Ill, adj., loose, adj., low, adj., weak, adj.

(8) sky, skill, skin, ski, skirt

(9) O.E. bread ("piece") → “bread” (Sc. brand)

О.Е. dream ("joy") → “dream” (Sc. draumr) (cf. Germ. Traum "dream" and R. дрёма).

(10) 1066. the Norman Conquest. the Normans under William the Conqueror defeated the English in the Battle of Hastings. England – bi-lingual country (>200 years).

(11) French words → English language ► Norman French borrowings:

Administrative words: state, government, parliament, council, power.

Legal terms: court, judge, justice, crime, prison.

Military terms: army, war, soldier, officer, battle, enemy.

Educational terms: pupil, lesson, library, science, pen, pencil.

Everyday life: table, plate, saucer, dinner, supper, river, autumn, uncle, etc.

(12) The Renaissance Period. Significant developments in science, art and culture; revival of interest in the ancient civilisations of Greece and Rome and their languages ► considerable number of Latin and Greek borrowings:

1) Latin → English:

abstract words: major, minor, filial, moderate, intelligent, permanent, to elect, to create

scientific and artistic terms: datum, status, phenomenon, philosophy, method, music

2) Greek → Latin → English:

phenomenon, philosophy, method, music, etc.

Greek → English

atom, cycle, ethics, esthete.

(13) Extensive cultural contacts b/w the major European states

▼

new words from other European languages → English vocabulary

1) Parisian borrowings – the most significant

regime, routine, police, machine, ballet,

matinee, scene, technique, bourgeois, etc.

↑

sound and "look" very different from their Norman predecessors

2) Italian borrowings: , e. g. piano, violin, opera, alarm, colonel

(14) Latin Affixes

Nouns	The suffix -ion	communion, legion, opinion, session, union, etc.
	The suffix -tion	relation, revolution, starvation, temptation, unification, etc.
Verbs	The suffix -ate [eit]	appreciate, create, congratulate, etc.
	The suffix -ute [ju:t]	attribute, contribute, constitute, distribute, etc.
	The remnant suffix -ct	act, conduct, collect, connect, etc.
	The remnant suffix -d(e)	applaud, divide, exclude, include, etc.
	The prefix dis-	disable, distract, disown, disagree, etc.
Adjectives	The suffix -able	detestable, curable, etc.
	The suffix -ate [it]	accurate, desperate, graduate, etc.
	The suffix -ant	arrogant, constant, important, etc.
	The suffix -ent	absent, convenient, decent, evident, etc.
	The suffix -or	major, minor, junior, senior, etc.
	The suffix -al	cordial, final, fraternal, maternal, etc.
	The suffix -ar	lunar, solar, familiar, etc.