2. Skim text 3, headline it and give an annotation of the text.

Text 3

The Germanic Tradition. Relatively few of the reforms popular in the recent past are compatible with the Germanic State tradition. For example, pay-for-performance and other aspects of the new public management do not appear to fit well with this tradition. The position of civil servants as servants of the State confers upon them a status in which that service, rather than specific levels of efficient management, is the basis for their rewards. Moreover, it is not clear that the con- ceptual transformation of citizens into consumers would be generally accepted. Privatization has barely occurred in the German case.

Decentralization is much more compatible with this tradition. Even nominally centralized countries in this tradition, such as the Netherlands, have engaged in significant efforts at decentralization. The other set of reforms that is compatible with the German tradi- tion is financial reform, with efficient management, if not manageri- alism, being perfectly compatible with this tradition.

The Anglo-Saxon Tradition. This state tradition is compatible with almost all of the reform efforts summarized above. Arguably the reform effort that is least compatible with this state tradition is “empower- ment,” even though it is being implemented in several countries within this tradition. As this state tradition is the most suspicious of govern- ment and of its own civil service, attempts to grant greater power to lower level civil servants are likely to be unpopular. For similar rea- sons, deregulation of the public sector may encounter resistance, even though it has been promoted strongly by scholars and practitioners.

Napoleonic States. There is great variation among these countries. France has displayed a keen interest in administrative reform, and this has been accepted by bureaucratic elites, provided they remain in con- trol of it. This tradition appears, on paper, hostile to political decentral- ization. However, there have been significant and successful decentrali- zation efforts in many countries within this tradition. Greece is a promi- nent exception. As a state consisting of a mainland and a large number of islands—many of which lie close to Turkey - Greece has always empha- sized enosis (union) rather than decentralization. It is only recently, un- der pressure from the European Union, that Greece has set up admin- istrative regions to implement the Integrated Mediterranean Programs.

Several types of reform that were antithetical to the Germanic tra- dition appear to be acceptable within the Napoleonic tradition. For ex- ample, pay-for-performance is compatible with the established pattern of differential rewards for public employees in France and Belgium. Furthermore, the spread of private sector management techniques into the public sector would not be particularly antithetical to this tradition.

The Scandinavian State. Lastly, it appears that many of the most popular administrative reforms of the last two decades are incompati- ble with the Scandinavian State tradition. The strong bias in favor of state action runs counter to privatization and deregulation policies. Pay-for-performance is another category of reform that might appear incompatible with Scandinavian-style states, given the tradition of solidarity in the labor movement and an economic culture that tends to be self-effacing. Nevertheless, individualized pay systems have been adopted rather widely by Scandinavian governments.

On the other side decentralization is fully compatible with the Scandinavian State tradition. There is a strong history of local autono- my that has been reinforced by the politics of the 1980s and 1990s. Furthermore, within the central administration itself the Scandinavi- an pattern has been deconcentrated, utilizing Boards and agencies as quasi-autonomous implementing organizations—a pattern copied, at least in part, by “Next Steps” reforms in other countries. In addition, empowerment of the lower echelons of the public service (and of their clients) is compatible with the democratic and participatory ethos embedded in this tradition.

N o t e s:

Managerialism — менеджеризм (концепция, согласно которой

контроль над крупными корпорациями, а вместе с тем и власть в экономической жизни общества постепенно, переходит из рук акционеров в руки управляющих этими корпорациями менеджеров)

неприязненный

п

hostile

antithetical

bias

self-effacing “Next Steps” reforms

рямо противоположный

пристрастие

скромный, держащийся в тени

реформа «Следующие шаги», которая была проведена под руководством Тэтчер