Lecture VIII. English words derived from latin nouns substantive and adjectives.

Having enumerated nearly two hundred Latin Verbs, as roots from which English words have been formed, either by composition with a Latin substantive, or more frequently by a preposition as a prefix, I now proceed to the consideration of Latin Nouns and Adjectives, which, without the aid of verbs, come into the composition of English words. These are not so numerous as those derived from verbs; but they are, nevertheless, neither few in number, unimportant in signification, nor unfrequent in use.

Aequus, even or just, gives us " equal," " equable," " equally," and " equality ;" all of obvious signification ; as also " equalize," to make equal, and " equalization." An " equation" is an equal number; and the " equator" is the name given to an imaginary line that is supposed to divide the globe into two equal parts. An " equiangular" figure is one containing two or more equal angles; and that whose sides are equal is " equilateral." In like manner, " equidistant" means of equal distance ; " equilibrium" of equal weight ; and " equipoise" of equal balance. The " equinox" ia the time when thenight is equal with the day, and the " equinoctial" gales are those which usually prevail at the period of the equinox. " Equity" and " equitable" imply the administration of equal justice. An " equivalent" means something of equal value. " Equivocal" and " equivocate," came under notice when considering the verb voco, to call; the term implying the use of words of the same or equivalent meaning, in order to deceive. Through the French we have from this root " equivoque." That which is equal to the accomplishment of the end proposed, is said to be " adequate;" if otherwise, it is " inadequate," that is, not equal to it—compounded of in as a negative, ad to, and equus, equal. " Coequal" means equal together with another ; and the noun opposed to it is " inequality." The literal meaning of "iniquity" is dissimilarity; and hence it is used in the sense of in-equity, or partiality in judgment, and has come to signify any unrighteousness, or wickedness generally.

Alter, another, gives us alter," " alteration," and " alternate;" meaning a change of one thing for another. An " altercation" is a dispute with another person. An " alternative" is a choice of one course instead of another. A " subaltern" is an officer under another. " Adultery" is giving toanother, and is applied to a husband or a wife forsaking a lawful spouse for another. " Adulteration" of food, now much spoken of and exposed, is an adding other ingredients to the material professedly given as "unadulterated."

Anima, the spirit or life, is the root of " animal," applied to any creature that has life; of which " animalcule" is the diminutive. To " animate" is to put life into; of which " animation" is the noun, and its opposite, " inanimate." To " reanimate" is to restore to life; and " exanimate," a word now obselete, means lifeless, as if the spirit had gone out of the body.

Animus is the mind, and gives us "animadvert" and " animadversion," implying a turning of the mind towards an object. " Animosity" originally meant no more than spiritedness, but has come to be applied to anger rooted in the mind, where the animus is said to be in an opposite channel.t " Equanimity" describes an evenness of mind or temper; "magnanimity" is greatness of mind; " pusillanimity" means littleness of mind ; and " unanimity" oneness of mind, or agreement of sentiment. It is unnecessary to enumerate the corresponding adjectives and adverbs.

Annus, a year, supplies the root of words of obvious meaning; as " annual" or yearly, " biennial" relating to two, " triennial" to three years ; also " septennial" applicable to seven years, and " perennial" to continued years. " Annals" are the records of the events of years, and an " annalist" is the compiler of such a history. An "annuity" is a yearly payment, and an " annuitant" is the person to whom it is payable; these terms are limited to payment for the lifetime either of the party paying or receiving it. The "millennium" is a period of one-thousand years. To " superannuate" is to give one who has served in any office a " superannuation" allowance on retiring: the word means above or beyond the year or time of service.

Antiquus, ancient, gives us " antiquary" and " antiquarian," a lover or student of " antiquities." The word " antique" comes through the French. " Ancient" is old, and " antiquated" means old fashioned. Tricks and manners that are antique, and odd, are called "anticks;" a word that has come to us through the French. As a substantive, " ancient" was formerly used to describe a standard-bearer (now called an ensign) ; as in Shakspeare, Falstaff calls Pistol his " ancient."

