Programming Languages

Hundreds of programming languages have been developed for computer systems. Some languages can be used only for specific applications or with a special computer system. Other languages are general-purpose; they are used for many problem-solving situations and are easy to learn and use.

All the programming languages are divided into high-level languages and machine-level languages.

High-level languages, like BASIC and FORTRAN, are machine-independent languages because language statements are such that any program written in the language can usually be executed on different computer systems.

Machine-level languages, on the other hand, such as the assembly language, require that you should know about the computer and the peripheral devices and how they work together.

That is why, machine-level languages are machine-dependent languages. Machine-level language programs can be efficient because the knowledgeable programmer will choose the fastest and most exact instructions to execute them.

Beginning programmers and students usually use high-level languages because they are less difficult to learn and to use, and they produce fast results. System programmers, on the other hand, may use machine-level languages for writing programs that must often be as fast and efficient as possible. If you already know a language supported by the computer system, you may continue to use that language rather than spend time to learn a new one.

If you are a beginning programmer, you may start with a language like BASIC-II which is a conversational language. Language statements use simple, English-like worlds and common mathematical expressions. It had many industry and business applications.

You write a BASIC-program as a series of one or more program line with a number that both identifies the line and indicates the order in which the line will be processed.

Today We Are in the Twenty-First Century.

Today we are in the twenty-first century. This is an occasion to strike the balance of the twentieth century in the progress, of modern science. We can name the fruits of this progress:

Television in every home

Nuclear energy giving electricity

Laser in communications, in aviation and in clinics

Phone contacts across the oceans and continents

Personal computers hooked into Internet

Infection diseased that carried off millions of lives are stamped out Gene engineering opening the way for new medicines and new methods of treatment and many others.

But still many problems facing people on the earth remain. Shortage of energy is one of them. The available reserves of gas and oil will last for a few decades. Hydraulic power stations cannot solve the problem either. Atomic power stations can supply any amount of heat and electricity, but they are not reliable. In the opinion of many experts, thermonuclear power can be the best solution. But we are still on the initial stage of our work toward controlled nuclear fusion.

In January this year Russian scientists were reported to make a sensational discovery. They found a new kind of radiation which can give a non-stop supply of cheap energy.

Nuclear physicists from Kurchatov Institute became interested in the action of electromagnetic pulses upon the earth crust. The energy of a high intensity electromagnetic field is known to be liberated in an earthquake focus. This phenomenon usually lasts 10-20 seconds. An immense amount of electromagnetic energy acts upon the crust of the earth.

So a research team having modeled earthquake in laboratory conditions got quite unlooked-for results. The devices registered a new kind of non radioactive radiation, emergence of ball light-nings and turning elements of Mendeleyev system into new ones. The scientists repeated the experiment again and again but the result remained the same. And they supposed that magnetic unipolar radiation caused this phenomenon. This kind of radiation is not studied yet, it manifests itself in certain conditions.

During this process the amount of energy released is much higher than the amount of energy consumed. It may be hundreds of times as high as that provided by thermonuclear reaction. This discovery may appear to have the greatest significance for economy, power engineering, industry and defense.

But the scientists refused to comment on the phenomena until they are properly studied and explained, because they can basically change our life. Such elements as titanium, plumbum and others can be turned into iron, copper, silver, gold and other rare elements. This property can be used to clean our planet from radioactive waste. As I have said this newly discovered kind of radiation is connected with earthquakes and gravitational forces. So the scientists will be able to prognosticate strong earthquakes and suggest new ideas in studying gravitation.

The discovery under consideration has been patented both in Russia and abroad. Members of the Goverment Ilya Klebanov and Sergei Shoigu have informed the President Vladimir Putin about this achievement of Russia science.