Английский язык / Английский язык для медиков / Толковый англо-русский и русско-английский словарь физиологических терминов Dictionary of physiology (2010)

alkaline — щелочной. Pertaining to bases.

alkalosis — алкалоз. Pathological condition characterized by the increase in hydrogen ion accepting buffer substances of the plasma and decrease in hydrogen ion donor substances (pH of the blood > 7,4). May develop due to metabolic disturbances of acid-base balance in the blood. Sometimes alkalosis may result from the lack of acid due to vomiting or excessive usage of sodium bicarbonate. In patient alkalosis usually manifests as muscular weakness or cramps.

•metabolic alkalosis — метаболический алкалоз. Alkalosis due to the increase in hydrocarbonates concentration in the plasma of arterial blood.

•respiratory alkalosis — респираторный алкалоз. Alkalosis due to the decrease in hydrocarbonates in the plasma of

arterial blood as well as to the decrease in CO2 concetration in active or forced hyperventilation.

all or none — закон «Все или ничего». The law referring to the absense of the action potential in excitable tissues if a stimulus is not strong enough to depolarize the membrane to reach the threshold. If threshold is achieved, a stereotypic action potential is produced. The law is true for the myocardium and a single muscular fiber.

allele — аллель. Different forms of one gene located in the similar parts of homologous chromosomes.

allergen — аллерген. Any antigen that causes allergy in people predisposed to it. Allergens may act on different tissues and organs of human body. They get into it during breathing (inhalants), eating (ingestants), touching (contactants), insect bites or injections (injectants).

allergy — аллергия. A state of hypersensitivity caused by exposure to allergens; it results in the liberation of histamine and other molecules with histamine-like effects.

alveolocyte — альвеолоцит. See pneumocyte.

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aminoacid (AA) — аминокислота. An organic compound consisting of aminogroup (–NH2) and carboxyle group (–COOH). Aminoacids are the main components of all proteins. In the process of protein hydrolysis such aminoacids as serine, glycine, alanine, cysteine, histidine and others are formed. Some of them (nonessential) can be synthesized in the human organism.

•essential aminoacid — незаменимая аминокислота.

Aminoacid, that can’t be synthesized in the human organism and must be imported.

amitosis — амитоз. Direct fission of the cellular nuclei, in which nucleus is divided into two.

amorphic, amorphous — аморфный. 1. Shapeless, vague. 2. Referring to a condensed state of substances without crystalline structure.

amputate — ампутировать. Perform amputation of the whole extremity or part of it.

amygdala — миндалина. One of the basal ganglia: orbed group of almond-shaped gray matter inside each hemisphere of the brain. Many of its fibers are connected with olfactory organs, number of nerve fibers come to hypothalamus; functions of amygdala are linked to man’s mood, his senses, instincts and probably to memory about recent events.

amylase — амилаза. An enzyme in saliva and pancreatic juice, secreted in the process of digestion of amylum, when it is metabolized to glucose, maltose and dextrin. Amylase also hydrolyzes glycogen to glucose, maltose and dextrin.

amylum — крахмал. Polysaccharide, the major form of carbohydrate storage in plants, is the main component of food prod-

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anesthesia

Aity, dispnea on physical exertion, paleness and low resistability to infections, — anemic, adj.

anesthesia — анестезия. Total or partial loss of sensibility, especially to touch.

angiotensin — ангиотензин. One of the two peptides: angiotensin I or angiotensin II. Angiotensin I is produced in the liver from the protein (alpha-globulin) in the presense of renin and then gets into the blood. Angiotensin I turns into angiotensin II when the blood flows through the human lungs. Angiotensin II narrows blood vessels and stimulates the production of such hormones as vasopressin and aldosterone that increase blood pressure.

anion — анион. Electronegative ion e.g. bicarbonate ion (HCO3–) or chloride ion (Cl-). Compare to cation.

anode — анод. The possitive pole of a battery in different electric devices. See also cathode, electrode.

anorexia — анорексия. Lack of appetite.

anoxemia — аноксемия. Lack of the proper amount of oxygen in the blood.

antagonist — антагонист. 1. In pharmacology: a drug that neutralizes the effect of another. 2. In anatomy: a muscle that opposes other muscles (agonist) in their action facilitating proper movement, — antagonistic, adj.

