Lecture IX. English words derived from latin nouns substantive and adjectives. Concluded.

The next Latin word to which I shall call your attention is the adjective Medius, the middle; from whence we have the words " mediate," " mediation," " mediator" and " mediatorial;" all having reference to going between two parties, or in the midst, with a view to their mutual reconciliation. " Mediocrity" implies what is mean or indifferent, neither very good nor very bad. A " medium" is a middle course; also any thing intervening. " Immediate" means what can be done at once, that is, without the intervention of any thing else. " Intermediate" denotes timeor events coining between others. The " mean" is the " middle," both words being derived from this root. The " Mediterranean" is the great inland sea, lying between lands on either side, and which the ancients imagined to be the centre of the earth; so called from terra the earth, in composition with this root.

Memor, mindful, gives us " memoir," the name given to a book intended to keep in mind one who has departed from this life. " Memorandum," of which the plural is "memoranda," signifies what is to be kept in mind, or in the " memory." A " memorial" is a name given to a petition intended to bring to mind the claims of the " memorialist." Hence to " memorialize" is a higher privilege than to petition. To " commemorate" is to bring to mind, in company with others. To " remember" is to bring again to mind; to bring to " remembrance" is to recall to memory. Time " immemorial" means beyond man's memory.

Minister, a servant, gives, us besides " minister" itself adopted as an English word, " ministerial," "ministry" and "ministering;" all having reference to service. " Ministers of religion" are so called, as being appointed to perform the service of the Church; and the " ministers of state" are the servants of the Queen, appointed to carry on the business of the country. To " administer" is to serve to a particular end; and an " administrator" is one who carries out such " administration" of affairs. " Administrative" powers, or talents, are such as are available in the management of business.

Mirus means wonderful; whence we have the words "miracle" and "miraculous." To "admire," as also " admirable" and "admiration," are understood in a good sense; but I have heard the terms applied by the Irish peasantry to denote what was thought strange, although not to be commended.

Miser, wretched, is the name given to a " miserable" man who takes delight in hoarding up money, loving it for its own sake, and denying himself comforts for the sake of it. To " commiserate" is to feel and to evince pity for the sorrows of others, the prefix com indicating a fellow-feeling, and thus contrasting " commiseration" with the selfish feelings of a wretched " miser."

Modus, a measure, manner, or rule, supplies the root of several words in ordinary use. The " mode" of doing any thing is the manner of it; and the " mood" in grammar signifies the manner or rule. The word is also applied generally to describe the temper or manners. A " model" is a copy to be imitated, that whereby an entire work is measured. To " moderate" means to fix measured bounds, and hence to restrain from excess; and " moderation" signifies a keeping a due mean between extremes. " Modern" means now living, and, as well as " modernize," may be derived either frommodus as referring to the present fashion of things, or rather from modo an adverb meaning now. "Modest" and "modesty," with the opposites formed by the negative prefix im, relate to the state of mind that preserves the measure of what is becoming. To " modify" is to bring within measurable bounds, and hence to qualify or limit. " Modish" implies an affectation of the fashion. A small measure of any thing is called a " modicum " To " modulate" the voice is to sound it to a certain key, or to certain notes. A " modus" is the name given to a payment measured as a "moderate" equivalent for what might be demanded. To "accommodate" is to act to the advantage of another; and " accommodation" means a benefit measured or meted out. Of somewhat similar signification is " commodious," meaning what is with measure; and " commodity" is applied to things suitable, and to all articles that are sold or measured out. To " incommode" is to inconvenience. The opposite to most of the above words is formed by the prefix in; but we have " unaccommodated," with the English negative prefix un. To " re-model" is to form or fashion again.

Mors (mortis) death, is the root of " mortal" and " mortality," and their opposites " immortal" and " immortality." Hence also come " mortify" and " mortification," compounded with fio and facio, and applied literally and figuratively; but more generally in the latter sense, to signify what is hurtful to the mind or feelings. "Mortgage" is a dead pledge, applied to a pledge given for payment of a debt, " because that which is put in pledge is by law, in case of non-payment at the time limited, for ever dead and gone from the mortgager"* (the name of the person giving the pledge) to themortgaged the person to whom it is given. " Mortmain" is another legal phrase, meaning literally a dead hand ; for the reason of which appellation many conjectures have been given by eminent lawyers.f A " mortuary" chapel was one built, as an addition to a Gothic church, as a place of burial for the family of the founder. " Murder" and " murderer" have been thought by some to be derived from this root; but the terms belong rather to words derived from the Saxon.

