Добавил:
Опубликованный материал нарушает ваши авторские права? Сообщите нам.
Вуз: Предмет: Файл:

Медицинская вирусология / Букринская А.Г., Жданов В.М. Молекулярные основы патогенности вирусов

.pdf
Скачиваний:
26
Добавлен:
16.09.2020
Размер:
35.37 Mб
Скачать

HaKOHel.l,, CJlC/J.yeT 0CTaH0BH1'bC51 cme Ha 0.ll,H0M nanpaB­ JICHllH, K0T0poe !303HHKJIO C0BCCM HCJJ,8BHO, 110 Y>KC II0JIY,IIW0 HC T0JlbK0 y6c,QHTC,/]I.,HQC 3KCIIC[)1IMCHTaJ!bll0e o60CIIOIHlHHC, HO H KJIHIUPICCKOC npHMCIICHIIC. OJ11<1CT05!lll.CC BpCM5! 11aK0I1H­

JIHCb JJ,am1b1e pTTOM, '!TO ;1.m1 B03HHKH0Be1rn51 Hm1Jc1ou10m10ro rrpol.l,ecca HC06XO.ll,HMa npoTe0JllfTJILICCKa5! aKTHB81.l,IIH BIIpyca (cM. rnaBy 8). KpHTH'ICCK!HI poJib 11ape3a11u51 6eJIKOB B CJIHH· Hill! m1pycHOH H KJ1CT0HIHOH MeM6paH rrpH rrp0HHKH0BCHIIII rrn­ pycoB HaKJICTKY CBH;QeTCJibCTBYCT O ncpcneKTHBH0CTH llCII0c'lb30· B8HH51 HIIrH6H'ropoB npoTea3 13 Kcl'lCCTBe aHT!lBHpyclll,IX rrperra­

J)3T0B. Ta1we HanpaBJICHIIC pa3pa6aTJ,JB8CTC51 B 11,HJICI"i CT[)3HC B l1ncnrryTe BnpycoJ1orm1 11M. 1'1. l1sa11oncKoro AMII

CCCP (Moc1u,a), l111cT11TyTc MIIKpo6110JJOrm1, ::H!llJJ,CMH0JIO· nm n B11pyco,1orn11 urvr. l1. l1. .ivkq11111<0Ba (O;lecca). IIepBo­ mFram,Ho 3T0 llj)CJJ,ll0J!0)l{CHHe 6bIJIO Hf)0BepcH0 B 3KCI1CpH­ MCHT3X Ha KYJib'l'YPe KJICT0K Ii H3 )l{IIB0THbIX C IICIT0J!b30B3HHeM J]C!<apCTJJCHllblX 11penapa10B: ropJJ,0KC (Bempm1), K0H­

TfHIK3JI (f-,Z:LP) 11 e-aMHH01rnnpoH0BaH KHCJioTa (AK.K.).

,Uam-ib1e npenapaTbI 6.r101rnpoBaJm Hapc3am1e BHpycHoro reMarrJlfOTllHIIHa, HlT0 IIJ)HB0)\HJIO K IIJ)0JWKI.l,JJH HCHIHpeI,I.l,H- 0HHblX BH!)H0H0B Kai{ B KYm,Type KJICT0K, T3K H opr3ll!l3Me JKHB0THblX. 8 0llb!T,JX lia .t!U!B0THblX, 38j)3)1{CllllblX JICTaJlbHOfi

.Il,030H 13Hpyca rp11mrn, llBCJ].CIIHC yKa3aHHbIX HpcnapaT0B 33· WJ!lll.3Jl0 OT rIJOCJII! o1J 0MJBBJH0)l{]JB0THbIX. ,Uorro.TJHHTCJlbHO H!IrH6HTOPU np0TCa3 6JJOKHJ)OBaJIJl pa3BHTHe BH)lYCCMim ]I

Jl,llCCCMHH81\HIO 1mpyca B KYJ)IIHl.,JX 3M6pno1rnx lI opra111-13MC

}KHB0THblX [)KHJ)HOB KTJIJ. II Jl,J)., ylC1CIJPe3yJlbT3Thl K.'llIHil­ lJCCKHX HCCJ]C,ll_OBaHHfl 0Te'lCCTBCHH0ro npenapaTa e-aMHH0- Ka!IpOHOBOii KHCJ10Tbl, npoBCJJ,Cl!Hble BO Bpel\rn BCllbllUKH rp1m-

11a, lI0Ka3aJIJI Bb!C0KYIO0aHpat1THB!IpycHy10 3KTHBH0CTb npenapaTa [J1o3HI.l,KHi:i B. Ilo.lJ51K P. 5-l., 1982].

AKK 6bIJJa 11cnoJ1b30Baua B KJnurnKe llHcTHTyTa snpyco­

JIOnrn HM. ,U. l1. l111aH0BcKoro AMH CCCP JJ,Jrn .nc'leHHH .D,e­

Te11, 60J1bllb!X 0CTJ)b!MII pecm1paT0pHblMH m1pycHI,JMH 3a60JIC·

BaHHHMH, 0CJ]())I{HCHHb!Mll KpynoM pa3J1HaIH011 CTCflCHll T51)KC­ CTl1. Hap51/1,y c Kl1C.:10po,a.1-10-a3po30JibHOil Teparrneii 6om,Hb!M

Ha31-Ja,rnm1 5 a0pacrnop AKK. B 1rnramm,HHX o6br,rno 2 pa3a l3 cyTKH H3 pacqeTa BHB1Jr JJa 3JKr MaCC!.,J TCJlcL noc.TJeBb!X0JJ,3

pe6e1ma

l:13T5f)I<c.r10ro cocT0HHIIH AK.K 331<11111.,ma.rm B 110c 4-

6 pa3 B

cy-rnn. flpn J1e01e1-IHYI JJ,CTCH AKK. BHpycHbIH aHTIIreH,

ofoiapy:arnnaeMLIH C II0MOlll.bI0 MCT0.ll,3 HJ)51MOH HMMYHOqJJifOO· peCI.l,CHIJ.lHI, HClJC33JI !13 l{JICT0K H0corJI0TKll Ha Cp1J JI,Hell pa111.,we, 11eM 13 K0HTJ)0J1e (AKK He npHMeHHJJacb). TaK, npH rp1mne bJ3HTiffCH HClJC3aJI B cpeJl,HCM Liepe3 eaJcJJl,IUI y )LCTe.il KOHTpOJlbHOii rpyr!Ilbl ]l 'lCfH:3 aH0T;urn y JJ,eTei'!, K0T0pblX JIC'lll ·

221

40

30

20

 

 

• • •--2

 

.,,

 

10 wI\

 

'",)f

 

----

-4......,..""3

 

 

0-------o'

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

100

80

60

40

20

0

Puc. 15. neikTBHe HHrH6HTO· poB npoTeOJIH3a tta pcrrpo­

.L\YKumo BHG B JIHMqJOH,D,Hoil JIHHHH K,'leTOK H9/I I I B (ByK­ pnttcKaH A. r. n ,ll,p., 1989]

H11r116HTop1,1 ,n;oC5aB,1ll,IIH 'lepe3 Ka1K)1.blC 12 1.]. 1 e-aMHHOKan­ poHOlla>I KHC,1JO'ra (Mr/M.rr); 2 K0HTJ)HKa,11 (e,IJ,/M.11); 3 - rop,11,0KC (e,IJ,/M.11). Op,11,HHaTa - KOJIHqecTBo aapa)KeHIIbtX KJICTOK, onpe,n,enefl­ HOe C llOMOll.\h!O He!lJ)llMOII HM· MYHOq)JllOOpecll.eHIJ,llll.

