A advisors of the State civil service experts in the civil service venal ) Fill each gap with a suitable word from the box.
Look through Text 3 and say whether the text is interesting or not for you. Explain why.
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Text 3
A brief history of civil service
The first ... of examinations to select civil ... was in China during the Han dynasty (206 B.C.E.—220 C.E.). In the west, ... of civil adminis- trators based on ... did not begin until the rise of national states replaced the feudal ... . In the mid-17th century, Prussia ... a civil service on a com- petitive basis. Similar reforms followed in France, where they became ... for the Napoleonic reforms at the ... of the 19th century. In the Eng- lish-speaking world, competitive civil service ... came even later.
In the United States, the first Civil Service Commission was es- tablished by ... in 1871, but it only lasted a few years. The first civil service ... association was formed in New York City in 1877, and in 1883 New York City and Brooklyn became the first ... in the nation to adopt civil service regulations. The national civil service movement was inspired by the New York examples, and the 1883 Pendleton Act reestablished a federal Civil Service Commission, and this one lasted.
N o t e:
the Pendleton Act — закон Пендлтона. Огайский сенатор Дж. Пендлтон установил основы кадровой политики государственных ведомств, сформулировал требования, предъявляемые к претендентам на занятие вакансий в государственной службе, ввел систему замещения части федеральных должностей на основе конкурсных экзаменов
Render into English.
Институт современной государственной службы в Вели- кобритании сложился в 1970-е гг. В этот период в стране были проведены крупные административные реформы. Ко- митет возглавил Фултон. Он представил правительству док- лад, в котором содержалось 158 рекомендаций. Все они были приняты правительством. Фултон предложил новую модель государственной службы — менеджеральную.
Первым этапом реформы стала отмена системы классов. Вместо этого были созданы три основные группы чиновни- ков. К первой группе относятся старшие политические и ад- министративные руководители. Вторая группа называется административная, а третья группа объединяет научно- профессиональных работников и технических специалистов.
Менеджеральная модель государственной службы пред- полагает вовлеченность административного аппарата в про- цесс выработки и принятия политических решений. В соот- ветствии с рекомендациями Фултона в министерствах по- явились отделы по планированию политики.
It’s interesting to know
• Read and render into English (Russian).
George
H. Pendleton
The Pendleton Civil Service Reform Act is an 1883 United States federal law that established the United States Civil Service Commis- sion, which placed most federal employees on the merit system and marked the end of the so-called “spoils system.” Drafted during the Chester A. Arthur administration, the Pendleton Act served as a re- sponse to President James Garfield’s assassination by a disappointed office seeker. The Act was passed into law on January 16, 1883. The Act was sponsored by Senator George H. Pendleton, Democrat of Ohio, and written by Dorman Bridgeman Eaton, a staunch opponent of the patronage system who was later first chairman of the United States Civil Service Commission. The most famous commissioner was Theodore Roosevelt (1889-1895).
The law only applied to federal jobs: not to the state and local jobs that were the basis for political machines. At first it covered very few jobs but there was a ratchet provision whereby outgoing presidents could lock in their own appointees by converting their jobs to civil service. After a series of party reversals at the presidential level (1884, 1888, 1892, 1896), the result was that most federal jobs were under civil service. One result was more expertise and less politics. An unin- tended result was the shift of the parties to reliance on funding from business, since they could no longer depend on patronage hopefuls.