Mos (moris Mos) a manner or custom, gives us " moral," and " morals ;" the adjective always applied in a good sense, while the noun, only used in the plural, may indicate good or bad, according to the adjective qualifying it. "Morality" also indicates good manners, the opposite being formed by the prefix im for in. To " moralize" is to treat or deliberate "morally," or upon morals or moral subjects. The science of "morals," or moral philosophy, is that which teaches men their duty and the reasons of it. Moral is also distinguished from physical or mathematical; thus we speak of moral certainty, as distinct from that arising from the evidence of the senses, or from mathematical demonstration. To " demoralize" is to corrupt the manners, or to take from good morals. " Morose," signifying froward and adhering to one's own way, may perhaps be traced to this root. Blackstone, as quoted by Dr. Eichardson in his Dictionary, describes as the most probable, " that these purchases being usually made by ecclesiastical bodies, the members of which (being professed) were reckoned dead persons in law, land holden by them might, with great propriety, be said to be held in mortua manu."

Multus is many; from which we have " multitude" ; also " multifarious," having many variations; and "multiform," of many forms or figures. " Multiply," " multiplication," and " multiplier," are compounded with multus and plico to fold, as is also " multiplicity." Manifold is a good English word corresponding with multiplied.

Munus (muneris) is a gift or office. Hence we have " municipal" and " municipality," referring to those who hold offices in a corporation. " Munificent" is compounded with facio, and signifies making gifts, bountiful. " Common" means an office or gift enjoyed with others. It is in this sense that we use the word Common Prayer, and speak of our " common supplications." Land open and free to all is called " commons"; a name also given to the branch of the Legislature elected by the " commonalty" of the realm. The " commonwealth" means the general weal, a Saxon word compounded with the Latin cum and munus. To " commune" is to make common our thoughts, that is, to discourse or hold " communication" together ; and one who is ready to do this is " communicative." The terms " communicate" and " communicant" are applied to a common participation of the Holy Sacrament, hence called " The Communion." To " excommunicate" is to put out of " communion" or fellowship. "Immunity" means freedom or exemption, as from privilege or duty. To " remunerate" and " remuneration" denote a giving of something in return. The opposite to " commmunicable" is formed by the Latin prefix in, but that of " communicative" by the English prefix un, each applied negatively.

Nomen (nominis) a name, is the root of " nomenclature" meaning calling by name, compounded with calando for vocando. To " nominate" is to name; and a " nomination" is a giving the name of a person for any office. In grammar, a " noun" is the name of any thing; a " pronoun" is usedinstead of a noun; and the " nominative" case is that which primarily designates the name of any thing. A " nominee" is one whose name is given by another, usually as a substitute. " Name" and " nameless," as also " nominal" meaning only in name and applied to what is unreal, come from this root; likewise " denominate," denominator" and " denomination." " Ignominy" is literally without a name, ig being put for in as a negative; " ignominious" means without a good name, of no repute. On the other hand, "renown" anciently writtenrenomme, indicates being of a famous name.

Novus, new, supplies the roots of " new" " news," and " newness," of obvious meaning. " Novel" means new, and as a noun it is applied to designate a new book, and by usage a work of fiction. Any thing new is a " novelty." A " novice" is a person new in his profession or calling. To " innovate" is to bring in new things, which is an " innovation," and he that does it is an " innovator." To " renew" is to make new again, or to restore; which is a " renewal." When the term of a lease may be renewed it is said to be " renewable." To " renovate" is also to make new, and the corresponding noun is " renovation."

Numerus, a number, gives us " numerate," and " enumerate"; also " numeration," " numerator," and "numerical"; all relating to numbers; likewise " numerous," meaning many in number, and " innumerable," that cannot be numbered. A " supernumerary" means one above the number. To " number" is to reckon or count; and the phrase a number of people indicates a large " number." In the plural we have " numbers," applied in poetry and music, to the number of metrical feet, and of musical sounds; and hence generally to versification.

Omnis, all, is the root of " omnipotent," in composition with patens, meaning all-powerful; " omnipresent," with presens, that is, all or every where present; and "omniscient," compounded with scio, knowing all things. These titles are applicable only to the Almighty, the proper English word for Omnipotent. Each of the foregoing adjectives has its corresponding substantive. " Omniverous" means devouring all kinds of food. A vehicle that carries many passengers, and is accessible to all, is called an " omnibus," which is the Latin for to or with all.