JIH AKK, npH naparpnnne co0TBeTCTBe1rno tJepe3 7,1 H 2,6 ,Il,H.H. OcJIOiKHeHH.H HC perncTpHp0BaJIHCb, B TO BpeM.H KaK y ,Il,CTef1 KOHTpOJlbHOfl rpynnhI 0HH B03HHK3JIH B 5-10 % CJ1y1rneB B BH,11,e 6aKTepH3JlbHbIX 6pOHXHTOB, TIHCBMOHHH H ,n_pyrnx CHMTIT0M0B (KallleJib, nacM0pK, tj)apnnnIT, Kpyn). HaHMCHb­ rnee ,ll.CHCTBHe HllrH6JITOp 0Ka3bJBaJI Ha )1.JIHTC.TThH0CTb JHIX0pa]l.KH [ByKpHHCKa.H A. r. H JJ.p., 1986].

Ha pHc. 13 (c. 208) npeJJ,cTaBJICHbI ,11,anHbie o ,n,eficTBIHI AKK npH 4 pecm1parnpnhrx HHcpeKIJ,H5lX y ;ieTeif (rp1mne, naparpHn­ noa1-1011, pecm1paTOpHo-cHH1.1,HTHaJ1hHOH H a,n,eHOBHpyrnoI'i). np11 nepBbIX 3 uucpeK1.1,H5IX .ne11eune AKK np1rnowrno K 60.1ee 6bICTpOMY HClJC3H0BCHlUO B!Ipycnoro aHrnreHa H3 KJICTOK HO· corJIOTKH, C0Kpaw,emuo )J.JIHTCJlbH0CTlf KJilfHH'ICCKlfX CHMTITO· MOB, o,n,naKo AKK 61,wa He3cpcpeKTHBHa npH a,n,eHOBHpyc1-1oti HHqJCKIJJIH. IlO-BH,ll,IIMOMY, 31'0 06bHCHHeTCH MeHblllHM 3H3LIC·

HHeM npoTeonHTHLjCCK0ro Hape3aHHH 6enKOB B HHqJCKIJ,HOHHOM 1.1,nKJ1e a,n_enomipycoB.

TaKHM o6pa30M, HlffH6HTOpbl np0TC0JUl33 rrepcneKTHBHbl ,IJ,JIH JIC1ICHlf5l 60JiblllIIHCTBa pccrrnpaTopHbIX m1pycHblX l!HtpCK- 1.l,HH, 0K33b!Ba5l aHTllBHpycHoe H naToreHCTlf1ICCK0C ,ll,CHCTBliC. O6pa30BaHHC HC!IH(pCKIJ,IIOHHOro BHpyc1rnro TI0T0MCTBa B pe3Y.TTbT3Te BKJIIOlfemrn 13 BHpycuyro qacTH1.1,y He1rnpe3a1rnoro npCAWCCTBCHHHKa 6eJIKa npHB0)J,HT K 6.nOKHpOBaHHIO pacnpo­ CTpaIIemrn HHqJeKIJ,HH H ee JI0Ka.1113all,HH B nepBH'IH0M 011are. riocKOJlbKY BX0)J.HbIMI:I BOp0T3MH If MeCT0M nepBIPIH0f0 011ara HHqJCKIJ,HH 5lBJI5lCTC5l CJ1H3HCT35l o60JIQIJK3 H0COf.'IOTKH, HHra­ JI.HIJ,HOHHbifl crroco6 IIpIIMCHCHlrn ;1,aHHb!X npenapaT0B npeA­ CT3BJIHCTC5l HaH60J1ee 3(p(peKTlfBHblM. ]lJIH 110BbllllCHHH HX Te­ paneBTII'ICCKOro 3qJqJeKTa IJ,CJiecoo6pa31Io npHMCHHTb 3TH npe-

222

napaTbI yJKe Ha paHHHX 3Tarrax HH<peKJ\IUI npn ITOHBJJCHHII

nepBbIX CHMITTOMOB 3a60JieBaH1rn. TTpe)J.CTOHT He TOJihKO OT0-

6paTb HaH60JICe 3q:J(pCKTHBHbJe nperrapaTbl IJHfll6HTOpOB, 110

II OTpa6oTaTb OIITHMaalbHbie CXCMbl HX IIpHMCHCHHH. He3TOM

CMb!CJIC IIPHBJieKaTeJiell rop,ll.OKC (BeHrp1rn),

,ll.CMOHCTpnpyro­

ll(IIH HaHBb!ClllY!O aHTHBHpycHyIO aKTHBJIOCTb.

 

 

 

.K.aK yKa3bJBaJIOCh BbIIUe, npoTeO.TIIITHl!CCKa51 aKTHBau:rrn

Heo6XO,l]J!Ma

,ll_JI5I penpOAYKUHH H

peaJIII3aIJJIH rrnroreHHOCTII

60J!bll1HHCTBa

m1pycoB, II03TOMY cymecrnyeT peaJibHaH B03-

MOlKHOCTb npaKTH'leCKH npH JIKl60H BHpyc11oif Hll<pCKU,HH IIO·

A06parh

3cpq:>eKTlIBHO

J].CHCTBYIOillHH

npenapaT

(B

TOM 'IHC.'Te

rrrnpoKOro aHTHBHpycuoro ACHCTBH51) 113 rpymILI lfHfll6HTOp013

np0Tea3

HJIH

JJ.pyrnx

(l)epMeHTOB

n

coeJ HHeirni'i, napyIUaIO­

rruix BHpycttbifr npoTeomI3, B TOM 'IIICJie np11 Blf4-Httcl)CKUHH

(pnc. 15).

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

I1ocKOJibKY nape3am1e npOAYKTa

4-ro rena poTasnpycoB,

6eJma pTOaeHBJIRCTCR KPHTHIJecKHM co6hITHeM JJ.JI51 pOTami­

pycnoir HllcpCKUIIH, JJ.06aBJIC!llfe K 3apaIB:e!IHb!M KJICTKaM lIHfH·

6HTOpOB np0Tea3 JJ.OJnKHO Bhl3133Tb 6JIOKHpOsa1me npoTeOJHl­

Tl!'IeCK0!1

aKTHBauJm

BHpycnoro

ITOTOMCTBa

II

JIOKamna­

UHIO HHq:JeKUHH l3 nepBH'IHOM oqare. HaMII 6LIJIO IIOKa3aHo,

l!TO anpOTHHHHbl - rop,ll_OKC

( pTOeToeJl./MJI)

11

KOHTpHK3J[

aKToe/l./MJI), TaK lKC KaK H AKK

aHHBoMr/MJI), noJI.asJIHIOT

penpoJJ.yKu,mo p0Tam1pyca o6e3h5IH SAII B KYJJhType KJICTOK

MA-104.

