15. A) Skim text 6 and state which idea of the previous text this text develops.

b) Supply the prepositions where necessary.

Text 6

Federal employees pay comparability act

OF 1990

Prior to January 1994, GS personnel were generally paid the same amount (for a given grade and step) regardless of where they worked. Beginning in January 1994, a locality pay system was intro- duced (as part ... the Federal Employees Pay Comparability Act of 1990) (FEPCA) which provides an additional amount ... each grade varying ... region ... the continental United States (CONUS). A com- mon misconception is that the locality adjustments are determined ... cost of living fluctuations and other regional considerations. In fact, the adjustments are determined ... the cost of employment in a given area as measured ... the Department of Labor’s Employment Cost In- dex (ECI), which does not necessarily correlate ... the better-known Consumer Price Index (CPI) that tracks ... consumer prices. Both Re- publican and Democratic administrations have complained ... the methodology used to compute locality adjustments and the projected cost of closing the pay gap (as determined by FEPCA) ... Federal sal- aries and those in the private sector. As a result, FEPCA has never been fully implemented.

Since the issue of Federal employee pay necessarily takes place ... the larger context of the annual (and highly political) Federal budget process, the process ... determining ... the annual Federal employee pay raise itself has become very political. Although FEPCA provides ... an automatic formula to determine the annual pay raise, this formula has been ignored ... the cost of implementation. The President has au- thority under FEPCA to submit an “alternative” pay plan ... a lower raise than that called ... by the FEPCA formula (or none at all) “if

because of national emergency or serious economic conditions affect- ing the general welfare” [Title 5, U.S. Code, §5303(b)(1)]. In reality, the final pay raise has been decided by Congress, which has author- ized higher increases than what were originally requested by the Pres- ident ... his annual budget submissions. The primary reason given by Congressional leaders ... a higher civilian raise has been the mainte- nance of “pay parity” ... military pay, where the President has nor- mally been more generous and there has been less controversy, par- ticularly ... September 11th. Once the appropriations bill containing the pay raise proposal has been signed into law, the President then issues an executive order to implement the raise.

15. Render into English.

Радикальные изменения в государственном управлении начинаются в начале 90-х годов, когда под руководством вице-президента А. Гора определяется стратегия реформиро- вания государственного управления на менеджериальной основе. В целом программа административной реформы была изложена в докладе А. Гора «Национальный обзор эф- фективности исполнения» 1993 г. Уже к середине 90-х годов большинство штатов провели реформы тех компонентов, которые связаны с общим управлением качеством, прива- тизацией, налаживанием партнерства между общественным и частным секторами.

Подводя итоги, как можно оценить усилия американс- ких реформаторов во главе с А. Гором?

С одной стороны, реформирование правительства позво- лило устранить дефицит бюджета, но с другой — не приве- ло к восстановлению доверия к правительству. Сокращение штатов в правительстве оказалось реальным способом уменьшения затрат бюджета, но ограничение бюрократии с помощью сокращения бюрократов было только одной сто- роной реформирования правительства. Проблема восстанов- ления доверия к правительству полностью не было решена.

Вероятно, ни одна реформа не удовлетворит реформато- ров на длительное время. Бурное развитие менеджмента зас- тавляет экспертов предлагать все новые идеи по трансфор- мации государственного управления.