Arma is arms, of which there is no singular. Hence come " arm," " arms," and " army;" likewise, through the French, " armour," " armory" and " armorial." The Spanish " armada" was an " armament" intended for the invasion of England. An " armistice" means a temporary cessation of warfare, compounded with the verb sto to stand

Ars, (artis) an art, or skill, gives us " art," " artist" and " artisan ;" likewise, " artifice," "artificer," and "artificial;" each compounded with the verbfacio to make. "Artful" and "artless" are applied metaphorically,to signify, respectively, cunning and openness—full of art, and without artifice.

Bellum, war, is the root of such " bellicose" words as " rebel," " rebellious," and " rebellion," applied to civil war. " Belligerent" means carrying on a war, compounded with the verb gero to bear or carry.

Bonus, good, supplies " boon," meaning a good gift. " Bonus" is used as a noun of similar signification, although differently applied. Hence also we have " bounty," " bounteous," and "bountiful," abounding in goodness, and implying gifts as a practical proof of it. In the introductory Lecture I noticed words derived from the adverb bend, signifying well. From the comparative of bonus, Melioh, we have " ameliorate" to make better.

Brevis, short, gives " brevity" and " brief;" the latter term being applied as a noun to an abstract of the facts brought to the notice of counsel, not always very short. To "abbreviate" is to shorten by cutting off a part, indicated by the prefix ab; and an " abbreviation" is a writing so cut short. " Abridge" and " abridgment," of similar meaning, may be from the same root.

Calculus is a small stone or pebble; and as the ancient Romans reckoned by these, like the balls used in our Infant schools, the terms " calculate" and " calculation" were applied to a reckoning up of a sum. This verb is now used as an Americanism, like " I guess;" and ought to be carefully avoided. " Incalculable" is a good word in common use, to describe any thing that is of inestimable value. To " miscalculate" is to calculate wrongly—to be out in one's reckoning, the prefix being Saxon.

Campus is an open field or plain; and hence we have a " camp" and " encampment," being in the open fields. To " decamp" is to run away, as a routed army from the field. A " campaigne," taking the field, and a " champion," like most military terms, have come to us through the French ; as also " champagne" the name of a wine made from vines growing in an open country and extensive plain. "Champaign" means a flat open country. To " scamper" away is to Ay from the field, compounded of ex and campo. From Caput (capitis) the head, we have many well-known English words. Hence come "cap," " chaplet," and " cape," intended for the head and shoulders; " cap-&-pie" is French, meaning armed from head to foot. The word " capital" is variously applied, but always with the same signification as referring to the head or chief and uppermost part. Thus the " capital" is the chief city of any country; in architecture, the topmost part of a pillar is the " capital;" whatever is considered as done in the first and best manner is vulgarly called " capital," and is said to be " capitally" executed. " Capital" punishment literally referred to taking off the head, or " decapitation;" but the phrase is now applied to the penalty of death, by whatever means effected. The " chapters" of a book are the divisions of it into its several heads; and the word is also applied to designate the heads or chiefs of the clergy, under the title of the Dean and " Chapter," and the acts of such a body are called " capitular." To " capitulate" is to enter into an engagement under several heads first agreed upon. A " captain" is an officer at the head of his ship or company. To " recapitulate" is to recount, or tell over again the heads of any agreement or argument. "Precipitate" means goingheadforemost; and a " precipice" is a place down which one would fall headlong.

Causa is a cause or reason, giving us " cause," " causeless," and " causality." To " accuse" is to bring a cause or charge to or against a person; as, on the other hand, to " excuse" is to get a person out of blame. A " recusant" is one who denies or takes away the cause, and refuses to admit any knowledge of it. "Because," anciently " bycause," means by reason of; because of his sickness means his sickness being the cause.

Centrum, the centre, or middle point, gives us " centre," and " central," meaning in the middle. A " centrifugal" force is that which drives or flies out from the centre, compounded with/ugrio to fly; while on the other hand " centripetal" means seeking or tending to the centre, from peto to seek. To " concentrate" is to bring together to one centre; and " eccentric" means out of the centre, and is generally applied metaphorically to strange and outlandish behaviour.

From the adjective Certus, certain or sure, we get " certain," " certainly" and " certainty." To " certify" is to assure or make sure, and a " certificate" is a -document intended to prove the certainty of the fact. To " ascertain" is to find out that which is " ascertainable;" and " incertitude" is " uncertainty."