.K.oJJwiecTBO BnpycHoro aHTHreua, onpeJI.eJJReMoro c

IlOMOlll.hKl KOHKypeHTHOro aapnaHTa HMMYHOCpepMCHTHOrO aHa­

Jl!I3a B K,leTO'IHOM .!IH33Te H KYalbTypaJJbHOH

,KHJJ.KOCTH, CHH·

)KaJIOCb B HOBpa3 H 6oJiee

[ByKpHHCK351 A.

OaHJI.p., THepKaB

YKa3aHHbl1! no,ll_XOJJ., B03MO}KIIO, HMeeT e,ne 60,1ee ymrnep­

caJibHb!H

xapaKTep H

pacnpocrpan51erc51 Ha

6aKrepaaJibHYIO

IHI!peKI.J,HIO, TIOCKOJibKY TOKCHHbl MHOfHX IIaTOfCHHbIX OaKTC·

pHtt aKTHBIIPYIOTCR nocpeJJ.CTBOM npoTeoJJHTH'IecKoro Hape3a­

mrn, BCCbMa CXO)J.HOfO c TaKOBblM y 6eJIKa HA BHpyca rpHIITia.

I10JJ.aB./Je1rne npoTCOJH!THl!CCKOH aKTHl33UIHI TOKCHHOB MO}Ke1

cy1uecTBCHHO CHll,KaTb

TOKCH lHOCTb H naToreHHOCTh Oa!{TCpHH.

 

 

 

 

a

 

 

 

 

 

J1o5IBJICHl!e HOBWX HarrpaeJJeHHi'!

B XHMIIOTepaIIHH BHpyc­

HbIX lIHq:)CKUHH, KOTOpbie rrpeJJ.J[O)KCHO o6o3Ha rnTb KaK HeTpa­

AHUHOHHb!C, ooycJIOB,lCHO nporpeccoM G-lYHAaMeIIT3JlbHblX MO­

JieKyJI5IpH0-6HOJIOrH4eCKHX HCCJIC,.QOBaHHII B B!!pycoJIOrJIH. He­

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

l

KOTOplie 113 HHX JlHllib ccpopMyJIHpoaan . JJ.pyree HOJIY!HJll!

cepbC3Hbie 3KCIIepHMCHTa./JhHblC llO,.QTBCp1K,ll_Cl-U151, a TPCTbH y2Ke

BOlll.lH B KJll!HHKY, KOTopa51 B KOHCTIHOM C'lCTC H JJ.0,l)K lla ,.Q8Tb

HM Oll,CHKY, a TeM, KOTOpble OKa1KyTC5l 3(j)cpeKTIIBHLIMri,- Ii rry­

TCBKY B )KJI3Hb.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

aOHT

rnaea 13 MOnEKYnSIPHASI 3BOnlOU.,MSI BMPYCOB

B 3TOH rJiaBe Mb! 110Ilb!T3eMC5l BKpaTue 0CBeTIITb npe,nrro­ JiaraCMbie 11yn1 MOJieKyJ15lpH0.H 3B0JIJ0U}Ill 0CH0BHblX rpyrrrr BHpyccm, nopa)lrnJ011!,HX lJeJI0BCKa H )Kf!B0THblX, C ecTeCTBeH­ HblMH 0TKJI0HeHIH!MH TaM' r)].e o6napy}!UIB3IOTC5l 3B0JlIOIIH0H­ Hble CB5l3!1 MC)K)J.Y' K333Jl0Cb 6hl, 3B0JII0UH0HH0 )l,ilJieKIIMil ,npyr OT Apyra rpyrrnaM11 rmpycoB. MbI orrycKaeM 3B0J11oumo B3aH­ MOOTHomc1rnf1 BHpyca C X035IHH0M, fl0CK0JibKY 3T0T M3TCpHaJI H3JI0)KeH B MOHorpacprrn eH0M. )KnanoBa «8BoJ1I01urn BHpy­ coB» ( pBB0HeaOnyrnaeM Mbr JI rpyrrm,r mipycoB, M<WeKyJIHpHbIC acncKTbl 3B0JIJOUHH K0T0pb!X Tpy,nH0 B HaCT0HIJ(CC npeMH 011.e­ HHTI,.

)lJI5l H0HHM3HII5I 9B0J1101].llll repnecnnpycoB 83,KH0 cparme­ HHe BCCX rpyn11 rrnpycon, nopmKalOU].IIX 1103B0H0'!HbIX, TCM 6oJiee ll'TQ po}I.OH3°IaJibHOl1 qJOj)MOH BCero ceMeI'icTBa 5!BIWC5I BHpyc pb16, B H3CT05lll1,ee Bper,.,rn npeJI.CT3BJieHHhii[ reprreCBHpy­ C0M IIIYK JiaManma. 8TOT BIIpyc HMCeT IlaIIMCHL llHl11 cpe,nH repnecB11pycoB pa3MCJ) rcHOMa (83X 106 ) H JIH11!eH TepMH­ H3JlblILIX mmepTHponaHl!blX IT0BT0p0B. MoJieKyJIHpHaH 3B0JIKJU!f5l repnecmrpycoB IIJJ13 no Jllll!IIH yBeJI !fllCHIIH pa3Mepol3 reHoMa, rrpirn6peremrn l!Mll TepMHIIaJibHbIX H11Bepn1pcmaHHbIX ITOBT0!)0B, YJI.B0eHIHI HCK0T0!)b!X re110B H 33XB3T3 II0CJie}I.oBa­ TeJibHOCTeH xp0M0C0M X035It!CKlIX KJICT0K I! T. IT. Ha1160JiblIHl1 pa3Mep rel!oMa IIME'IOT r1HT0MeraJI0Bupyc1,1 ( !SOX 106 ).

