- •The Theoretical Characteristics of Communicative Language Teaching (clt) Language Teaching Methodology and Approach
- •The Linguistic Jargon
- •Functions of Language
- •Communicative Value of Language
- •Interactive Nature of Communicative Competence
- •The Characteristics of clt
- •The Merits and Constraints of the Communicative Approach in Relation to Classroom Practice Ways of Changes
- •Refinement of the ‘Four Skills’
- •Refinement of Methodology
- •Demands Made on the Teacher
- •Constraint of the Textbooks
- •Constraint of Authentic Situation
- •Constraint of the Learning Styles
- •Intensity Constraint
- •Contextual Constraint
- •‘What about Grammar?’
- •Fossilisation of Errors
- •Overcoming Common Constraints Related to clt
- •Conclusion:
- •References
Conclusion:
Communicative Language Teaching is no doubt an excellent tool for increasing fluency. Overcoming its limitations and implementing with different methodology; teacher can become more creative while learners become more competent. One of the prime supports for CLT is the practicability use of language. In this 21st Century, the world has ‘shrunk’. We are living in a global village. The need to communicate in a common language tongue is ever stronger. CLT is going to stay on until the need for it has waned. We will continue to see its evolution in days to come.
References
Bachman, L.F. (1986) Fundamental Consideration in Language Testing, OUP, Oxford.
Breen, M.P. and Candlin, N. (1980) ‘The Essentials of a Communicative Curriculum in Language Teaching’, Applied Linguistics 1/ 2, P.89-P112.
Brumfit, C.J. and Johnson, K (1979) The Communicative Approach to Language Teaching, OUP, Oxford.
Brumfit, C.J. (1980) Problems and Principles in English Teaching Oxford, Pergamon Press
Canale, M. (1984) ‘Testing in a Communicative Approach’ in Gilbert A Jarvis (ed.) The Challenge for Excellence in Foreign Language in Education, Middlebury, Vt.: The North East Conference Organisation: P.79-P.92
Canale, M & Swain M. (1980) ‘Theoretical Bases in Communicative Approach to Second Language Teaching and Testing’ Applied Linguistics 1/1 1980
Candlin, C. (1988) ‘Methods in English Language Teaching’ in International English Language Teaching, Prentice Hall, New York.
Davies, A. (1991) ‘Language Testing in the 1990’ in Language Testing in the 1990s, (1991), Modern English Publications, London.
Halliday, M.A.K. (1973), ‘Towards a Sociolinguistic Background’ in Brumfit, C.J. and Johnson, K. (1979) The Communicative Approach to Language Teaching, OUP, Oxford.
Halliday, M.A.K (1975), ‘Learning How to Mean: Exploration s in the Development of Language’ in Richards, J.C. & Rogers, T.S. (1986) Approaches and Methods in Language Teaching, CUP, Cambridge.
Harrison, A. (1991), ‘Language Assessment as Theatre: Ten Years of Communicative Testing’, in Language Testing in the 1990s, (1991), Modern English Publications, London.
Holden, S. (1977), ‘Ode to the Acronym’ in Brumfit, C. J., (1980) Problems and Principles in English Teaching, Pergamon Institute of English, Oxford.
Hughes, A. (1989) Testing for Language Teachers, CUP, Cambridge.
Hymes, D. (1971), ‘On Communicative Competence ’in Brumfit, C.J. and Johnson, K (1979) The Communicative Approach to language Teaching, OUP, Oxford, P.5-P.27.
Johnson, K. (1982), Communicative Syllabus Design and Methodology, Pergamon, Oxford.
Medgyes, P. (1986) ‘Queries from a Communicative Teacher’ ELT Journal 40/2 OUP, P.107-P.112.
Nunan, D. (1987) ‘Communicative Teaching: Making it work’ ELT Journal 41/2, OUP, P136-P.145.
Porter, D (1991), ‘Affective Factors in Language Teaching’ in Language Testing in the 1990s, (1991), Modern English Publications, London.
Richards, J.C. (1983) ‘Communicative Needs in Foreign Language Learning’ ELT Journal 37/2 OUP, P.111-P.119.
Richards, J.C. & Rogers, T.S. (1986) Approaches and Methods in Language Teaching, CUP, Cambridge.
Seedhouse, P. (1996), ‘Classroom Interaction: Possibilities and Impossibilities’ ELT Journal 50/1, OUP, P.16-P.23.
Van Ek, J. A. (1976), The Threshold for Modern Language Learning in Schools, Longmans, London.
Widdowson, H.G. (1978) Teaching Language as Communication, OUP, Oxford.
Wilkins, D.A. (1976), Notional Syllabuses, OUP, Oxford.
Rogers, T.S. (2001), ‘Language Teaching Methodology’, ERIC Digest, [On-Line]. Available: http://www.cal.org/ericcl/digest/rodgers.html.
Pacurari, O. (1995), ‘Who likes change? Understanding Teachers’ Resistance to Pair Work’, [On-Line]. Available: http://ettc.uwb.edupl/strony/ptt/dec95/4/41parcura.html
Van Lier, L. (1988) ‘The Classroom and the Language Learner’ Longman, New York
Ryan, S.B., ‘Overcoming Common Problems Related to Communicative Methodology’, [On-Line] http://iteslj.org/Techniques/Ryan-Communicative.html