Opus (operis) a work, gives us " operative," a worker; and "operation," that which has been worked out by the " operator;" which latter terms are usually applied in a surgical sense. " Cooperation" is a working together, which is to " cooperate" with others. " Inoperative" denotes what will not be productive of any result. The " opera" is a drama set to music; the word is the plural of opus, indicating performances, that is, works, as a tragedy or comedy has its acts. An " opinion" implies a work of the mind.

Orbis, an orb, a circle, gives " orb" and "orbit;" also " orbicular," relating to the motion of the heavenly bodies. " Exorbitant," " exorbitancy," and " exorbitantly," imply a going beyond or out of the proper sphere.

Ordo (ordinis), order or rank, is the root of " ordain" and " ordained;" meaning settled or set in order. An " ordinal" is a ritual, a book containing orders. " Ordinance" means a rule or law; and " ordnance," formerly spelt the same, but now differently for the sake of distinction, is applied to cannon, great guns, used by rule and under orders. The word " order" is applied to various subjects. The primary meaning is to put or set in order, or station; and it is also used in the sense of giving a command. As a noun it means method, and a proper and fixed state; also a rule or regulation. The word is likewise employed in the plural, " orders," as a term by which to describe the ecclesiastical state, as also to designate classes, as the higherand the lower " orders." It is likewise used in the signification of means to an end—in order that. In architecture, the different styles are called " orders," as the Tuscan, the Doric, the Ionic, the Corinthian, and the Composite. " Orderly" means in due order, of which the opposite is " disorderly," contrary or without regard to rule. " Ordinary" denotes in the usual order of events; and as a noun it is used to describe the person having rule in any place; as likewise to a dinner provided at the usual hour and of the accustomed description. " Co-ordinate" implies unison of orders, equality of power. " Extraordinary" is beyond or out of the ordinary course; and " inordinate" means without bound or rule. " Subordinate" and " insubordination" denote being under rule, or the opposite with the negative prefix in. To " preordain" is to settle before hand; and to " reordain" is to order or ordain again.

Par, equal, gives us " par," a term used on the exchange to denote " parity" or equality. A " pair" denotes two equals. A " peer," of which the feminine is " peeress," is a member of the " peerage;" terms applied to the nobility, because however different be their degree, their essential privileges are equal.* " Peerless" means without equal, as indicated by the English affix less. To " compare" is to make equal with; " comparable," that may be compared with others; and " incomparable," that which cannot be brought into " comparison" with any other, on account of its superior excellency. " Comparative" means estimated by " comparison;" not positive or absolute. In grammar, the term describes the degree that expresses more of any quantity in one thing than in another. To " disparage" is to make unequal to; and hence " disparagement"denotes slighting and depreciating anyperson or thing. "Disparity" means inequality. " Non-pareil," from the French, denotes what cannot be equalled for goodness.

Pars (partis), a share or portion, is the root of " part," which is its equivalent in English; and of " parboil," to boil in part; also of "partake" and " partaker," hybrid words compounded with pars ; and the English verb to take ; with which correspond "participate" and "participation," formed by the Latin verb capio to take. " Partial" and " partiality" imply taking part with another unjustly, acting the " partisan" instead of judging " impartially." Shakspeare constantly has " partisan" for a kind of pike or halbert. " Particle" is a little part, and a " participle" is so called as partaking both of a verb and an adjective. " Particular" and " particularly" denote attention to minute matters. To " particularize" is to go into " particulars." In logic, " particular" are distinguished from general terms. A " partition" is intended to divide into different parts. A " partner" is one with whom we share any thing. The word is applied to persons joined in business to share profits, and to those who by marriage become partners for life, whether it be " for better or worse." A " party" means a portion of people joined together for any common end; whether it be for conviviality or for political strife. A " parcel" is a small portion of any thing; the term is now commonly applied to a small package of goods; but it was formerly more generally applicable. It is sometimes also used as a verb, meaning to divide into small shares or parts.t In grammar, to " parse" means to name the parts of speech in a sentence, and their dependency upon each other. Some derive it from per se, indicating that each word was taken by itself. A " portion" also signifies a part, and to "apportion" is to give or assign shares to parties. " Portionless" is formed with the English negative affix. " Proportion" denotes a correspondence of parts, and implies a fit share. "Apart" signifies separated in parts from others; and an " apartment" is a room so set apart. A " compartment," as in a railway-carriage, is a place where several have a part in common. " Copartner" indicates a union in sharing any thing. A " counterpart" is the opposite or corresponding part, as of a deed or lease. To " depart" is to part from; and " departure" means the separation of a party. The term is appropriately used to designate death, which is the " departure" of the soul from the body. A " department" means a particular office separated from others. To " dispart," a word not much in use, is to part in different directions. To " impart" is to put a part into; and is applied to giving intelligence, giving a share of what we know toanother. " Tripartite" indicates the existence of three parties to an agreement, or share of any thing. To " interpret" is to be the medium of explanation between two parties, from inter and pars.