CeMe!1CTBO a)IeH0BHpycoB 5!BJIHCTC5! HaCTOJlbKO cneILll3JIH3H­ poBaHHOH rpyrrnoi'r BHpycoB, IIOj)a}!{aJOU1,IIX TOJ!b!W TCITJI0Kp0B• Hb!X )KHBOTHhlX, '!TO BbI)].eJ1e1-me )].BYX po)I0B (a)IeHOBHJ)YCbl MJieKOlll!Tat0JUHX II IITHU) CK0pee oTpa)Kaer 9K0JI0flilICCKIIC lll!ITIH BnpycoB, He}!{eJIIJ pa3Jl!illlrn B !IX cpyu}l.aMCHT3JlbHI.,JX CBof1cnrnx. Bee mrn IIMeIOT rrepeKpCCTHbie IIMMYII0J10f!IHIeCKHe CB5l3H, 1103TOMY BpeMH HX IT05!BJICHH5! CJ1e)].yeT JlaTIIpoBaTb HC BpCMCHCM B03HHKH0BeHH5I MJieKOTillTaJOJUIIX II ITT!Ill,, a 3Ha<rn­ TCJibl!0 60J1ee TI03)IHHMH BpeMCHaMII, ll3MCj)5IIDIUHMlIC51 He COT· ll51MI!, a }l.eCHTKaMH MHJIJIH0H0B JieT Ha3a)].. OTHOCHTCJibHO 6oJibllIOH reH0M HX co CJ10)KHOl'i CIICTeMOH perymm.1u1 .9Kcrrpec­ C11H (CBepxpaHHIIe, paIIHHe, I103}].Hl!C reHb!), Il0Jil!UlICTp0HHl.,I­ Mll MPHK, rnJial'icHHroM n JlpyrnMH xapaKTej)HbIMH oco6eH­ nocT51MH reHCTil'IeCKoro annapaTa 5!BJIHCTC51 KaK 61,1 yMeHb­ memrot1 K011HCfl reHCTIIIfCCJ(Of() anrrapara rrneT0K BLIClITHX 9y1rnpH0T. B rCH0MC a/lCII0RIIpycon o6napy)KCIILI Il0CJICJJ,0Ba­ TCJibII0CTII, roM0JIOf!l'Il·lb!Cll0CJIC/l_0llaTe.Jibl!0CTHM 51,'1.CpIIblX xpo-

He0p

M0C0M MJieKOTIIITaIOHLIIX. Bee 3TH q)8KTbl CBII,ll.eTeJlbCTBYJOT 0 BblCOKOfi Bep051THOCTll JJ.epIIBaTHOro OT reH0Ma Bb!ClllllX no3B0H0lJHbJX np0IICX0)KJJ.eHirn aJJ.eH0BHpycoB, HO, K C0}KaJJeHHJO, He JJ.3IOT JJ.a)Ke «TeHII HaMeKa» Ha B03M0)KHble IICT0HIHIIKII IIX np0HCX0)KJJ.eHirn ll HalJaJibHble 3Tailbl 3B0JIIOUIIll. Cyw.ecTByIO­ llllie aJJ.eHOBIIpycbI npeJJ.CTaBJ15IIOTCf! rapM0HIJl JeCKllM, 3aBep­ JlleHHblM C03,ll,3HIIeM npIIp0JJ.bl.

CroJih 2Ke o6oco6.rieHHOH rpynnofi 51BJJHIOTC51 nanoBaBIIpy­ cbL MHHHMaJibHbll! reHOM IIX («MHHf!XpOMOCOMa») Il0CTpOeH no BCeM npaBII.TiaM CTpoemrn reHOB MJJeKOIIHTa!OHLIIX (OHH f!B­ Jlf!!OTC51 e,ll,HHCTBeHHbIMH X03fleBaMII nanoBaBIIpycoB), BK.'II0lJa51 fl!CT0HbI, 06JJerqa10w.ue !IX ynaKOBKY B BllpH0Hax. feHOM l!C­ II0Jlb30BaH Ha pe,ll,K0CTb 3K0HOMHO C IIpHMeHeHIIeM cnpar!CHH­ ra, KOTOpbBI Il03B0J15leT Jl0JJY'IllTb CHHTe3 3 6eJIKOB C OJI.H0f0 reHa. [IolJTH BCe 3TaTTbl, 33 IICKJJI01 1eHIIeM 0,ll,H0ro - pen.nnKa­ UHlI reH0M3, o6ecrre'!IIB3IOTC5i KJICTKOH, KaK, KOHC'IH0, lI fl.Jl51 TpaHCKplrnUIIlI. CoBepllleHHO 51CHO, l!T0 reHOM 3TOro m1pyca «C)l,eJiaH» H3 re110Ma KJICTOK MJieKOIIHTa!0l!I,HX, HO KaK, K0f,iJ.3, f)l,e? Ha 3TH BOIIpOCbl IlOKa HeT 0TBeTa. C aJJ.eHOBHpycaMH nan0Bam1pycbl c6JHJ)KaeT cnoco6HOCTb B ecTeCTBeHHbIX H 3KC­ nepIIMeHT3JlbHblX YCJIOBlI5iX o6pasoBI,IBaTb rn6pHJI,bl. 3aKOH­ Hb!H B0npoc, llO'ieMy HJ1H 3ae1eM, 0CTaeTCf! IlOKa 6e3 OTBeTa. O6a poJJ.anarroBanupycoB lJCTK0 pa3rpaHw1eHbI no Be.nII1Im1e reHOMa y BIIpycoB lI HeKOTOpb!M JI.PYrHM CBOIICTB0M II MeR<,n:y HIIMll He npocMaTpHBaeTC5i HlIKaKOH 3BOJI!OUHOHH0!I CB5i3H.

CeMeil:cTBO napBoBnpycoB f!BJJHeTcf! c6opHorr rpynnorr, TaK KaK BKJIIO'!aeT B :ce6f! HeBO MHOrOM 0TJIHlJ3!0llLIIXCfl po;1.a: nap­ BOBIIpycbl MlleK0IIIITaIOW.HX, 3JJ.eHocaTeJJJ1HTbl (,nerreH,D:OBHpy­ CbI) II Bnpycbl 1raceKOMblX (JJ.eHCOBHpycbI). HecMOTp51 Ha Ta­ KYIO 3KOJ10rH'!eCKyIO pa30pBaHH0CT1, Herpynn BHpycoB H 06JJHraTHYIO ,neq:>eKTHOCTb, OHll HMCIOT CXO,ll,Hb!C xapaKTepHCTIIKH BeJ1llalHHbl reHOMOB, 'IHCJia II M0JICKYJI51pHbTX Mace 33KOJ!,llpO­ BaHHbIX Ha HHX 6e,1KOB, He roB0p5i y)Ke 0 MOpq:>o.rronrn BH­ pH0H0B.

IToKa Tpy,nH0 ycM0TpeTb 3B0.'TIOUH0HHble CBfl3H Me}K,n:y 3 rpyrrnaMII napB0BHpycoB, TeM 6oJJee lJTO HllKaKOH rOM0JIOfllH 0JJ.H0HHTeBux )lHK MC2K,n:y 3 poJJ.aMH 11eT. 3HaIIIITeJibHhI pa3JJHIIHH y napB0BIIpycoB HaceKOMb!X, T0rJJ.a KaK B npe,ne.nax po,noB napB0BHpycoB MJJeK0IIHT3IOIII.HX H aJJ.eHocaTeJJJJHTOB llMe!OTCf! H roMOJJ0nrn HYKJICHHOBblX KHCJIOT u 6e.TJKOB, II lIM­ MYH0J10rHl!eCKHe CBSI3H. Co3JJ.aeTcf! ane11aTJieHHe, '!TO Ka)K,n:b11i

H3 po,noB «CJl.eJJaH» IlOBT0pHO, a THK KaK BeJ1IIl!UHa

reH0Ma

y rrpe,ncTaemeJJerr ecex 3 po,n:oB npnMepHo 0JI.HHaKoBa JI re­

H0M0M cJ1y1KHT 0JJ,H0HIITeBaH )lHK.

