See also scheme1 (color inset).

bone — кость. An organ composed of the osseous tissue. Bones form the skeleton. The bone consists of special cells embedded in the ground substance containing collagen fibers and crystals of hydroxiappatite and calcium phosphate. The skeleton is formed mainly by the osseous trabeculae consisting of osteocytes and ground substance. Bones take part in mineral metabolism, accumulate calcium, phosphor and other elements, contain vitamins. Bones (osseous cavity) are the site of marrow, − osseous, adj.

• breast bone — грудина. See sternum.

bouton — бутон. A small terminal enlargement of an axon. brachial — брахиальный, плечевой. Pertaining to the shoulder.

brachicardia — брадикардия. See bradycardia. brachydactyly — брахидактилия. An abnormal shortening of

fingers or toes.

bradycardia — брадикардия. A slow heart rate; less than sixty beats per minute. Sinus bradicardia is often found in athlets, patients with hypofunction of the thyroid gland, jaundice, hypothermia or vasovagal crisis. Bradicardia can also be in arrhythmia especially in case of full heart block when heart rate is very slow and often results in loss of consciousness.

bradykinin — брадикинин. Short polypeptide that stimulates vasodilation and other cardiovascular changes.

bradypnea — брадипноэ. An abnormally slow breathing. brain — головной мозг. The part of the central nervous system contained in the cranial cavity consisting of the following sec-

tions: rhombencephalon, consisting of myelencephalon and metencephalon (the latter includes pons and cerebellum); mesencephalon (midbrain) and prosencephalon subdividing into telencephalon and diencephalon including thalamus and hypothalamus. See also brainstem and fig.2.

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bundle

brainstem — ствол мозга. A part of the brain located between the spinal cord and hemispheres. It includes the myelencephalon,

pons, midbrain and diencephalon (the latter is often not included). B On the transverse section of the brainstem there is a basis with descending conductive ways, tedmentum with ascending conduc-

tive ways, ventricular system and tectum. See also fig.5, 12. branch — ветвь. One of the branches of a nerve or vessel. broncus (pl. bronci) — бронх. One of the trachea branches along

which air goes to and out of the lungs, — bronchial, adj. See also fig.2.

bronchiole — бронхиола. The smallest of the air passages in the lungs, which contains smooth muscle and cuboidal epithelial cells, but not cartilage. There’re several generations of bronchioles: terminal bronchioles, respiratory bronchioles and alveolar ducts. Terminal bronchioles that divide into two or more respiratory bronchioles, with scattered alveoli, and each of these again divides into several alveolar ducts, with a greater number of alveoli connected with them. See also fig.2.

bronchitis — бронхит. Bronchial inflammation.

bronchospasm — бронхоспазм. The narrowing of the bronchi caused by muscular contraction in response to the number of factors e.g. in asthma or bronchitis. The inhalation is not usually intensified but the exhalation is labored with muscular tension and characteristic wheezing.

buffer — буфер. A solution preventing large changes in pH by either combining with H+ or by releasing H+ into solution. The main buffer in the body is bicarbonate systems (Н2СОЗ/НСОЗ-). bulimia — булимия. Excessive, insatiable appetite due to different psychological or neurological impairments as of the hypothalamus. bundle — пучок. An anatomical structure consisting of a group

of fibers.

•bundle of His — пучок Гиса. A bundle of cardiac conduction system cells going from the atrioventricular node via the atrioventricular septum towards the ventricles. In the superior part of the interventricular septum it breaks up into the right and left branches going to each ventricle. In the myocardium they branch into thin bundles of the muscular fibers (Purkinje fibers). Excitation is carried through the bundle of His from the atrioventricular node to the ventricles.

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c(a)ecum

C

c(a)ecum — слепая кишка. The large blind pouch or cul-de-

Csac in which the large intesine begins.

caffeine — кофеин. Alkaloid found in the leaves and beans of the coffee tree also in tea and guarana having stimulating effect on the human organism especially on the CNS. It is used for maintaining the wakeness and increasing the mental activity; it also has diuretic effect and in some cases relieves headache. Caffeine is a common component of analgesics with aspirin or codeine.

caisson disease — кесонная болезнь. See compressed air illness. calciferol — кальциферол (витамин D). Fat-soluble vitamin, taking part in calcium and phosphorus metabolism. There are two forms of this vitamin: ergocalciferol (vitamin D2), formed in plants after irradiation of ergosterol with ultraviolet rays, and cholecalciferol (vitamin D3), formed in animals after the action of the sunrays on 7-dehydrocholesterol located in the skin. Vitamin D deficiency in the organism due to its deficiency in food or insufficient exposure to sunrays results in decalcification of bones and development of rickets (in children) or osteoporosis (in adults). Great amount of vitamin D is found in the liver and cod liver oil. Recommended intake for children under 5 years of age is 10 μg, over 5 years — 2,5 μg. Vitamin D is toxic substance, that

shouldn’t be taken in large doses.