Passus, a step, gives us " pace," " pass," and " passable." A " passenger" is one who is proceeding on his journey, although it be not literally step by step, as implied by the etymology of the word; and the same remark applies to " passage." The "passover" was a Jewish feast, in commemoration of the destroying angel having passed over the houses of the Israelites. A " pass" means a ticket giving a right to pass on; and a "passport" is a document enabling a traveller to pass from a port, or through the gates of a city ; the present Emperor of the French has happily abolished such a troublesome system, so far as it relates to British travellers through France. The " past" means the time that has passed away. Games are called " pastimes," as intended to make the time pass away, that is, in an agreeable manner. To " compass" any end means to be able to pass round it; hence it is used to signify having it in our power, or attaining it. A pair of " compasses" is an instrument with which to make a circle; and mariners steer their vessels by the aid of a " compass." In all these cases the prefix com is put for circum about. " Encompass" is formed by the English prefix en,signifying to make. " Impassable" means that cannot be passed; to " repass" is to pass again; to " surpass" is to pass over; and to " trespass" is totranspass, like transgress to pass beyond the proper bounds.

Pater, a father, gives " paternal" and " paternity" ; also " patriarch" and " patriarchal" (but these latter are rather from the Greek, meaning the first fathers). " Patricians" were Roman noblemen, often called Fathers. " Patrimony" and " patrimonial" refer to property inherited from one's father. A "patron" is one who acts like a father, in the way of affording protection; and for this title we have the feminine " patroness" ; matron, in a similar sense, being restricted to a paid superintendent. To " patronize" is to extend " patronage" to. A " patronymic" is the name derived from a father; and is a word of French origin. A "parricide" is the murderer of a father.

Patria, one's country, gives us " patriot," " patriotism" and " patriotic." A " compatriot" is a fellow countryman; to " expatriate" is to send out ofone's native land; and " expatriation" is the act of banishing from one's country.

Pax (pacis), peace, gives "pacify" compounded with fio, and "pacific" with facio. The "Pacific" ocean was so called from its comparative calmness. Hence also we have " pacificator," a maker of " peace"; " peaceful," with the English affix implying fulness; and " peacefulness," with the additional English affix ness, denoting a state or condition; likewise " peaceable" and " peaceableness," of similar derivation and composition. To " appease" is to bring peace to one heretofore disturbed.

Persona meant a mask, or a person. Hence come " person," " personal," " personate" and " personation"; also " personify" and " personification," compounded with fio and facio. An " impersonal" verb means one having no person, that is, having no change according to person.

Pes (pedis), the foot, gives us "pedal," a part of a musical instrument worked by the foot; also " pedestal," that which affords a footing or stand to a figure. A " pedestrian" is a traveller on foot. A " pedigree" means the genealogy of one's forefathers; and may be derived from pes, as indicating the foot or foundation, and gradus, as going step by step. " Expedient" means what is ready or easy; as also " expeditious," quick ; both derived from exand pede, indicating a freeing of the foot, to enable it to run. An " expedient" and "expediency" sometimes denote evasion, or going out of the way. An " expedition" implies a quick march on foot out of one place towards another. To " impede" is to stop the foot in its progress; and an " impediment" means an obstacle placed in the way to hinder a passage. The opposite to " expedient" is formed by the negative prefix in.

Plantus is level or evident; whence we have "plain" and "plainness"; also a "plain," meaning a level piece of land. A " plane" is a carpenter's tool fitted to make timber plain or smooth. " Plain-dealing" and " plain-work" are hybrid terms, compounded of the Latin planus .with English words. To " explain," " explanation," and " explanatory" refer to a bringing out things in a plain and evident manner.