anterior — передний. Pertaining to the front part of the body. Opposite to posterior.

anterograde — антероградный. Moving ahead e.g. anterograde axonal transport is directed along axon to its terminals.

antibiosis — антибиоз. Association of two or more organisms, harmful to one of them.

antibody — антитело. Blood protein synthesized by lymphoid tissue (B-lymphocytes and plasmacytes) in response to appearance of a certain antigen, antibody circulates in the blood plasma, binds with antigen and neutralizes it. See also complement.

anticoagulant — антикоагулянт. Substance preventing blood coagulation.

antidote — антидот. Medicine neutralizing toxic effect of poisons or overdosage of any other medicine e.g. dimercaprol, an antidote for arsenic, mercury and other heavy metals.

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appendix (pl. appendices, appendixes)

A• Golgi apparatus — аппарат Гольджи. A group of membrane cisterns, vesicles, tubules, saccules in the cell, usually connected with the endoplasmatic reticulum. In the Golgi apparatus proteins synthesized in the endoplasmatic reticulum are accumulated, packed and transported. Synthesized products are discharged from the cell due to elements of the Golgi apparatus. Synthesis of polysaccharides and formation of glycoproteins take place in the Golgi apparatus. The Golgi apparatus is well-developed in cells excreting different substances e.g. in the cells of pancreas producing alimentary enzymes.

•juxtaglomerular apparatus (JGA) — юкстагломерулярный аппарат (ЮГА). Apparatus of the endocrine system of the kidneys. It takes place in regulation of circulation, formation of the urine in the kidneys and water-salt exchange. JGA stimulates formation of angiotensin, stimulates the secretion of aldosterone and vasopressin.

•urinogenital, urogenital apparatus — мочеполовой аппарат. A group of the urogenital organs with common origin.

•vestibular apparatus — вестибулярный аппарат. A sense organ perceiving changes in body position. It includes semicircular canal, utricule and saccule. Syn. vestibular organ.

appendix (pl. appendices, appendixes) — аппендикс, отросток. Short and thin blind-ending diverticulum from the caecum (length 7–10 sm). Appendix which walls contain many lymphatic follicules is one of the organs of the immune system.

arachnoidea, arachnoidea mater — паутинная мозговая оболочка. A thin membrane composed of connective tissue that is the central of the three meninges, from the outside there is dura mater separated from arachnoidea by subdural space, from the inside there is pia mater separated from arachnoidea by subarachnoidal space with cerebro-spinal fluid. In some places arachnoidea is located above deep and wide gyri — here arachnoidal space is enlarged and forms subarachnoideal cisterns.

arm — плечо. In anatomy: the segment of upper extremety, located between shoulder and elbow joints.

arrhythmia — аритмия. Any upset in the cardiac rhythm (sinus rhythm). Arrhythmia in man may be due to a number of heart diseases or may occur without any cause, — arrhythmic, adj.

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ataxia

Aprocesses of astrocytes go to the bodies and dendrites of the neurons, surrounding synapses and separating them from each other. Astrocytes can be found in all divisions of the CNS. These cells transport nutritients from capillaries to neurons, take excessive extracellular potassium and other substances as neurotransmitters after intensive neuronal activity. Astrocytes may take place in the storage of information.

ataxia — атаксия. Tremor and staggering gait, problems with walking especially in the darkness. It may develop due to any disease or damage of the cerebellum.

atelectasis — ателектаз. Inability of the part of the lung to unfold. Takes place in immature of the cells, lining alveoli and unable to produce surfactant that maintains surface tension in alveoli. It occurs if the bronchi are clogged with mucus or foreign bodies, in cancer of bronchi or due to the enlargement of the lymphatic nodes e.g. in those with tuberculosis or lung cancer.

atom — атом. The smallest particle of a chemical element, consisting of a positively charged nucleus (composed of protons and neutrons) surrounded by negatively charged electrons.

ATP (Adenosine 5’-TriPhosphate) — АТФ (аденозин 5’- трифосфат). The compound, located in cells, consisting of adenine, ribose and three phosphate groups. Chemical bonds of phosphate groups contain energy for any work e.g. muscular contraction. This energy is released when ATP is broken down to ADP and AMP. The formation of ATP from ADP and AMP takes place in the presense of energy released during catabolism of carbohydrates (see glycolysis) or other nutritients. See also mytochondria.

atrioventricular — атриовентрикулярный, предсердножелудочковый. Pertaining to the atria and ventricles.