Civis, a citizen, gives us " civil," " civility," " civilize," and " civilization;" all implying that a residence in a city is calculated to give refinement. Of similar meaning are polite and polished, as applied to manners, derived from polls the Greek for a city. " Civil" war, the most " uncivilized" of all wars, means a war between fellow-citizens, or inhabitants of the same country. " Civic" honours are those connected with a city corporation; and a " civilian" is a man who possesses a knowledge of the old Roman law, and of general equity. The opposite to " civil" is formed by the negative prefixun, but that of " civility" by the prefix in, of the same import.

From Cor (cordis), the heart, we have several words. Hence comes " core," the heart of an apple; and the word is applied figuratively, to describe coming to the very heart or middle of a subject. " Cordial" is hearty, and " cordiality" heartiness. " Accord" and " accordant" signify giving the heartto any thing. " According" to means in " accordance" or agreement with " Concord" implies unison of heart, agreeing together. A book which points out in what places in Scripture, or in any work, the sama word occurs is called a " concordance." In grammar, " concord" means the relation of one word to another, distinct from regimen. " Discord" is a division of heart or sentiment; and is applied to sounds not in harmony, and designated " discordant." To record any thing is to call it to the heart; as to remind is to hring it back to the mind or understanding. " Courage" and " courageous" imply heartiness, strength of heart and soul; and to "encourage" is to put heart into another, which is giving " encouragement."

Corpus (corporis) is the body. Hence comes "corpse" a dead body; and "corps" a body of men. This latter, as well as " corporal," the name of a non-commissioned officer placed over a body of men, comes through the French. Municipal office-bearers are called a " corporate" body, as being a " corporation" or body of men " incorporated" by charter. " Corpulence" means grossness of body. " Corporal," as an adjective and " corporeal" are of somewhat similar meaning, namely, material, not spiritual. Dr. Johnson, however, makes a distinction, which he shews by quotations from Shakspeare and Milton is not ancient. He observes, "In the present language, when body is used philosophically in opposition to spirit, the wordcorporeal is used, as a corporeal being ; but otherwise corporal. Corporeal is having a body; corporal, relating to the body." " Incorporeal" means immaterial, unbodied.

From Crimen (criminis) a crime, we have the nouns " crime" and "criminality;" and the noun and adjective "criminal." To "criminate," a word not found in Johnson's Dictionary, is to charge with crime; and " crimination" is the act of accusing. To " discriminate" is to separate from charge of crime; and hence "discrimination" means discernment of the truth. To " recriminate" is to accuse again, to retort or throw back a charge upon another.

Culpa, a fault, forms the root of "culpable," and " culpability:" implying chargeable with blame ; also of " inculpate," to charge with a fault. On the other hand, to " exculpate" is to clear oneself or another from all blame.

From Cura, cure, and also care, we have several words, besides the obvious ones " care" and " cure," which words were formerly used indiscriminately: also " careless" and "cureless." A " curate" is one who has the " cure" of souls in a parish committed to his " care." Hence the appellation properly belongs to the principal clergyman or incumbent of a parish; and is so applied on the Continent, where the parish priest is the Cure. In this sense it is that the word is introduced into the common prayer book, where prayer is made " for bishops and curates, and all congregations committed to their charge." The correct title for what is now understood by a curate is an assistant curate, that is, an assistant to the clergyman who has the cure of souls. The same remarks apply to a " curacy," which properly signified a benefice. The care-taker of a museum is called a " curator." " Curative" means relating to the cure of diseases. " Curious" is used by old writers as equivalent to " careful," full of care and of nicety, and thus it came to mean exact and highly finished ; implying also an anxiety to know or understand, peering into things ;t and hence " inquisitive," having " curiosity" about matters. " Accurate," and " accuracy" imply a careful looking to, performing an object with care; of which the opposites are " inaccurate," and " inaccuracy;" and "incurious" means wanting " curiousness." " Secure" and " security" are supposed by some to be compounded of se apart, and cura care, as implying a separate concern about a matter; but the most probable derivation seems to be sine curd,without care. Of these the opposites are " insecure" and " insecurity," as requiring care and watchfulness. To " procure" is to take care /or, to take care that a thing is done, and hence to obtain the object in view. " Procuracy" and " procurator" have been contracted into proxy and proctor. In each case the word implies a taking care for another. A " sinecure" is an office to which no care or duty is attached.