Plenus, full, is the root of " plenary," and of " plenipotentiary"; the latter title indicating one who is endowed with full powers to act for hissovereign. " Plenty" and " plentitude"; with " plenteous" and " plenteousness;" as also " plentiful" and "plentifulness," all come from plenus ; and to " replenish" is to fill again.

Poena, punishment, supplies " penal" and "penalty;" "penance" and "pain"; also "painless," " painful" and " painfulness," hybrid words formed with English affixes; as is likewise " painstaking." It is curious to observe how in many instances, the meaning and application of words have changed from time to time. Amongst these, are the words just referred to. Fuller, the Church historian, who lived in the 17th century, speaking favourably of a famous divine, exclaims, " Oh the painfulness of his preaching!" and in like manner another is alluded to as "the painful writer of two hundred books." In each of these cases the terms are used not to denote, as they now would, the tediousness of the preacher, or the weariness of the reader or hearer, but to describe the great pains which the preacher and writer bestowed on the composition of their respective works. I quite agree with the observation of a well-known writer of the present day, that if we had more painful preachers, in the old sense of the word, that is, who took pains themselves, we should have fewer painful ones in the modern sense, who cause pain to their hearers. A summons is called a "subpoena," because it requires attendance, sub pcend, that is, under punishment threatened in case of non-compliance.

Pondus (pondeeis) is weight; whence he have " ponderous," " pound," and a " pounder." To " ponder" is to weigh a matter in the mind"Preponderance" means overweight. To "poise" is to weigh or balance; " equipoise" denotes equality of weight ; " counterpoise" weighing against; and " overpoise" to overweigh.

Populus, the people, gives " populace," " popular" and " popularity," of obvious meaning. To " popularize" is a modern phrase, signifying to make free to all, but chiefly to make information accessible by simplicity of style to the " people." To " populate" is to bring people to, and the " population" are the people of any place. To " depopulate" is to take away the people from a place. " Populous" means full of people; and the " public" is another name for the people. To " publish" is to give to the public; and that so given is a " publication," a word now generally understood to denote a work issuing from the press, pro bono publico, that is, for the public good, as each author thinks his work to be. This iifgiving it " publicity," and the " publisher" is the person who brings out a work for the author. To " republish" is to publish again. " Publican" is a name now given to a man who keeps a " public-house." Amongst the Jews, at the time of our Saviour, it was a term of reproach given to those who collected the taxes from the public, for the Roman government of the day, and who were usually great extortioners. A " republic" indicates a form of government in which the commonalty exercise the legislative and executive powers; the literal meaning is common things, compounded with res a thing; and when such a form of government existed in England it was called a Common-wealth, that is, the public weal or good. " Republican" is a term that distinguishes such a government.

Pretium is a price, or worth; and hence we have " precious" and " preciousness," denoting what is of "price" or value. A " pri?e" is that which is assigned to worth; to " praise" is to ascribe worth to; and to " appraise" is to put a price upon. To " appreciate" is to attach a value to any thing which is " appreciable," or of worth. To " depreciate" is to take away from the value.

Primus, first, gives " prime," signifying the beginning, a word applied to the early morning, and metaphorically to what is first, chief, or most valuable. To " prime" a gun is to put in the first powder; a "primer" is the first book put into a child's hand; and a " primrose" is so called as being one of the earliest flowers of spring. A " primate" is the first or chief of ecclesiastics; and the " premier" is the first or " prime" minister of the crown. A " prior" is the chief of a monastery, as a " prioress" is of a convent. The word " prior" is also used as an adjective to denote " priority," a going before or first. " Primitive" means ancient, established from the beginning; and " primeval" is of the first time, or the earliest ages. " Primogeniture" denotes the first born. " Prince" and " principal" come from this root, compounded with capio to take, to indicate a taking precedence. " Principles," sometimes called first principles, are maxims first taken or assumed, or to be proved. "Primd facie" means on the first face of any thing.

Privus means one's own property, not public ; and hence we have " privacy," "privity," and " private." A " privateer" means a ship fitted out byprivate men to plunder the enemy, as distinguished from regular ships of war belonging to the nation. A "privilege" is that which belongs to particular persons distinct from the public at large. To " deprive" is to take from the private property of another.

Proprius also means one's own, peculiar or fit. Hence come " proper" used in both senses, and " property" applied to what is one's own; and " propriety" indicates what is fitting. A " proprietor" also refers to one's own possessions. To " appropriate" is to bring to one's own use, which is " appropriation," and may be " misappropriation," which is " improper" or an " impropriety."