•atrioventricular node — атриовентрикулярный узел.

See atrioventricular node.

atrium (pl. atria) — предсердие. See the heart, — atrial, adj. atrophy — атрофия. The stoppage of normal development of an

organ or tissue due to degenerative changes of their cells. It may develop due to malnourishment or aging.

atropine — атропин. A medical substance that blocks the M- cholinoreceptors (see receptor), thus inhibiting activity of parasympathetic nerves. Atropine relaxes smooth muscles and is sometimes indicated for gastric and intestinal colics. It increases the

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balance

heart rate, reduces secretion of bronchial, salivary, gastric, intestinal, sweat glands and pancreas. Atropine is often used before giv-

ing general narcosis, in case of peptic ulcers (gastric and intesti- B nal) or for expanding pupils in ophthalmology.

atypical — атипичный. Not conforming to standards. audiometry — аудиометрия. The procedure allowing to deter-

mine in an individual the threshold intensity for detecting sounds across the frequency spectrum. Since the sound is applied through the earphones, each ear can be tested separately. Audiometry permits the audiologist to detect and measure in decibels the severity of the hearing loss at each frequency.

audition — слух. Ability to perceive sounds.

auricle — ушная раковина. Prominent conch-like structure, wich with the external acoustic meatus forms the external ear.

•atrial auricle — ушко предсердия. Small conical muscular pouch, the margins of which present a dentated edge in the wall of each atrium. See also the heart.

autolysis — аутолиз. Destruction of tissues or cells due to their own enzymes.

automatism — автоматизм. The property of a structure to initiate its own activity.

avitaminosis — авитаминоз. A disease due to lack of vitamins. axon — аксон. Nerve fiber: single process carrying the impulses from the neuron body. Axon ends with telodendrone — multiple terminal branches that contact with other nerves, muscular fibers

or cells, — axonal, adj.

B

backbone — позвоночник. See vertebral column.

balance — 1. баланс. Amounts, concentrations and proportions of chemical components of the organism. 2. Equilibrium.

•acid-base balance — кислотно-основное равновесие

(баланс). The balance between the carbon acid and HCO3— content in the blood. The ratio between them is 1:20 and must always be constant in order to facilitate normal acid-base balance in plasma. This balance is usually expressed through the hydrogen ion concentration (pH 7,4). Any change may lead to acid-base disturbances in plasma and body tissues followed

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baroreceptor

by acidosis or alkalosis. The lung and kidneys play an important role in regulation of acid-base balance in the human orga-

Bnism.

•nitrogen balance — азотистый баланс. The ratio between the nitrogen consumption and elimination from the body. It can be negative if the eliminated nitrogen exceeds the consumed nitrogen. Such condition may develop in convalescents when energetic needs of the organism exceeds their endogenous sources.

baroreceptor — барорецептор. Receptors detecting arterial blood pressure. Baroreceptors are located in the aortic arch and the carotid glomus, in the walls of large arteries and veins and in the myocardium. The impulses from these receptors are passed to the centers located in the myelencephalon and other CNS structures. Then via the vegetative nerves impulses from the CNS structures reach the heart and blood vessels regulating heart rate and blood pressure in the peripheral blood vessels.

basal — базальный. Something that means the least possible level.

•basal ganglia (pl.) — базальные ганглии. See basal ganglia.

•basal metabolism — основной обмен. See basal metabolism.

base — основание, щелочь. A compound that yields hydroxyl ions (OH-) in aqueous solution e.g. NaOH in aqueous solution dissociates into Na+ and OH-, — alkaline, basic, adj.

basicity — основность. The number of replaceable hydrogen atoms in an acid molecule.

basophil — базофил, базофильный лейкойцит. See basophilic leukocyte.

basophil(ic) — базофильный. Pertaining to the cellular structures having acid properties and staining with basic stains.

bathmotropic — батмотропный. Influencing nerve and muscular excitability.

beat — удар. An impulse, contraction or pulsation (characterizes the heart or pulse).

•heart beat — сердечное сокращение. The full cardiac cycle including both electrical and mechanical elements.

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