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Word formation Noun formation

The endings -er, -ment, and -ation can be added to many verbs to form nouns, like this:

-er

-ment

-ation

drive driver

amaze amazement

admire admiration

open opener

develop development

associate association

teach teacher

pay payment

examine examination

fasten fastener

retire retirement

organize organization

John drives a bus. He is a bus driver.

Children develop very quickly. Their development is very quick.

A can opener is a tool for opening cans.

The doctor examined me carefully. He gave me a careful examination.

The endings -ity and -ness can be added to many adjectives to form nouns, like this:

-ity/ -ty

-ness

cruel cruelty

dark darkness

odd oddity

deaf deafness

pure purity

happy happiness

stupid stupidity

kind kindness

Don’t be so cruel. I hate cruelty.

It was very dark. The darkness made it impossible to see.

Verb formation

The endings -ize and -ify can be added to many nouns and adjectives to form verbs, like this:

-ize

-fy

American Americanize

beauty beautify

legal legalize

liquid liquefy

modern modernize

pure purify

popular popularize

simpl simplify

They want to make the factory more modern. They want to modernize the factory.

These tablets make the water pure. They purify the water.

Adverb formation

The ending -ly can be added to most adverbs to form adverbs, like this:

-ly

easy easily

main mainly

quick quickly

stupid stupidly

His behaviour was stupid. He behaved stupidly.