Purus gives us " pure," its English equivalent; also " pureness" and " purity," with their opposites formed with the negative prefix im for in. To " purify" is to make pure, formed with fio; as " purification" is with facio to make. The negative is " unpurified." A " purist," as also " puritan" and " puritanical," denotes a profession of extraordinary purity.

Quies (quietis) quiet, peace, or ease, gives us "quiet," "quietude," "quietness;" also "quiescence" and " quiescent," being quiet or peaceful. The opposite to the adjective quiet is " unquiet," and "disquiet" for the noun; while the negative of quietude is formed by the prefix in for not. " Quietus" is found in Shakspeare for death, as an easy departure from a world of care.t To " acquiesce" and " acquiescence" denote giving in to—or for the sake of quiet.

Rudis, untaught, rough, gives us " rude" and " rudeness," descriptive of the manner of an untaught person. On the other hand, " erudite" and " erudition" denote a coming out of the untaught state by means of learning, of which the first beginnings are called the " rudiments," as being the rude or rough elements of knowledge.

Rus (rueis) is the country; hence we have " rural," " rustic" and " rusticate," relating to residence in the country. " Rusticity" implies the opposite tocivility, from civis a city, similar to polite and polished, from a Greek word of similar signification; the manners of a citizen or one residing in a town being supposed to be more refined than those of a 'rustic, or an inhabitant of the country.

Salus (salutis) is safety, health. Hence we have " salubrity," " salubrious," and " salutary." The latter word is often applied in a figurative sense, to denote what is conducive to moral health and safety. To " salute" and " salutation" denote a wishing of health to the person addressed.

Salvos, safe, is allied to the foregoing; and gives us " salvage," applied to the saving of goods from a ship that has been wrecked. A silver " salver" is intended to bring appropriate articles safely to one. A " salvo" of artillery means a salute, or wishing safe. To "save," " salvation," " safe" and " safety," with " unsafe," are all from the same root.

Sanus means sound in health ; whence we have " sane" and " sanity," with their opposites " insane" and " insanity," applied to the mind. " Sanitary" means healthy; and " sanatory," from Sano to heal, signifies tending to promote health. These terms are often confounded; they are now in constant use, when the sanitary condition of the people is attended to by sanatory measures. From sano also comes " sanative" tending to cure.

Sanctus, holy, gives us " sanctify" and " sanctification," with fio and facia; also " sanctimony" an appearance or show of holiness, called " sanctimonious." Likewise " sanctity" and " sanctuary." To " sanction" is to ratify or to give force to any thing, as if solemnly dedicated. A " saint" is a holy person, one that is sanctified or made holy.

Sanguis (sanguinis) is the Latin for blood. Hence we have " sanguine," denoting warm and earnest—the blood being up. " Sanguinary" implies a love of bloodshed, cruel. " Sanguineous" means abounding with blood; and " ensanguined" covered with or steeped in blood. " Consanguinity" means a relationship or fellowship of blood, indicated by the prefix con with.

Signum, a mark, gives us " sign," the English equivalent; also a " signal" used both as a noun giving a sign, and as an adjective meaning worthy of mark or note. To " signalize" is to make oneself remarkable. The " signature" of a person is the mark by which his name is known. A " signet" is a seal which bears a mark. To "signify" and "signification," wiihfio andfacio, is to make known by a sign; and the words are generally applied to making known in any way. Of similar derivation are " significant" and " significancy." To " assign" is to give a sign to, that is, to mark out or appoint. An " assignee" is a person to whom things are assigned or appointed. An "assignment" is such an appointment; and an " assignation" means an engagement, as it were by sign, to meet at a certain time and place. To " consign" is to give to the keeping of another; to " design" is to mark out; and to " resign" is to give back, as it were under one's signature, what one had possessed. A " design" is a pattern or a device, marked out; and " designation"means the course that has been marked out for one to pursue, or the end of the journey marked out. " Resignation" is giving up; often applied metaphorically to giving up one's own feelings in submission to the will of a higher Power. The outward emblems of royalty, or of other high office, are called the " insignia." " Insignificant" means not worthy of notice.

