(15) French Affixes

Nouns	The suffix -ance	arrogance, endurance, hindrance, etc.
	The suffix -ence	consequence, intelligence, patience, etc.
	The suffix -ment	appointment, development, experiment, etc.
	The suffix -age	courage, marriage, passage, village, etc.
	The suffix -ess	tigress, lioness, actress, adventuress, etc.
Adjectives	The suffix -ous	curious, dangerous, joyous, serious, etc.
Verbs	The prefix en-	enable, endear, enact, enfold, enslave, etc.

(16) The Etymological Structure of English Vocabulary

The native element (words which were not borrowed from other languages but represent the original stock of this particular language)	The borrowed element (more groups & greater quantity of words: 65—70 % ◄ eventful history & many international contacts)
I. Indo-European element	I. Celtic (5th — 6th c. A. D.)
II. Germanic element	II. Latin 1st group: 1st с. В. С. 2nd group: 7th c. A. D. 3rd group: the Renaissance period
III. English Proper element (no earlier than 5th c. A. D.)	III. Scandinavian (8th — 11th c. A. D.) IV. French 1. Norman borrowings: 11th — 13th c. A. D. 2. Parisian borrowings (Renaissance) V. Greek (Renaissance) VI. Italian (Renaissance and later) VII. Spanish (Renaissance and later) VIII.German IX. Indian X. Russian And some other groups

(17) native Anglo-Saxon words are more frequently used: articles, prepositions, pronouns, conjunctions, auxiliaries and, also, words denoting everyday objects and ideas (e. g. house, child, water, go, come, eat, good, bad, etc.).

(18) grammatical structure - essentially Germanic, unaffected by foreign influence

(19) Interesting: at various times purists have tried to purge the English language of foreign words, replacing them with Anglo-Saxon ones. One slogan created by these linguistic nationalists was: "Avoid Latin derivatives; use brief, terse Anglo-Saxon monosyllables". The irony is that the only Anglo-Saxon word in the entire slogan is "Anglo-Saxon"

(20) I. Family relations: father, mother, brother, son, daughter.

II. Parts of the human body: foot (cf. R. пядь), nose, lip, heart.

3. Animals: cow, swine, goose.

IV. Plants: tree, birch (cf. R. береза), corn (cf. R. зерно).

V. Time of day: day, night.

VI. Heavenly bodies: sun, moon, star.

VII. Numerous adjectives: red (cf. Ukr. рудий, R. рыжий), new, glad (cf. R. гладкий), sad (cf. R. сыт).

VIII. The numerals from one to a hundred.

IX. Pronouns — personal (except they which is a Scandinavian borrowing); demonstrative.

X. Numerous verbs: be, stand, sit, eat, know.

(21) I. Parts of the human body: head, hand, arm, finger, bone.

II. Animals: bear, fox, calf.

III. Plants: oak, fir, grass.

IV. Natural phenomena: rain, frost.

V. Seasons of the year: winter, spring, summer (autumn is a French borrowing).

VI. Landscape features: sea, land.

VII. Human dwellings and furniture: house, room, bench.

VIII. Sea-going vessels: boat, ship. IX. Adjectives: green, blue, grey, white, small, thick, high, old, good.

IX. Verbs: see, hear, speak, tell, say, answer, make, give, drink.

(22) e.g. for the words of the Indo-European group:

Star: Germ. Stern, Lat. Stella, Gr. aster.

Sad: Germ, satt, Lat. satis, R. сыт, Snscr. sd-.

Stand: Germ, stehen, Lat. stare, R. стоять, Snscr. stha-.

(23) bird, boy, girl, lord, lady, woman, daisy, always

(24) Russian лорд, леди, бой (=”native servant”) are borrowed from English => are not cognates of their English counterparts

(25) beautiful = French-borrowed root + native suffix = the English proper element