The Latin adjective Dignus, worthy, is the root of "dignity," " dignitary," and " dignify." " Dignified " means made great, compounded with fio. To " deign" is to think or esteem worthy, namely, of notice; and hence it is used in the sense of condescending. " Disdain" and " disdainful," on the other hand, imply a feeling against another as being unworthy of regard. These words have come to us through the French; and in the first example, the French form eig is retained, though not in the latter case. " Condign" likewise comes through the French, and means esteemed worthy or deserving, whether of reward or punishment; restricted by common use to the latter. Chaucer has " indign," for unworthy; and Shakspeare also has it as an adjective ; and " indignant," still in use, means being sensible of unworthy or undeserved treatment; and hence feeling a disdainful anger or resentment against the offender.

Dominus, a lord, gives "domain," "domination," and " dominion;" the former word is also spelt " demain," and "demesne," and is derived through the French. Custom leads to the adoption of domain when dominion is intended; restricting the latter word to a private demense of the lord of the soil. To " domineer" is to rule with insolence—playing the lord, or lording it over one, always used in a bad sense; and " don" is applied contemptuously. "Dominant" means prevailing over others; and " predominant" is of similar signification, but a stronger word, as implying rule above and before all. A. D. is put for anno domini, in the year of our Lord.

Domus, a house, gives us " dome," " domestic," and " domesticate;" also " domicile," and " domiciliary," all relating to a house or dwelling place. The Latin noun dominus may itself have been derived from domus, to describe the master of the house.

Dimus is hard; and as what is hard is more lasting than a soft substance, we derive from this root " durable," " duration," and " durability." To " indure" literally means to make hard, and hence it signifies lasting; and " endurance" also denotes forbearance, or long-suffering. These words are spelt with e or i; but to " indurate" or harden always with i. " Obdurate" and " obduracy" imply extraordinary hardness, or obstinacy and impenitency, where no impression can be made; the force of ob as a prefix being to intensify or augment the action indicated. Shakspeare has " perdurable" for lasting, intensified by the prefix per, signifying through or thorough.

Exemplum, a copy or pattern, gives us " example ;" an " exemplar" that sets a pattern; and " exemplary," that ought to be copied; likewise " sampler" and " sample," which are contractions of " exemplar" and " example ;" also " unexampled," without precedent. The Latin exemplum is itself derived from ex and amplus full, indicating a specimen taken from the whole. From amplus we have " ample" and " amplify."

Exteenus, outside, foreign, supplies the root of " exterior," " extern," and " external;" as also of " extreme" and " extremity," often applied metaphorically to describe the highest pitch of danger or of misery. " Extrinsic" is foreign, as is also " exotic." " Exoteric" is a term applied to externalprofession of doctrine, as esoteric denotes what is secret; both terms may be traced to the Greek, and were originally applied to the Pythagorean philosophers, and others, who had one doctrine for the vulgar, and another for the initiated. " Strange" is foreign. and to " estrange" is to make strange.

Fabula means something 'much spoken of; usually applied to what is untrue. Hence comes a " fable;" also " fabulous" and a " fabulist." In a bad sense we have " fib" and " fibber," mild terms by which to describe falsehood. To " confabulate" is to speak together. Hence also we have " affable" and " affability," implying a kind speaking to another ; and " ineffable" means unspeakable.

Facies is the make or outward appearance, being itself derived from facio. Hence the English words " face" and " facing;" also through the French, " facjade," the front of a building. " Fashion" and " fashionable," applying to the outward form, are also derived from this root; likewise " feature," " barefaced," " outface," and "shamefaced," all of obvious meaning. To "efface" is to do away with, or take from, the appearance. The " superficies," literally, upon the face, is the outward " surface," a word of similar derivation and meaning; and "superficial," of like origin, means only outward show. To " fascinate" may come from this root, the allusion being to the supposed power of persons and some animals, to bewitch with the eye, or the aspect of the countenance.

The adjective Facilis, easy, gives us " facile," " facility," and "facilitate;" also "faculty," communicating the power of easily accomplishing an object. " Difficult" and " difficulty" denote a loss of facility in doing any tiling; dis as a prefix signifying separation and loss. " Fickle" may mean easily turned about.