calcification — кальцификация. Accumulation of calcium salts in the body tissues. The part of the ossification process.

calcitonin — кальцитонин. A hormone, produced by the parafollicular cells of the thyroid gland; calcitonin reduces the level of calcium and phosphates in the blood due to activation of osteoblasts and processes of mineralization. Parathyroid hormone is an antagonist of calcitonin.

callus — мозоль. Solid thickening on the skin, appearing in the sites being under long-lasted pressure or friction. Seen usually in the palm or the sole, it can be very painful if it involves large surface of the skin.

calorimeter — калориметр. Apparatus for measuring the amount of heat produced by chemical or physical reactions or by an animal body.

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canal — канал. A duct or tubular anatomical structure e.g. GItract or acoustic meatus in the ear.

• semicircular canal — полукружный канал. A part of the vestibular organ. One of the three convex canals of the osseous C labyrinth of the inner ear, that are located perpendicularly to

each other. On the end of each canal there is an enlargement — ampule (ampulla), each osseous canal has membranous canal inside with folded structures in the ampule — ampullary crests (crista ampullaris), perceiving angular moving (acceleration and deceleration) and rotatory movements round the axis.

cancer — рак. Malignant tumor developing from the epithelial tissue. In foreign literature the term «cancer» is often used for description of all malignant tumors irrespective of their origin. Cancer is due to abnormal and uncontrolled division of the cells damaging and destroying surrounding tissues. Proliferation of cancer cells (metastasizing) takes place through the bloodstream, lymphatic system pleural and abdominal cavity — that results in development of the secondary tumor distantly from the primary one. Every tumor has its own characteristics: metastases in bones are most common in case of cancer of the mammary gland, but are very rare in ovarian cancer. There are many factors resulting in cancer e.g. smoking causing lung cancer, radiation resulting in some types of sarcoma and leucosis. There are different viruses stimulating tumor growth. Genetic factors significantly contribute to the development of cancer. Treatment depends on type, localization of the primary tumor and stage of its metastasizing, — cancerous, adj.

capacity — емкость, объем.

•functional residual capacity (FRC) — функциональная остаточная емкость (ФОЕ). Volume of air remaining in the lungs at the resting end-tidal volume expiratory position; expiratory reserve volume + residual volume.

•oxygen capacity — кислородная емкость. Maximal amount of oxygen chemically binding with hemoglobin in the unit of blood volume (190–200 ml oxygen in one liter of the blood or 19% of the volume in the norm).

•total lung capacity (TLC) — общая емкость легких (ОЕЛ). Volume of air in the lungs after maximum inspira-

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tion; functual residual capacity + residual volume. See also scheme2.

• vital capacity (VC) — жизненная емкость легких. Max-

Cimum volume of air exhaled after a maximum inspiration. Spirograph is usually used to measure VC. See also scheme 2.

capillary — капилляр. A tiny blood vessel (about 5–20μm in diameter). Capillaries form close networks in many tissues; blood goes from the venules to the arterioles via the capillaries. The capillary wall consists of one layer of the endotheliocytes surrounded by the basal lamina and cells (pericytes that have contractile properties and can regulate blood flow in capillaries). The main functions of the capillaries are providing nutrients and oxygen to the surrounding tissue, the absorption of nutrients, waste products and carbon dioxide, and the excretion of waste products from the body.

•continuous capillaries — соматические капилляры.

Capillaries formed by «continuous» endothelial cells and basal lamina. The endothelial cell and the basal lamina do not form openings, which would allow substances to pass the capillary wall without passing through both the endothelial cell and the basal lamina. Both endothelial cells and the basal lamina can act as selective filters in continuous capillaries. These capillaries form a network in the brain, lungs, cardiac and skeletal muscles.

•discontinuous capillaries — синусоидные капилляры, синусоиды. Capillaries characterized by openings in endothelial cells, which may not even form a complete layer of cells. The basal lamina is also incomplete. They are found in places where a very free exchange of substances or even cells between bloodstream and organ is advantageous as in the liver, spleen, and red bone marrow. Syn. sinusoids.

•fenestrated capillaries — фенестрированные капилляры. Capillaries with small openings in endothelial wall called fenestrations, which allow components of the blood and interstitial fluid to bypass the endothelial cells on their way to or from the tissue surrounding the capillary. The fenestrations may represent pinocytotic vesicles which open onto both the luminal and basal surfaces of the cell. The extent of the fenestration may depend on the physiological state of the surround-

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