Vocabulary

Choose one variant (a, b, c or d) which could be used in place of the word or phrase underlined without changing the meaning of the sentence

1. The company has experienced a number of significant changes in the last few years.

a) influenced c) required

b) undergone d) implemented

2. You should speak more loudly and more slowly when you want to emphasize an important point.

a) introduce c) discover

b) stress d) report

3. The North Americans consume more energy and resources than any other nation.

a) use c) waste

b) generate d) apply

4. One of the most important skills to learn is how to utilize your time effectively.

a) take notice of c) take care of

b) pay attention to d) make use of

5. The outcome of the experiment was a complete surprise to everyone.

a) beginning c) result

b) conclusion d) launch

6. He is a pleasant colleague, and very proficient at his job.

a) skilled c) productive

b) profitable d) active

7. They alleged that they had been the first to discover those facts.

a) proposed c) stated

b) explained d) demonstrated

8. The theory proved to be valid and was a major breakthrough in the history of science.

a) true c) unique

b) valuable d) false

9. Communication between researchers is dependent on precise definition of concepts and ideas.

a) faulty c) accurate

b) broad d) standard

10. The results obtained signify that we still know very little about these phenomena.

a) convince c) guarantee

b) disprove d) indicate

Reading Comprehension

Read each passage and choose the best answer (a, b, c or d) to each question

Text 1

Procrastinators are people who have a chronic habit of putting things off, usually until the last minute and sometimes until it is too late altogether. The most common reason that procrastinators themselves give for their habit, which they are usually quite willing to talk about even if not willing to change, is that they are lazy. Other typical excuses are that they are undisciplined, brilliant but disorganized, or very poor at organizing their time.

Some procrastinators, however, almost against their very nature, actually get as far as trying to do something about their problem and seek help. Recent research with such people seems to suggest that their difficulties are much more complex than the procrastinators themselves think. The general conclusions are that such people have a vulnerable sense of self-worth, are particularly fearful of failure, and deliberately put things off precisely so that they never leave themselves time to produce their best work. The reason for their delaying tactics is that, since they do everything at the last moment and under pressure, the procrastinators can retain their illusion of brilliance without ever having to put it to the test.

vulnerable – easy to attack or criticize

1. The main idea in the first paragraph is …

a) the nature of procrastination;

b) the undisciplined character of procrastinators;

c) that disorganization is the procrastinator's main problem;

d) the reasons procrastinators give for their behavior.

2. The main idea in the second paragraph is …

a) how procrastinators have an illusion of brilliance;

b) how procrastinators seek help;

c) research findings regarding procrastinators;

d) that procrastinators always leave everything until the last moment.

3. A suitable title for this passage might be …

a) The Chronic Habit of Procrastination;

b) Procrastination: Excuses and Reality;

c) Disorganization, the True Cause of Procrastination;

d) Procrastination: Never Do Today What You Can Put off until Tomorrow.

4. With which of the following would the author be most likely to agree?

a) Procrastinators are usually unaware of the true causes of their problems.

b) Laziness, lack of discipline, and poor organization of time are the major causes of procrastination.

c) One thing most procrastinators do is seek help for their problem.

d) A procrastinator would automatically fail any real test of his brilliance.

5. All of the following ideas appear in the passage. Which one does the author attribute most importance to?

a) Some procrastinators seek help for their problem.

b) Procrastinators, in general, put off things deliberately so as to avoid a real test.

c) Procrastinators usually think that they are very bad at organizing their time.

d) Procrastinators sometimes put off things until it is too late.

Text 2

In what now seem like the prehistoric times of computer history, the early post-war era, there was a quite widespread concern that computers would take over the world from man one day. Already today, as computers are relieving us of more and more of the routine tasks in business and in our personal lives, we are faced with a less dramatic but also less foreseen problem. People tend to be over-trusting of computers and are reluctant to challenge their authority. Indeed, they behave as if they were hardly aware that wrong buttons may be pushed, or that a computer may simply malfunction.

Obviously, there would be no point in investing in a computer if you had to check all its answers, but people should also rely on their own internal computers and check the machine when they have the feeling that something has gone wrong. Questioning and routine double checks must continue to be as much a part of good business as they were in pre-computer days. Maybe each computer should come with the following warning: for all the help this computer may provide, it should not be seen as a substitute for fundamental thinking and reasoning skills.