Fama, fame or repute, gives " fame" and "famous," also "infamy" and "infamous;" all implying renown, or the contrary. " Defame" and " defamation" denote a taking away a good repute from another.

Felix, (felicitis), happy, gives us " felicity," " felicitous," and " felicitate," all indicative of happiness.

Fides, faith, supplies the root of " fidelity," and its opposite "infidelity;" as also "infidel," one without faith. To " confide" is to hold faith with, to put trust or " confidence" in another. " Confidential " means keeping faith with, and is applied to secret communications which are not to be divulged. " Diffident" and " diffidence" imply the absence of faith or trust in oneself. " Perfidy" is a modern word, both in French and English, and means breach of trust obtained and given per /idem, through faith, that is, upon a pledge of fidelity on the part of the person trusted. A " perfidious" person is one who treacherously breaks through his promised faith, or fidelity. " Affiance" means a bringing faith to or putting trust in another. " Defy" and " defiance" signify a rejection of affiance, and so have come to mean a denial and challenge.

Figura, a shape, gives us "figure" and " figurative;" also " effigy," a likeness or image. To " disfigure" is to spoil or take from the proper shape or figure; to " prefigure" is to give a representation of any person or thing beforehand ; and to " transfigure" is to change the form or representation. " Configuration" is the form of the various parts of any thing, as they are adapted to, or unite with each other.

Finis, the end, or boundary, enters into the composition of several words in English. To " finish" is to complete any thing, bringing it on to the very end; and that which is well-finished is called " fine;" as a superlative it is " superfine"; and in a low sense it is " finery." That which is limited in duration, power, or space, is " finite;" otherwise it is "infinite." The "final" blow or act means the last; and in architecture the ornament that terminates or finishes a gable is the " finial." To " confine" is to keep within bounds; to " define" is set out the limits; and hence is used in the sense of describing any thing; and such a description is called a " definition." That which cannot be brought within limits is " indefinite." To " refine" is to finish again; and hence "refinement" denotes what is highly finished. " Finical" and " finesse" are words used contemptuously to denote over-fine. " Finance" is a term applied to money, because a payment of a debt puts an end to litigation, providing for a final settlement. A penalty in like manner is called a " fine"; as putting an end to the prosecution or suit at law. This was a penalty of Norman introduction, and by them so called from the Latin, which prevails in legal forms. Shakspeare has " fineless," for endless or without limit,t—boundless riches, to use a true English word.

Firmus, firm or strong, gives " firm" and " firmness," applicable both to material things and to the mind. The u firmament" is the name given to the heavens, implying solidity and firmness of nature. A " firm" is the name or title under which any two or more persons carry on business, becauseofihefirma or signature of the persons who " confirm" or give validity to documents signed by thorn. To " affirm" is to assert a fact in such a way as to make it sure to the party addressed. An " affirmation" is the act of affirming; and the "affirmative," opposed to the negative, is an assurance of the truth. To " confirm" is to unite one's testimony with that of another, in " confirmation" of the assertion ; and such evidence is said to be " confirmatory" of the facts. " Infirm" means not strong; and an " infirmary" is a place for the safe keeping and care of persons suffering any " infirmity."

Flos (floris), a flower or blossom, gives us " florid," in the sense of bright, like a " flower"; and the term is applied, as well as " flowery," to a style of speaking or writing overburdened with ornament. A " florist" is a cultivator of flowers. The verb to " flourish" comes from this root; as does also the " flour" of wheat. This latter word means the finest part of the grain; and therefore, properly speaking, fine flour is a tautology, and coarse flour a contradiction in terms.