Similis, like, gives " simile" a likeness, or comparison, by which any thing is illustrated; also " similar" and " similarity," with the negatives formed by the prefix dis. " Simulation" is hypocrisy, pretending that which is. not; and a " similitude" is a likeness. To " assimilate" is to bring a likeness to any thing; to " dissemble" is to use false professions; and " dissimulation" is the act of making false appearances. " Dissimilar" means unlike; and of corresponding signification are " dissimilarity" and " dissimilitude;" A " fac-simile," as of hand writing, denotes one thing done like another. To " resemble" is to present a similarity or likeness of any thing; and "semblance" is likeness.

Socius, a companion, gives us " social" " sociable," " sociableness" and " sociability. Hence also we have " society;" and " association," where many " associate," that is, come together to one place, for the sake of fellowship. To " dissociate" implies separation from each others society.

Solidus is solid; hence we have " solder" or " soulder," with which tin and other metals are made solid; also "solid" and "solidity." To " consolidate" is to fuse or unite into one; the opposite to which is " unconsolidated." " Consols" mean certain funds or stock formed by the " consolidation" of different annuities. Of similar signification are the " consolidated" funds.

Solus, alone, gives us " sole," " solely" and " solitary." A " solo" is a musical performance by one person alone. " Solitude" is the state of being alone; a " soliloquy" means one person speaking alone and to one's self; and this is to " soliloquize," compounded with loquor, to speak. " Desolate" and " desolation" denote being solitary, the English prefix de signifying to make.

From Sonus, a sound, we have "sonorous" applied to an agreeable "sound," as "dissonant" is to that which is otherwise; and " dissonance" means discordance. " Consonant" means sounding together with; and those letters are so called which can only be sounded together with a vowel. The word is used metaphorically to denote unison of feeling. To " resound" is to sound again, and "resonant" means resounding.

Sors (sortis), a lot or kind, gives us " sort," " assort" and "assortment," the two latter compounded with as for ad, signifying a bringing one lot to another. To " consort" is to sort together; and a husband or wife is called a "consort," having joined their lot together for life. To " resort" is to return frequently, to repair to a place, from re and sore, indicating to return to one's allotted land, originally applied to soldiers who acquired conquered land by lot. A " sortee" may mean a company of soldiers chosen by lot, or to whom a particular service has been allotted, namely, to attack the besiegers.

Tempus (temporis), time, gives us " temporal," " temporary" and " temporalities;" as also " temporize," to act according to the time, to procrastinate. " Contemporary" or " cotemporary," means living together at one time. " Extempore" and " extemporaneous" denote what is done at the moment.

Terminus is the Latin for a boundary or limit, and is used as an English word in railway nomenclature, to indicate the end of the road. " Terms" of court and colleges are the periods during which business is carried on; and the terms of a deed are the conditions by which it is bounded or limited. To " terminate" is to make an end; and that which may be concluded is "terminable;" the expression "interminable" is applied to what is tediously spun out. When two roads run along together by the same boundaries, they are " conterminous." To " determine" is to limit or confine, and hence metaphorically to resolve or conclude. To " predetermine" is to decide beforehand.

Tenuis is thin, slender ; hence " tenuity," " attenuate" to make tender, and " extenuate," literally to make thin, metaphorically to mitigate.

Terra, the earth, gives us " terrace," " terrene," " terrestrial" and " territory," all relating to earth; also " terraqueous," that is, consisting of land and water, from terra and agua water. To " inter'' is to put into the earth; to " disinter" is to take out of " interment;" and " subterranean" is under the earth. We have already had " mediterranean" under medius. A " terrier" is a dog that follows his game under ground.

Testis is a witness. Hence a " test," or that which gives evidence of any thing of what kind it is. A " testament" is so called because the signature of the " testator" or " testatrix" is witnessed; and such a document is called " testamentary.'' To " testify" is to be a witness, from fio; and " testimony" is evidence given by a witness. A " testimonial" is intended as a witness or evidence of a good opinion of the person to whom it is accorded. To " attest" and " attestation" denote a bearing witness to a fact. To " contest" is properly to contend at law, where the witnesses of both parties are brought together (con), or face to face.* Shakspeare has " contestation,'' now obsolete.t We still have " detestation," as also " detest," denoting the strongest aversion; derived from Deus and testis, thus implying a calling the Almighty to witness that such a thing is hateful to us. To " protest" is to bear forth witness, to avow in a bold and public mannerThat which cannot be denied or contended against is " incontestable;" a deed that has not been signed in the presence of witnesses is " unattested;" and when there is no will duly " attested," the person is said to have died " intestate."