TaimM o6pa30M,

co3,na­

eTcH BllelJaT.1Je1me, lfT0 Hepo,na napB0BHpycoB B03Hl!KJIII I! 3B0-

15 3aKaa N, 1293

 

HHea

Jl lOI..IJIOHHpoBamr He33BHCHMO ,upyr OT

,n_pyra, a CXO,UCTBO HX

51BJIHeTCH pe3yJlbTaTOM MOJ1eKyJIHpHOil

KOHBepreHI.!)1H.

,UJ1H Toro lJT06bI ITOHHTb npoHCXO)K,UeHHe rena.uHasnpycoB, JJX CJTe,n_yeT COTIOCT3BJ!HTb C JT,BYMH 11.pyrHMH rpynnaMH BHpy­ COB - Kay.rrHMOB11pycaMH pacremrf1 H peTpOBHpycaMH JKHBOT­ Hb!X. UttKJI nx pa3BIITHH cxo,ueH s oCHOBHbIX 1.IepTax[Var­ mus H., 1983]. HMeIOTCH TepMIIHaJ ibHbie noBTOpbI Ha PHK, KOTOphre MHHHM3JlbHbl y rena,1v1asnpycoB, 6oJiee Bb!pa)KeHbl y perpos11pyc0B. PHK no,uBepraeTcH 06paTHof1 TpaHcKpnnIJ,IIII, B pe3yJibTaTe qero 06pa3yeTcH KOJiblJ,eBaH ,UHK. Y rerra.n.11a­ s11pycos TIOJIHaH HHTb 33KOJlhl.1,0BaHa C IIOM011 bl0 TCpMHH3Jib· uoro 6eJIKa, a HeflOJlH3H HMeeT ,ueq>eKT 30-60% H B33HMO·

.ueiicrnyeT C nom,oii HHTbIO ao.uopO,D.HbIMM CB51351Mll. 3TOT ,ue­ cpe!<T yCTpaHHCTCH B sapa)KeHHblX KJieTKaX, fJI.C nepBbIM C06bi· THeM 51BJIH!OTCH .UOCTpOii'Ka HellOJ!HOH HHTH H 33Kpb!THe ,ue­ qJCKTa c noMOLU.b!O BHpyccnenncfnrqecKott ,UHK-rroJIHMepa3bI. Y KayJJHMOBHpycoB TIOJIH35! lH!Tb 33KOJibll0B3Ha C ITOMO ll.\blO TepMHH3JlbHblX IIOBTOPOB, a BTOpa51 HHTb HMeeT HCCKOJlbKO nepephmon. Y peTponHpycon o6e HHTH ,UHK noJIHble n 3a­ K0.1"11>1 onaHb1 nyTeM B33HMO,Ueiicrn1rn TepMHHaJibHblX IIOBTOpon. TTocJJe 3anoJIHeHHH rrpo6eJJOB y rerra,uttaBHpycoB 06pa3ymTCH cynpecu11paJIH30B3HHble JJ.BYHHTeBblC KOJlblJ,3, y peTpOBHpycoB o6e HHTH ITOJJHWe H cynepcn1-1paJIH33IJ,HH o6ecnel!HBaeTCH B rrpou.ecce CHHTC3a. Y peTpOBHpycoB HHTerpau,HH Bttp:yCHOH ,UHK B xpoMOCOMbr o6H3aTe,1bHa, y renaJJ,ttaanpycoB - tteT,

yKayJJHMOBHpycos cy11 ecrnosa11He ce tte ycTaHOBJ1e110. re­ HOMOM y rcna;'J,H3BHpycoB H Kayj]HMOBHpycoB HBJIHCTC51 ,UHK,

yOHKOpHOBHpycon - PHK. PerrJJHK3THBHblM HHTCpMe,a.naTOM

ynepBbIX J.l.BYX rpynrr BHpycos CJIY.i:KHT PHK, y peTposnpy­ coB - ,UHK. Y peTp0B11pycoB noJJHMepasa o6ecne,urnaeT 06- panr1:,111c1-1111e ,PHK c ,UHK, npHMY!O TpaHcKpHIU1,mo ,UHK H 06pa3013auHe PHK-reuoMa. Y rerraJI,Ha- H KayJrnMoBnpycoa TIOjjHMepa3a 06ecrre1msaeT H np5IMY!O TpaHCKJJHIIU.H!O ,UHK B PHK (c,rnn·:i PHK-H1-nepMe.ueaTa), H 06paTHy10 TpattcKp1-m- 11,mo (CIHITC3 BHpHOHHOH ,UHK), H .UOCTpOHKY ,Qeq>eKTOB B

o.uHoi1 H3 tt11TeJ'.'1 a11p1-1on110J1 LlHK.

CpaBHe111-1e 3 rpyrrrr ,rnpycoB I103BOJIHeT o6Hapy)KHTb 3H3·

'lHTeJihHOe CXO.UCTBO HX p33!3HTHH, XOTH OHM HMeIOT MeHee 3H3lfHTCJlbHb!C pa3JIH1 1HH. ii\1bl He OfOBOpHJJHCb H HMeeM B mr,a.y He TOJJhKO 11eK0Topb1e JI.eTa,1H CTpoemrn PHK (BeJin'lHHa, Ha­ JJHlIIIe nosrnpoB) 11 ,UHK (11aJJ1ftme TepM11HaJIL11oro 6eJ1Ka, HHBepTHpoBaHHblX ITOBTopoB, CTeITCHb ,ueqieKTHOCTH BTOpOll HH· TH}, HO H TOT (j)aKT, 11To nepsb1e ,nne rpynrrLI ,UHK-co,uep)Ka­ mue, a TpeTbH - PHK-co.uep)J<au1,aH. TeM 1-1e Menee .9TOT Kap­ ,ll.HHaJ1bHb1H ITj)ll3H3K HJ3,1HCTCH rnopocTerreHHblM no cpanHeHHIQ

226

t iJJIKJJOM 11. 11 ci!_ena1rneM pa3DHTHH. ilpocTO npHpo,ua, BI,JOH· pa51 B 9TOM UHKJJe reHOMHbIH MaTepHaJJ, B ABYX nepBblX CJJY· 4a51x «npe,11,n01JJ1a» .LI.HK, a B TpeTbeM - PHK.