Forma, the form or shape, supplies the root of many English words in common use. Hence come " form" and " formation," also " formal" and " formality," the latter usually applied to manners. A " formula" is a particular form set before one; and a " formulary" denotes a set form of prayers. To " conform" is to agree with others' " forms," and he who does so is a " conformist," otherwise a " non-conformist." " Conformable" means like to another; agreeing with, either in exterior or moral character. Shakspeare has it in the sense of compliant or obsequious. " Conformation" is the form of things, as relating to each other, expressed by con. To " deform" is to take from the form, like deface and disfigure; and this causes " deformity." To " inform" is to impress upon the mind the form or idea of what is meant to be communicated; and that which is thus imparted is " information;" and if it be improperly done, so as to mislead, it is to " misinform" and to convey " misinformation." In the word " informal" the prefix in is used as a negative, meaning not according to a prescribed form; and the effect produced is " informality." To " perform" is to bring a form to its perfect state, to complete or fully to accomplish any thing; and a " performer" is one who undertakes such a " performance." To " reform" is to form anew oragain. A true " reformer" will aim not at destruction but at " reformation." To " transform" is to change the form; and a " transformation" of character is a change in the fashion of one's life, usually understood in a good sense as a change for the better. " Uniform" and " uniformity" imply conformity, oneness or likeness of form; and hence the dress of soldiers being of one form and fashion is called their " uniform." 

Fortis, strong orvaliant, gives " fort," " fortify," and "fortification"; the two latter compounded with fio and fatio, signifying made strong. Of like meaning is a " fortress" from the French; and similarly derived is " forte," a term used to denote the strongest part of a man's character or talent. " Fortitude" is now applied to strength of mind; "Shakspeare has it in a literal sense. To " comfort" is to administer strength and courage to the dejected. " Comfortable" is used in two different senses, either to imply a power of affording comfort, or to signify what is capable of receiving comfort, in which sense it may be fotind in Shakspeare.t The negative of comfort is formed by the prefix dis, and that of comfortable by un, and anciently by dis. We have also " comfortless," formed by the English affix denoting absence or deprivation. An "effort" is an attempt to put /oriA strength. " Force" also comes from this adjective, which was formerly written forctis; as also " forcible," having strength; and " enforce" to make strong or binding with force upon others. To " re-inforce" is to supply strength again to; and a "reinforcement" is such a supply to an army,"frontal," and " frontlet"; also through the French " frontier," the foremost country, from frons and terra. A " frontispiece" is that which is seen at the front, as a portrait at the commencement of a book, from frons and specio. To " affront" is to stand front to front against another,and so applies to an insult offered; to "confront" is to set the face with or against, to oppose; " effrontery" denotes hardness of front, shamelessness; expressed by the prefix e contrasting it with shamefacedness, and describing the manner in which a guilty and hardened criminal will sometimes outface his accusers.

Genus (generis) a race or family, a kind or sort, supplies the root of several words. "Gender" in grammar is a term by which the kind of sex is described. " General" terms are opposed to particular, as species is to genus. The word " general" is also used to designate what is common, usual, and extensive, though not universal. As a noun it is used to describe the main, without insisting on particulars; and in a military sense to the usual commander of an army, also called a " generalissimo;" when he has the supreme command. To " generalize," a word not to be found in Johnson, is to treat of things " generally," as distinguished from particularizing. " Generic" is that which comprehends the genus, but does not distinguish thespecies. A " generation" signifies a race of men; and to " generate" is to produce of the same kind. The original meaning of "generous" indicates noble or illustrious birth; and the term is applied, as is " generosity," to describe what is noble and munificent, as becoming such extraction. A " gentleman" is one of good birth, or who evinces the qualities befitting one of noble origin. Of similar signification is " gentry," as are also "gentility," " genteel," and "gentle." The latter term is used to describe what is becoming persons of a superior class, who above all are called upon to evince " gentleness" of demeanour and temper. " Genuine" and " genuineness" denote what is of the right sort, and what really is of the kind and origin which it professes to be. " Congenial" is of the same kind or disposition. The " Gentiles" meant all other nations and families of the earth, distinguished from the Israelites. " Degenerate" and " degeneracy" imply a departure from the proper kind or nature, that is, from what is of good quality and extraction. "Ingenious" means witty or inventive; and is to be distinguished from " ingenuous" from the same root, meaning open and candid. To " engender" is to beget of the same kind; the producer is called a " progenitor;" and the offspring produced is the " progeny." " Primogeniture" indicates the first-born. " Regenerate" means begotten again, and the new birth is "regeneration." The negative to adjectives from this root is formed by the English prefix un, with the exception of " disingenuous."

