Vocabulary

Choose one variant (a, b, c or d) which could be used in place of the word or phrase underlined without changing the meaning of the sentence

1. The shortcomings of this analysis of the problem have been discussed carefully.

a) advantages c) difficulties

b) perspectives d) drawbacks

2. Many environmentalists feel that more deep-going changes in production are necessary.

a) ecologists c) educationalists

b) manufacturers d) reformists

3. The measurements are carried out with conventional equipment.

a) modernized c) unique

b) ordinary d) special

4. Have they found any direct evidence against that widely spread conception?

a) opinion c) view

b) proof d) principle

5. Conservation of nature often conflicts with agriculture and industry interests.

a) observation c) preservation

b) explanation d) exploration

6. This system lifetime was greatly increased due to the application of this device.

a) utilization c) modification

b) demonstration d) installation

7. The development of electric cars is under way in a number of countries.

a) in progress c) out of question

b) under discussion d) in advance

8. Various ideas have been proposed to account for these phenomena.

a) record c) describe

b) investigate d) explain

9. From the earliest times, men have observed changes that occur in nature.

a) take place c) meet

b) result d) take part

10. Articles in daily use which are made of plastics are familiar to everybody.

a) papers c) subjects

b) objects d) packages

Reading Comprehension

Read the passage and choose the best answer (a, b, c or d) to each question

Text 1

One of the greatest economic problems for those settlers in Nebraska in the last quarter of the 19th century was fuel. Little of the state was forested when the first settlers arrived and it is probable that by 1880, only about one-third of the originally forested area remained, down to a mere 1 percent of the state’s 77,000 square miles. With wood and coal out of the question, and with fuel needed year-round for cooking, and during the harsh winter months for heating, some solution had to be found.

Somewhat improbably, the buffalo provided the answer. Buffalo chips* were found to burn evenly, hotly, and cleanly, with little smoke and, interestingly, no odor**. Soon, collecting them became a way of life for the settlers’ children who would pick them up on their way to and from school, or take part in competitions designed to counteract their natural reluctance. Even a young man, seeking to impress the girl he wanted to marry, would arrive with a large bag of chips rather than with a box of candy or a bunch of flowers.

*Buffalo chips – excrement of a large animal of the cattle family.

**Odor – a smell, usually an unpleasant one.

1. What is the main topic of this passage?

1. The solution to the Nebraskan settlers' fuel problem.

2. Life in Nebraska in the late nineteenth century.

3. The importance of the American buffalo.

4. Deforestation in Nebraska in the late nineteenth century.

2. Which of the following statements in not true according to the passage?

1. Nebraska was not a densely-forested state even before the settlers arrived.

2. The children enjoyed collecting the buffalo chips.

3. The children spent a lot of time collecting the chips.

4. Buffalo chips were satisfactory as a fuel.

3. According to the passage, how much of Nebraska was forested when the first settlers arrived?

1. About 33 percent.

2. About 1 percent.

3. About 66 percent.

4. About 3 percent.

4. The passage implies that buffalo chips were needed …

1. in greater amounts in summer;

2. in greater amounts in winter;

3. only in summer;

4. only in winter.

5. Which of the following does the author not express surprise at?

a) The children needed competitions to stimulate them.

b) The buffalo chips gave off no smell.

c) Buffalo chips were the answer to the settlers’ fuel problem.

d) Young men took bags of buffalo chips to their girl friends.

Read the passage and mark the statements below T (true) or F (false)

Text 2

McGaffic College is a large school which not only boasts a beautiful campus, but also is surrounded by charming rural villages. It offers advantages, such as small classes, individual counseling and private dorm rooms, which few schools of its size can match. The college offers degrees in a wide range of liberal arts fields, though no longer in oriental languages, and has a wide-ranging sports program embracing most of the usual collegiate sports, with the exception of football. In contrast to nearby Perkins College, which requires students to live off-campus, McGaffic houses all its all-male student population in dormitories on campus.

The college has a distinguished teaching faculty and, in addition to highly-qualified lecturers, has at least three artists-in-residence on campus each year. The college’s strong liberal arts bias underwent a significant shift in the mid-sixties, when it invested in a new science building, instead of the new theater which many alumni, including two former state governors would have preferred. However, the policy changes seem to have paid off as all of the science departments, with the sole exception of the chemistry department, have had representatives win awards in national science competitions.

Given this success, other policy changes might be expected, but the least likely, in the near future at least, would be for McGaffic to become co-educational.

1. McGaffic College has many desirable features unusual for a large school.

2. Most exceptional in its inter-collegiate sports program is the McGaffic College football team.

3. Many former students did not approve of the college’s trend away from the liberal arts in the sixties.

4. The college has graduated at least two politicians.

5. McGafic College welcomes applications from young men and women throughout the country.