Turba is a crowd. Hence we have " turbid," " turbulent" and " turbulence," all implying the disquiet o'f a mob; and the word " trouble" may be traced to the same root. To " disturb" and " disturbance," " perturbed" and " perturbation," all come from turba in a similar sense, as also the negatives " imperturbable"and " undisturbed."

Unda, a wave, gives us " undulate," to move like waves; also " abound" and " abundance" indicating a flowing of plenty like the waves of the sea. To "inundate" and "inundation" are applied literally, to signify an overflowing of the sea, and metaphorically, to denote an accession of any thing, overwhelming one as it were. To " redound" and " redundancy" imply an abundant return, like the flowing in of the tide. To " superabound," " superabundant" and " superabundance" denote an overflowing of prosperity, compounded with super above.

Unus, one, alone, gives us " union," " unit," " unite" and " unity;" also, through the French, " unique," a term used to denote what is unmatched. " Unison" means one single sound» and is applied to concord and agreement in any thing; " univocal" is having one meaning; "unanimous" and " unanimity" signify being of one mind. " Uniform" is of the same appearance, or conforming to one rule; and " uniformity" an agreement in form. An imaginary animal with only one horn is called an " unicorn." The " universe" is the entire mundane system, turning towards one sun; " universal" and "universality" indicate a comprehension of the whole; and " university" is a name originally given to all corporations, but now restricted to such as are intended for education, so called as revolving, Us it were, round one centre or head.

Varius, diverse, supplies " various," " variety" " vary," " variable" and " variableness;" all of obvious meaning; also " variance," applied to strife arising from a diversity of opinion. " Varied" and " variegated" mean diversified. All these words properly refer to variety of colour. The opposite tovariable is " invariable," while that of varied is " unvaried."

From Ventus, the wind, we have " ventilate," " ventilator" and " ventilation;" implying giving of air or wind to close places. To give " vent" to one's feelings may either mean to let them come out, from venio, or to give them air or let them out, from ventus. To " ventilate" an opinion is to sift or examine it.

Verbum is a word; and hence we have a "verb," being the principal word in a sentence; and an " adverb" that is added to a word. " Verbal" means by word of mouth; " verbatim*' is word for word; and " verbose" means given to words. "Verbosity" is wordiness; and "verbiage" indicates mere talk. A " proverb" is a word put forth; and that which is much put forward in public is " proverbial," put before all men as worthy of remembrance. " Verisimilar" means having a likeness to truth, compounded with this root and similis like. The words " very," "verity" and "verily" also come from this root; as do likewise " aver" and " averment," denoting an assertion of truth, bringing it to you.

Via, a way, gives us " viaduct" a road carried over, from via- and duco to lead. To " deviate" is to depart from the way ; to " obviate" is to come in the way of, or to oppose. That which is out of, or from the way is " devious ;" that which is in the way, in the sense of before our face, is " obvious;" that which runs through in all directions, is pervious;" and that which comes beforehand is "previous." A " convoy" goes together with one in the journey. A " voyage," through the French, is a passing over the road; though now applied to a journey through the pathless deep. " Trivial" is from trivium, where three roads met; and hence the word is used to signify what is common, or of little value.

Vicis (vice) is a change or turn; whence comes the common prefix vice, signifying in place of, as "vicegerent/' " vice-roy," " vice-regal," " viceadmiral," and "viscount." Hence also we have " vicissitude," " vicar" and " vicarious," the two latter terms meaning in place of another. When an announcement is made of one's appointment to an office " vice" another, it means in his place.

Vulgus is the Latin for the common people. Hence come the words " vulgar," " vulgarism" and " vulgarity," which originally meant common, but have come to be applied in a bad sense as describing what is coarse or unrefined. The 4' Vulgate" was the name given to a translation of the Scriptures into Latin, at that time the vulgar tongue, or the language common to all nations. To " divulge" is to make public, to distribute to all; as is likewise to " promulgate" or put forward to the common people. That which is kept secret is said to be " undivulged."

With this word I conclude this part of my subject. The next and concluding Lecture will be occupied with an enumeration of sundry miscellaneous derivations; in which I shall notice various English words derived from the Latin, not in all cases so obvious as those which we have heretofore had under consideration. They are, however, of importance; and a course of Lectures professing to treat of the Exotics, or English words derived from Latin Roots, would not be complete without a notice of such as, not coming from roots that supply several words, may yet be traced to. the Latin, notwithstanding that, in many cases, we find no more than a single word referable to the particular root that supplies it.