Gravis, heavy, supplies " grave" for solemn, as if heavy with cares; a word to be distinguished from grave, to engrave, derived from the Greek grapho to write; as also from a grave, from the Anglo Saxon, which latter, when occurring at the end of names of places indicates a grove or cave. " Gravity" means weight, and is applied not only to solemnity, but to describe a weight of guilt. " Gravitate" and "gravitation"are terms employed to indicate the tendency to the centre of attraction, hence called the centre of gravity. " Grief" implies a weight of sorrow on the mind ; to " aggrieve" is to bring such a weight to the mind of another; and such a " grievance" is a " grievous" offence. " Grievously" is also used to describe suffering heavily for any thing. To " aggravate" and " aggravation" denote a heaping up or accumulating additional wrongs.

Grex (gregis) is a flock or herd, and gives us " gregarious," loving to go in company together; and " aggregate," the sum total brought together. To " congregate," is to gather as in a flock, and a " congregation" is an assembly so brought together. " Egregious" means picked out of the flock, and indicates something remarkable; it is usually applied in a bad sense. Shakspeare lias "segregation," to describe the scattering of a fleet, separation from each others company.

Hospes (hospitis), a host or a guest, gives us " host" an entertainer of guests, of which " hostess" is the feminine; also " hospitable" and " hospitality," the negative prefix in forming the opposite. A " hotel" formerly a " hostel," is a house for the reception of guests, the keeper of which was anciently designated 'mine host. The servant who used first to receive travellers arriving on horseback, was the " hostler" or " ostler;' hence the name is appropriated to a servant of an inn having the care of horses. Any house of reception for strangers was formerly designated by the term " hospital," a word now restricted to a place for the poor, and chiefly for the sick.

Humus, the ground, gives us " humble," " humbleness" and "humility," implying lowliness of mind; also "humiliate" and " humiliation," a casting down, as it were, on the ground. To " exhume" is to dig out of the ground, and to " inhume" is to bury in the earth. A child born after the father's death is called " posthumous;" a term also applied to publications and fame subsequently to a man's death, or literally, after he has been committed to the ground.

Judex (judicis) is a judge ; hence we have " judicial" relating to the office and duties of a " judge," also called a " justiciary;" and who sits in "judgment." "Judicature" and " judicatory" relate to " judgment." The term " judicious" is applied in a general sense to denote what is done with judgment. To "adjudge," "adjudicate," and " adjudication," refer to the decisions of a judge. That which is beyond his province is " extrajudicial." To " misjudge" is to decide amiss; to "prejudge" is to decide before due investigation. " Prejudice" is applied to such prejudging unfavourably; if otherwise, prepossession is the more suitable term. That which is hurtful or injurious is said to be " prejudicial."

Jus (juris) is right, law, or justice. From this root we have " jurist," one learned in the law. "Jurisdiction" describes the extent to which the authority of executing the law reaches in any particular case. " Jurisprudence" is the science of the law. To " injure" is to deal without or against law; and thus to commit an " injury," the result of which is said to be " injurious."

Justus, just, is an adjective derived from jus; and hence we have "just," "unjust," "justice" and "injustice;" also "justify," to make or declare to be just; " j ustification," the act of justifying; and "justifiable," what is according to justice.

Labor is toil, whence comes " labour," a " labourer," and " laborious." To " belabour" is to beat, a word of low usage. To " elaborate" is to produce or bring out with labour ; and a " laboratory" is the work-room where a chemist pursues his labours and studies.

Laxus, loose, gives " lax," " laxity," and " laxness." To " relax" is to loosen again what had been bound; " relaxation" is a loosening of the bonds of labour—an unbending of the bow, not to be always kept on the stretch. " Prolix" and "prolixity" denote a lengthening out what it would be better to contract.

Lex (legis) is a law, whence come the words " legal," " legality," and " legalize," to make lawful ; also " legislate," " legislative," and " legislation." The " legislature" means the three estates of the realm by whom laws are enacted. All these terms, as also " legislator," are compounded of legeslaws, and latus the past participle offero to bear or carry. " Legitimate" means according to law. " Illegal" and " illegitimate" are negatives, formed by the prefix il for in. " Privilege" means a law for private or separate persons, as distinguished from that intended for the public at large. " Law" and " lawyer" " lawful" and " lawfulness," with the opposites formed by the negative prefix un, are derived from this root.

