Answer the questions:
Where can the key to Swiss success be found?
How many cantons (communes) is Switzerland divided into?
What issues are determined by cantons(communes)?
What are cantons (communes) governed by?
What affairs does the central government control?
How many members does the Swiss Government consist of?
How many years is the President of Swiss Confederation elected for?
What does the national parliament consist of?
What is new legislation subject to?
When does the proposed legislation fall away?
It’s interesting to know
• Read and render into English (Russian).
Aristotle
In his book Politics, the Greek philosopher Aristotle asserted that man is, by nature, a political animal. He argued that ethics and poli- tics are closely linked, and that a truly ethical life can only be lived by someone who participates in politics.
Like Plato, Aristotle identified a number of different forms of gov- ernment, and argued that each “correct” form of government may devolve into a “deviant” form of government, in which its institutions were corrupted . According to Aristotle, kingship, with one ruler, de- volves into tyranny; aristocracy, with a small group of rulers, devolves into oligarchy; and polity, with collective rule by many citizens, de- volves into democracy. In this sense, Aristotle does not use the word “democracy” in its modern sense, carrying positive connotations, but in its literal sense of rule by the demos, or common people.
B u s I n e s s e n g l I s h reservation
GRAMMAR
Present forms for the Future
We use the Present Continuous to talk about things that we have already arranged to do in the future.
I’ve bought my ticket. I’m leaving on Wednesday.
We’re seeing David at 5 and then I’m having dinner with Simon.
She’s picking me up at the station.
The bosses are giving everyone an end of year bonus.
In many situations when we talk about future plans we can use ei- ther the Present Continuous or the ‘going to’ future. However, when we use the Present Continuous, there is more of a suggestion that an arrangement has already been made.
I’m going to see him./I’m seeing him.
I’m going to do it./I’m doing it.
We use the Present Simple to talk about events in the future which are “timetabled.” We can also use the Present Continuous to talk about these.
My plane leaves at 6 in the morning.
The shop opens at 9.30.
The sun rises a minute earlier tomorrow.
My plane is leaving at 8.30.
The shop is closing at 7.00.
The sun is rising at 6.32 tomorrow.
Mix and match and translate the sentences.
I’ve bought my plane ticket. a. a couple of week.