- •1.1.1 Write of the vitamins, a biological role.
- •1.1.2 Write the basic structure of proteins.
- •1.1.3 Write the secondary and tertiary protein structures.
- •1.1.5. Write the еnzyme function.
- •1.1.6. Write the agreement about the name of enzymes
- •1.1.7. Write the what are carbohydrate.
- •1.2.1 Describe the vitamins d,a biological role and mineral substances of food
- •1.2.2. Describe the transcription: synthesis of rna.The basic stages of transcription
- •1.2.3 Describe the vitamins b6,a biological role and mineral substances of food
- •1.2.4. What is the difference between monosaccharides and disaccharides. What are some examples of them.
- •1.2.5 What are the organic chemical groups that compose carbohydrates?
- •1.2.6 Describe the vitamins b1,a biological role and mineral substances of food.
- •1.2.7. Describe the structure and mechanism of action of enzymes
- •1.3.1. What is the molecular formula for glucose.Aerobic oxidation of glucose in a cell. A sequence of reactions up to formation of the pyruvate
- •1.3.2. Write the vitamins а, а biological role and there isfor the reaction
- •1.3.3 What are monosaccharides, oligosaccharides and polysaccharides?
- •1.3.4 . What are hexoses? What are some examples of hexoses with important biological functions?
- •1.3.5. Make use of vitamins b,а biological role and of the reaction of vitamins b
- •1.3.6. Make use of structure of rna features of structure rna?
- •2.1.1. Give definition to enzymes. Features of enzymatic catalysis.
- •2.1.2 Write the types of enzymes
- •2.1.3 What are the main biological functions of polysaccharides?
- •2.1.4. What are pentoses.What are the roles of pentoses in dna and rna molecules.
- •2.1.5. Write the Nucleic acid. The structure of nucleic acids
- •2.1.6. Write the importance of nucleic acid, give an example.
- •2.1.7 What is lipids. Write what are the functions of lipids.
- •2.2.1.Describe of enzyme cofactor and holo-enzyme.
- •2.2.3. Describe the structure of nucleic acid, what types have nucleic acid
- •2.2.4. What is nucleotides. Tertiary structure of dna?
- •2.2.5. Describe the function of dna, biological role of dna
- •2.2.6 Explain about chemical and physical properties of lipids
- •2.3.1. Write the Molisch reation. Reaction of the necessary equipment and reagents
- •2.3.2. Write the Ksantoproteïn determined amino acid reaction. Reaction of the necessary equipment and reagents
- •2.3.3. Write the vitamins c, а biological role and there is for the reaction
- •2.3.4. What is nucleotides. Primary structure of nucleic acids
- •2.3.5. Describe the function of dna, biological role of dna
- •3.1.1. Write about chemical composition of lipids.
- •3.1.2. Write the types of lipids
- •3.1.4. Write the subject and problems of biological chemistry.
- •3.1.5 Write the classification of proteins on the basis of their solubility
- •3.1.6. Write the differences between dna and rna.
- •3.1.7. What types has rna.
- •3.2.1. Describe about complex lipid.
- •Features
- •Function
- •3.2.2. Describe vitamins e,a biological role and mineral substances of food.
- •3.2.3 Describe primary structure of proteins
- •3.2.4. Describe vitamins pp,a biological role and mineral substances of food.
- •3.2.5 Describe biological functions and classification of proteins.
- •3.2.6 Describe physico- chemical properties of proteins
- •3.2.7 Describe types of rna, features of secondary and tertiary structure, functions. A structure of ribosomes
- •3.3.1. Make use of hormonal regulation of enzyme action.
- •3.3.2 Write the Biurets determine amino acid reaction. Reaction of the necessary equipment and reagents.
- •3.3.3 Write the types of interactions between amino acid side chains in stabilizing the secondary and tertiary structures
- •3.3.4. Make use of Physico-chemical properties of proteins
- •3.3.5 Write the Adamkevich determined amino acid reaction. Reaction of the necessary equipment and reagents.
- •3.3.6. Reactions collapse purine and pyrimidine bases, and shows differences.
1.1.1 Write of the vitamins, a biological role.
Tasteless, organic compounds. Required in small amounts. Functions: ÷Regulate metabolism ÷Help convert energy in fat, carbohydrate, and protein into ATP ÷Promote growth and reproduction. Deficiencies can result in potentially serious consequences
Most metabolic processes in the body require vitamins. Many coenzymes (compounds that help enzymes function in metabolic processes) are composed of vitamins.
Vitamin Structure and Function All vitamins contain carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. Some vitamins contain nitrogen and sulfur. Chemical structure of each vitamin is unique. Each vitamin is a singular unit. Vitamins are absorbed intact. Vitamins perform numerous essential functions
Each new vitamin is temporarily named when discovered. The naming of vitamins follows the letters of the alphabet, starting with A; we are up to the letter K
A, B, C, D, E, and K, B has many subscripts, F, G, and H were dropped
There are 13 different vitamins, each with its own special roles. Vitamins are grouped into two major categories; fat-soluble vitamins and water-soluble vitamins.
Fat-soluble vitamins (4 fat soluble) Vitamin A Vitamin D Vitamin E Vitamin K
Water-soluble vitamins (9 water soluble: 8 B vitamins & C) ÷Thiamin ÷Riboflavin ÷ Niacin ÷Biotin ÷Pantothenic acid ÷ Vitamin B6 ÷Folate ÷ Vitamin B12 ÷Vitamin C
1.1.2 Write the basic structure of proteins.
Protein structure describes how protein molecules are organised. This structure is what makes proteins work.
Proteins are important biological macromolecules present in all organisms. They are polymers formed from 20 possible amino acids by RNA translation. Protein structures range in size from tens to several thousand amino acids.
After translation, proteins fold into specific shapes. This is not done by chemical bonds but by weaker forces such as hydrogen bonds. To understand how proteins work, it is often necessary to discover their three-dimensional structure. To do this biophysics uses techniques such as X-ray crystallography, NMR spectroscopy, and dual polarisation interferometry.
A protein may switch from one shape to another as it does its job. The alternative states of the same protein are called conformations. An enzyme, for instance, will have at least two conformations: one with its co-enzyme and one without. The form with its coenzyme will have two conformations: one with its substrate and one without.
1.1.3 Write the secondary and tertiary protein structures.
Secondary structure
An alpha-helix with hydrogen bonds (yellow dots)
Secondary structure refers to highly regular local sub-structures. Two main types of secondary structure, the alpha helix and the beta strand (beta sheet), were suggested in 1951 by Linus Pauling and coworkers. These secondary structures are defined by patterns of hydrogen bonds between the main-chain peptide groups.
Tertiary structure
This is the shape (spatial organization) of an entire protein molecule. Protein folding is largely self-organising. It is mainly done by the protein's primary structure – its sequence of amino acids. This is called Anfinsen's dogma. However, the environment in which a protein is synthesized and folds also effect its final shape.