Cxo,UCTBO lVIKJlOB pa3BHTIUI l:l 9THX CJIyiIaHX BpH,11, JlH CJIY· ll3HHO HJIH 51BJIHeTC51 pe3yJib T3TOM MOJleKyJrnpHOH KOHBepreH· u1-rn: CKopee CJie,11,yeT JWM3Tb o(i o6UI.HOCTH 9BOJII011.HH acex 3 rpynn 13HpycoB - rena,11,HaBHpycoB 1103BOHOl!HbIX, KayJIHMO·

BHpycoB lI.BeTKOBbIX pacTeHHil H peTpOBHpycoB TeTIJIOKpOB· HhIX. 11 ,ueikTBHTe.1hHO, 9TOT BhIBOJJ, TIO,ll,TBCp)KJ\3eTC51 H3Jlll·

1111CM rOMOJIOI'H4CCKHX Yll3CTKOB 13 reHaX IlOJIHMepa3bl y BHPY· COB Bcex 3 rpynn. ,U1rnepreHII.HH 3 JIIIHHH 9BO.'ll01 HH o6mero npeJJ,Ka conpOBO)K)l.3JI3Cb H3CTOJll.,l{O cymccrneHHblMH H3MeHe· HHHMH, 41'0 reHOM H penJIIIK3THBHblil IHITCpMe).l.HaT IlOMeHSI· JlllCb .MCCT3MJ1 (•no, IlO·BH,11,HMOMY, C.llytll!JIOCb H y Kay.'IHMO· BHpycoB, H y rena,n:HaBnpycoB), llOJIHOCTblO H3MeHHJIHCb reHbl CTPYKTYJ)HblX 6eJIKOB, 110 see cmc coxpamwacb HCKOTopaH CTCITeHb I'OMO.'lOrHH KJ1!04eBoro tj:>cpMeHTa - IlOJIH<pyHKUHO· H3JlbHOH ITOJ1HMCpa3bl, lJ8eTb q:>)'llKl{.Hr1 KOTopoii y peTpOBHPY· cos misrna ua ce6H KJJeTKa.

,UaJ1hHel'ima51 9ao.r110uHH rena,n:Han11pyeoe 6hIJJa rrpocTa: 33BOCB3HHe HOl3hlX 9KOJIOfH4CCKHX HHlll II conpmKeHHaH 9B0·

JIIOUHH BMCCTe e 9B0.1lOUHCH X0351CB. B H8CTOR1Uee speMH, KpoMe s11pyca rerraTHTa B, H3BCCTHbJ rena.n,Has11pychI MJieKO· TIHT3IOLUHX (JICCHoro cypKa, 3eMJJ51HOft 6eJJKH), a T3K)Ke TITHU (neK11HCKHX yToK) H 3Mefi. Bee s1-1pyc1,I MJ1eKon11Tal01UHX cepo­ noruqecKH pO)],CTBeHHhl, BpeMH HX ,11,110epreHUHH HC4HCJ1HeTeH MHJIJIHOH3MH ,'!CT, a y BHpycoe IITHl\ H M.'ICKOiniT3101UHX - )J,e­ CHTKaMH MHJIJIHOHOB JJeT. MeT0,11,0M MOJieKyJJHpHOH rn6pH,11,11· 3au11u yCTaHOBJICHa uttpKy.TJHUHH rena.n,Hasnpycoa s CCCP - y esponeflCKHX H cpe,11,11ea3HaTeKHX cypKOB, cepb!X KpblC. 0 npOHCXO)K,11,CHirn peTponupyeoB ceflqac MO)l(IJ() CK333Tb 3H3· 1lllTCJ1bHO 60Jibllie, HC)l(eJlH ,11,eeHTHJieTHe 11aaa,ll,, TaK K8K Ha­ KOITJlCHbl ,Ll3HHhlC O nrnpoKOM pacnpoCTpaHeHHH o6paTHOH TpaHCKpHilT33bl B opraHWICCKOM MHpC. 0Ha cym,CCTBYCTy pac­ TCHIJ.fi H OTCIO)],a MO)KHO ITOH51Tb, 1JTO HCT04HHKOM HJIH KOM· llOHCHTOM reHa TIOJIHMepa3bl KayJIHMOBHpycos MOI'JIH CT3Th HOpMaJibHbIe reHbI paeTHTCJJhHOH KJieTKH. Otta Hatt)],eHa y ,11,po30q:>HJihI B BH.n,e csoeo6pa3Hh1x reHerntJeCKHX CTPYKTYP, o6o3HatiaeMhIX KaK copia. CTpyKTYPhI, 06J1aJJ,a1om11e o6paTHQ: TpaHCKpHTI'I'a3HOH aKTHBHOCTblO, o6Hapy)KCHhl T3K)KC y rptt60B. TaKHM oCipa30M, see 9TH B03MO)KHble HCTO'iHHKH npOHC­ XO)K,UeHH51 peTposnpyeos 06ecneq1:1aaJIH 110HBJieH1:1e ux eme y pb16, a so.n,HaH cpeJJ,a c,ll,eJiaJIa. B03MO)KHbIM 3ace.ne1rne HMH scex oco6e11 ,11,amwro 6noJIOrH4CCKoro BH)],a. TaK Mor.1111 B03HIIKHYTb 9H,'.l,OreHHbIC peTpoeupycbI, KOTOpble, coxpaH5151 onpe-

15"

227

,11,eJ1e1rny10 CTeneHb 8BTOHOMHH, CTaJlH COCT8I3Hb!MH ll3CTHMH opraHH3Ma 1103BOHOlJHbIX, CBOeo6pa3HblMH -rpaHCil030I-13MH,

OK3311BllIHMHCR IlOJJC3HblMH opraHH3MY

Il03BOHOt JHOfO.

K

JLCHTHBHpycaM - B036y,LIJ!TeJIRM

«Me)].JJeHHblX» HH<peK­

UHH - OTHOCHTCH BHpyc BHcHa, nopa)K310lll.HH OBCU, BHpyc aprpI-1Ta-3H11,e(j)aJIHTa K03, BHpyc l-!HlpCKUHOHHOH aHCMHH JJO­ lila)l.eH II B114. Tio-BHJl.HMOMY, ace oHH HMCJIH o6w.ero npeAKa, OT KOTOporo MHJIJIHOHbl JJeT Ha33)]. «OTlll.CllHJUiCb» BCTBH JJCH­ THBHpycoa OT o6mero CTBOJJa peTpOBHpycoB, IlOCJJe)J;Jme )lO 3T0f0 6b!JH-l npe,llcTaB.'lCHbl TOJ!bKO OHKOBHpycaMH, 3H)].OreH­ HbIMH H 3K30reHHbIMH. 3TH )].aHHLie no.TJylJCHblHa OCHOB3HHH aHaJJl13a fOMOJfOfHH HYKJICHHOBblX KHCJIOT cpaBHHB3CMblX Blf­ pycoB.

Ha npo11cxo*AeHHC BlF-1 e,1urnh1x B3fJ151JJ.OB Her. Mttorne aaropb1 npeJJ,noJJararoT, 'ITO B114 HBJJRCTCJ! MyraHTOM HJJtt peKoM6HHaHTOM p0,11,CTBCHHOfOBttpyca o6C3b51H, UHPKYJIHpy10- I.U.ero cpe,ll,H )].11KHX o6C3MIH (3CJ!CHblX MapTb!llieK) H KanTHB­ HblX o6C3bHH (pa3HblC BH)].bl) B AMepHKe H EBpone. 3ra nrno­ Te3a MOTHBHpyeTCH OTCYTCTBHCM aHTHTCJI npOTl:IB B114 npn HCCJIC)].OBaHirn o6pa3UOB KpOBH, B35ITblX B 60-e H Hall3Jle 70-x fO,UOB, u cepOJIOrl-ltJCCKHM J)OJJ,CTBOM BH4 c BHpycoM HMMYHO· ACqJHUHTa o6e3b.HH,

CTil1,U HaM npe,llcTaBJIHCTCH CTOJlb 2Ke APCBHett m1<peK­ u11e11, KaK H caMo l!eJ1ose,1ecrao. B CTpattax Enponb1 H AMe­ pH,KHB TC':ICHHe TbJCHtJC.fJCTllllli,HpKyJrnpoaa,11:1 llJTaMMbl, cepo­ JIOfl:ll!eCKl:I CXOJJ,HbIC C naH,ueMHl!CCKHMH, HO OTJJHl!alOW,HCC5l OT HHX Hl:!3KOH BHpyneHH!OCTbJO. HhIHCIJJH5UI naHJJ,CMIIH Bbl· saatta He HMH, a BHpycoM, :rnBe3eHHbIM H3 UeH'rpaJJhHOH Aq1pHKH B AMepHKY ew.e B nep110JJ, roproBJIH pa6aMH, a 1103->Ke OHH IIOHBHJIHCb B CBH3U C KOJ!OHl:!3JlbHblMH 33XBaTaMH, ,Uo no­ pbl JJ,O BpeMeHH .3TOT BHpyc Bhl3b!B8,l MC)I.JJCHHO«TJICIOlll.YIO» 3IlH)l.CMHIO, HO 38TCM IIOHBHJlHCb lp3KTOJ)bl, Bbl3B8BlilHe naH­ ,ueMHIO CTII1,U. Bo3MOiKHo, npn 3TOM B03HHl<JJH Myraum:1, c)].e• JJaBlJJHe Bl14 60J1ee B11pyJ1e11THblM.

BOJiblllOe ceMeHCTBO peOBHpycoa C ,D,BYHHTCBblM cpparMCH· TapHbJM reHOMOM noJJ,p33,U,eJ15leTC.H Ha IIOJJ,CeMCHCTBa BHpycoB )KHBOTHblX H BHpycoB pacTCHHiL Pe0B1:1pycbl He 1:130JlHpoBaHbl B opraHHtJeCKOM MHpe, l1MeCTC5l HCCKOJibKO rpynn BHpycoB c ABYHHTCBOH PHK, nopa.1Ka10uu1x ttaceKOMbIX (611pttaaupych1) H rpH6bl (BHpychl C Henpepb!BHLIM H ¢parMeHTHp0B8HHblM re­ HOMOM), BKJ110'-Ia51 J1.PO)K>K1eBble Kl:l,lJJCpbl.

<l>opM1:1poaam1e aBTOHOMHbIX retteTII11ecKHx crpyKryp THna ABYHHTeBhIX PHI( 5IBJJHCTC5l Ba)KHblM HanpaBJJCHHCM 3BOJIIO­ ll,Hl:I BHpycOB, npll TOM BCCbMa APCBHHM, T3K KaK OHH coxpa­ HHJll:!Cb y qrn.,oreHeTHlJCCKHX APCBHl:IX 3yKapHOT (rp116b1) H

228

B 'i'0 }Ke BpeMH Ilopa}l{aIOT naceK0MbIX, BblClllHX iKHtl0TIIbIX H Bh!ClllHe pacTeIHHI.

K0HeHrno, 6h1J10 6hI npIIMHTHBHbIM CTaBHTb B npHMYIO qrn­ J10re1ieTIItJecKy10 CBH3b ,upO.tlOKCBhle K l·U!Jlepb!,T0TIIBHpycbl II napTHTHBIIpycbl qrn6oB, 611pHaa11pycbl 11 poram1pycbl. 3To T0J1bK0 TO, l.!TO yue.HIeJ10 sa COTIUI Mll.11.'lH0H0B JleT .3B0.TI!0UHH, HO II0HHTb B03HHKH0BeHHe H 3B0JIIOUHIO HX M0:iKH0. JI106aH aBT0HOMHaH PIIK-coAep:iKarn.aH crpyKrypa ,uom1rna saruH· THTbCH or HYKJieas, II nepBoii. Ha,ue:Hrnoii. sauunoi-l: HBJJHeTCH ,uByHIITtJaT0CTb PIIK, K0Topa,1 pesHCTCI ITlia K HYKJJeasaM. Ta­ KaH crpyKTypa ,uoJI:iKHa IIMCTb aBTOH0MHYIO penmmaun10 n rpaHCKp1mumo, ll03T0MY 1nopoii. 3Tan - II0HBJICHHC B C0CTaBe cTpyKTYP noJmMepas. H ,ueikTBIITCJihHO, Bee HasaaHHblC BHpy­ CbI c ,uay11nTeaoi-l: PHK nMeIOT anpnoHHhie rroJIHMepasbl. ,UaJJh· HCiillJaH .3B0JIIOUI15I BblpasHJiaCb B II0HBJICHHH ,UHCKpCTI-lb!Xre­ HOB, K0,UHpy1orn.IIx CIIHTC3 pa3Hh!X 6eJIKOB. TaKoBa o6maH CXCMa B03HlfKHOBCIHIH II rrepB0Ha'!a.llbllbIX .,nanoB 3B0J1IOIJ,lrn m1pyc0B c ,uByHIITeBofi PHK.

CeMeIICTBO T0raBIIpycoB npe,ucTaBJleHO MH0f0ellICJ1CHHblMH m1pycaMH, 06pasy10w.HMII cepo.1ornqecKIIC rpymlbl (HCCKOJlbKO rpynn), IIMCCT HC0:iKII,UaHHbIC 3BOJllOUHOHHb!C CBH3H C HeK0TOpbIMII BIIpycaMH paCTem1fr - 6nnapnITHblMII BnpycaMH (Bromovirus, Tomovirus) H rpynnoi-l: BHpyca ra6a,moti M0saHKH. Oco6eHHOCTblO reH0Ma roraBHpycoB 5IBJJHeTC5I anaro­ MIIlJCCKaH II cj:JII3HOJIOfH'!eCKa5l pas,ueJJeHH0CTb crpyKrypnoii l:l necTpyKTypnoi-i: Tiacrefr reHoMa. EcJIH crpyKrypHb!e reHhl cpaBmmaeMbIX rpynn BHpycoB He HMeIOT m1l!ero o6mero, tJaCTb reH0Ma, K0,UHpy10w.aH IlOJIHMepa3Hblll K0MIIJieKC, He T0J!bK0 CXO,UHa no CTPYKType y 3THX 3 rpynn BHpycoB, HO H 06Hapy:iKHBaCT 3HaarnTeJibHYIO CTerreHb f0M0JIOrHII. 3Ty f0M0· JlOfIIIO HeJib35l o6bHCIIHTb MOJICKYJIHpHOH K0HBepreHUIICH, 3,UeCb pe'lb 11,ueT 06 9BOJIIOUHOHHOH o6W.HOCTH BCCX 3 rpynn BHpy­ C0B, KOT0pbie, X0TH H np0lllJlII ,11.JllITeJlbllble caM0CT0HTeJibHhle nyT!I .3B0J1l0Ull ll, HC'IIICJIHeMbie ,ueCHTKaM!I MH.,'lJIH0H0B JleT, co­ xpaHIIJIU K0HcepBaT!IBilb!Mll B 3Ha'!HTeJibHOfr CTenerrn fCHbl, KO,n!IpyIOW.lIC Il0.'I!IMepa3Hblll K0MfIJICKC, a TaK:iKe CTpaTermo BIIpycuoro reH0Ma, 3aHHB C0BeplllCHH0 pa3Hble 9K0J10f!I4eCKIIe HIIlllH.

KoMnaKTHOe ceMettCTBO <pJJaBIIBIIpycoB, C0CT0HW.ee H3 o,u­ H0ro po,11.a, li 0TJIHeIaeTCH OT rrpe,uu,uyw.ero ceMettCTBa, H cxo,u­ H0 C IIIIM, HCCM0TpH Ha 6Jlll3K!IC BemPIIIIIbl reH0Ma !I CX0,ll,CTB0 Mopcj:JOJ!OfH!I B!Ip!I0H0B. OTJillll!I5l saKJ!IO'laIOTCH a CTpaTCf!IlI BIIPYCIIbIX reH0M0B, K0T0pb!C CX0,ll.Hbl y ToraBHpycoB lI 3 Bb!LIJC yn0MRHYTblX BIIpycoB pacTeHHH, He:iKeJIH y Tora- !I cj:JJiaBJ-IBH­ pycoB. B CBH3H C 3T!IM l!CT0'IHHK npoHCX0.iK)l.Cmrn cj:JJJaBIIB!I·

229

pycoB 11e,1ceH. Ba:;1rno TaK}Ke OTMe'l'H'fb, 4'l'O 3Tl1 nttpycbt no­ paxrnmT BblCilllfX (TeITJIOKpOBHblX) )KliBOTllblX H nepe,n,aIOTC51 KPOBOCOCYW.HMH HaceKOMbIMH. 11 Te, 11 ,upyrne ITOJJy•rnJJH urn­ poKoe pac11pocTpattem1e 50-70 MJJH JlCT Ha3a;'1,. 3a 3TO apeM.H qJJJaBHBHpycbf o6pa30B3JIH HeCKOJJbKO cepOJJOftt'-leCKH pO,ll,CT­

neHHb!X

rpynn, a lllICJJO HbJHe H3BeCTHbIX Bttpycon ll,OCTHI'JJO

MHOfllX

,ll,eC5ITKOB.

BMeCTe C IIHKOpHaBHpycaMn H K3JJHllHBHpycaMH Mhl pac­ CMOTpHM 3 rpymm nupycoB pacTeH11i1 (Comovirus, Nepovirus, Tobravirus)' 113 KOTOpblX nepBblii 5IBJlfleTCH 61mapTHTHb!M, a BTOpot\ n Tpenfii TpttnapTHTHbIMH. Bcex 11x o6'be,uttH51eT TO, 4TO Ha 5'-KOHUe HX reHOMa eCTb 1-1e60JJbl1JOfI ITOJJHnenTH,ll. VPg, KOTOpb!fl urpaeT B3)KHYIO pOJJb B penJIHKaUHH reHOMa, mv,e!O­ w.ero no3HTHBHYIO noJJRpHOCTb. Y nHKop11annpycoB CTPYKTYP· HblC 6eJJKH 33KO,ll.HpoBaHbl Ha -rpeTH, npHMbIKalOill,eH K 5'-KOH· Li,Y re1-10Ma, 11ecTpyKrypHbIe - Ha cpe,nttett qacnI, rpeTb npH­ MbIKaeT K 3'-KoHu,y. TTocKOJibKY reHoM JIMeeT t103HTHBHYIO ITOJHipHOCTb H o6Jl3,ll,aer HHQ)OpM3llHOHHbIMH CBOHCTB3MH, CHa­ qaJJa CHHTC3HpyeTCfl Beeb OOJJIICTCJ1TIU1, (nponeIITH; ), 3aTeM OH Hape3aeTC5! KJJeT04HblM!I 11 BllPYCHblMH npoTea3aMH B 3 3Ta­ rra, Hal!JU!a5I co BpCMCHH CHHTe3a ero Ha fIOJJHpH60coMaX. llo 3TOMy )Ke nrny OOCTpOeHbl reHOMbl H33B8HHbIX BHpycoB pacTeHHtt. B qacTHOCTH, y 6Hnapn1THOro KOMosnpyca CTPYK­

TYPHbIC 6eJJKH 3aKo,uupoBaHbI 11a MeHbilleM, a uecrpyKTyp111,1e 11a 6oJJbWCM cerMeHTe PHK, 110 o6a oHH HMeIOT Ha 5'-Kottuax

rroJrnnenTH,ll, VPg, a Ha 3'-Kottuax noJrn (A)-TpeKH. TaK 6hrJJa peweHa 3a,uaqa pa3o6w.eHHH cIrnre3a HecTpyKTYPHLrx 11 crpyK­ Typ11&Ix 6eJJKOB. Ka.1rnu,11a11pycb1 «peuuurn» ero HHbIM cnoco6oM - c1rnTe3oM cy6BttpHOHHbIX PHK.

TaKHM o6pa30M, rpynna yKa3aHHbIx 5 B11pycon HMee1 cxo.u11ym CTPYKTYPY reHoMa [n03HTHBHaH no.1rnpuocTb, VPg, noJm- (A) -TpCK], OTpa)!{aIOll.lYIO CTpaTermo reHOMa,- CHHTe3 nponeHTH,ll.a C !10CJie;1,yIO!l1,HM ero rrpoTeOJIHTH1!CCKHM Hape3a­ HHeM. ToJibKO y ITIIKOpHaBttpycoB .na nparerttH co6JJJOJJ.aeTC.H HOJJHOCTblO. Y Ka.llHlJ,HBHpycoB pa3,ue.TJe1rne ClfHTe3a BHpHOH­ HblX II HeCTpyKTYPHbTX 6eJJKOB o6ecne4HBaeTC51 CHHTe30M cy6BHpHOHHblX PHK, a y BHpycoB pacTem111 - cpparMCHTau11ei1 rettoMa H pa3Mell1,eHtteM ero cerMeHTOB B pa3ttbrX qac-rnuax. 3TH npH3H3KH He MOfYT 6LlTb npH3H3Hhl Kapll,HH3JJbHLlMH H JJHHib OTpa)!{alOT pa3111,re cnoco61,r pememrn 3ana•m - pa306- w.eHHH cIrnTe3a cTpyKTypHbIX 11 HeCTPYKTYPHbIX 6enKOB. Ilo3TOMY He J..(OJJ)KHbl 6b!Th coBepweHHO HeO)KH)J;3HHbJMH pe3yJJb­ TaTbl cpaBHHTe./JbHblXHCCJJe,ll,OBaHHii, ITOK333B!1JHe onpe,ll.eJJeH­ HYIO CTeneHb rOMOJ!OrMH reHOB uecrpyKTYPHb!X 6eJJKOB, npH­ MbIKarom,nx K 3'-KoHUY BHpttoBHoii PHK y n11KopHan11pycoB

230

Соседние файлы в папке Медицинская вирусология