From Liber, free, we have "liberal" and " liberality," with the opposites, formed by the negative prefix il for in. To "liberate" is to make free, the act of a " liberator," whose work is the "liberation" or freedom of those who had been bound or restricted by unjust laws. A "libertine" and " libertinism" denote freedom from due restraint. " Liberty" is freedom, such as we happily enjoy under our free constitution and just laws. To " deliver" is to freefrom slavery or custody; and hence, to rescue, to release, even if from our own possession, and so it has come to mean simply to give up; and it is also applied to " delivering" commands from the mouth. The noun is " deliverance;" and when applied to giving out from the mouth, it is " delivery."

Liber is a book ; whence we have " library" and "librarian," a place for, and a keeper of books. " Libel" originally meant a little book; the term is now applied only to that which is scurrilous and abusive.

Libra is a balance ; hence comes " librate," to swing to and fro with " libration," being well balanced. " Equilibrium" means equal balance; and to " deliberate" is to weigh well in the mind, in order to act with " deliberation." Libra also signifies a pound, hence the letters Ib. indicate a pound weight; and a crossed £ a pound sterling, denoting a coin equalling a certain number of pieces of money amounting to a fixed weight The English word pound is of Anglo-Saxon origin; but the Latin-derived term denoting a balance is applied both to weights and coins.

Limes (limitis) is a boundary. Hence we have " limit," " limited" and " limitation;" as also " limitless," " illimitable" and " unlimited." One often meets with the term " limited" applied to companies or partnerships at the present day; it indicates that the liability is limited in each case to the extent of the several shareholders' interest. To " eliminate" is to set free, or to banish, literally to put from the boundary or limits.

Lis (litis), strife, or lawsuit, is the root of " litigant," " litigate" and " litigation;" as also of " litigious" addicted to strife, and "litigiousness;" all to be avoided as much as possible.

Litera is a letter; giving the English word, whether applied to a single " letter" or to an epistle made up of many. The term " letters" is sometimes applied to learning in general ; and " lettered" relates to knowledge of books; the opposite being " illiterate." " Literal" means according to the letter. A " literary" person denotes one who is given to letters in the sense of learning; which is called " literature." " Alliteration" means a play upon words, employing such as commence with the same letter, made to correspond letter to letter. To " obliterate" is to erase the letter.

Locus , a place, gives " local," " locality" and " locate;" as also " locomotion" meaning moving from place to place; and a " locomotive" is an engine that has power so to move. To allocate" is to put to its proper place; and to " dislocate" is to put from its place, as a " dislocation" of a limb is putting it out of joint.

Lumen, light, gives "luminary" and "luminous;" also "illume" or "illumine," "illuminate," and " illumination;" each implying bringing a light to, or putting a light into, applied both literally and metaphorically. To " relume" is to light up again what had been extinguished or eclipsed. A painter is often designated a " limner," a term which owed its origin to the " illuminating" of manuscripts; which was anciently called "limning."

Magisteb supplies us with the word " master," its English equivalent; also "mastery," "magistrate," " magisterial," and " magistracy." These words are to be distinguished from " majesty" and " majestical," derived from the Latin adjective which comes next in order for consideration.

Magnus, is great, of which the more ancient form was majus; whence we have, besides the name of " majesty" (a title first assumed in the 16th century, by the Emperor Charles the Fifth), the inferior titles of "major" and "mayor;" the latter coming to us through the French; but Verstegan and other authorities trace this title to the Anglo-Saxon verb to may, that is, to be able, to be possessed of power. A youth when he ceases to be a minoris said to attain his " majority," major being the comparative degree of magnus, as minor is of parvus, little. A " maxim," as having the greatestauthority, may be traced to maximus, the superlative of magnus. This root also gives us "magnitude" greatness; likewise "magnify" to make great, with " magnificent" and " magnificence," each compounded of this adjective with the verbs fio and/acio to make. " Magnanimity," as before observed, means greatness of mind, implied likewise by " magnanimous." It may be doubted whether " main," applied much as a prefix, as the main-land, the main-mast, and the main-sea (elliptically the main), be not rather of Anglo-Saxon origin, although some derive it from magnus. " Magniloquence," like grandiloquence, means greatness of speech; as its derivation implies; both terms being used to describe a lofty or pompous style of speaking. The " Magna charta" is the great charter of our liberties.

From Manus, the hand, we have many wellknown English words. To " manacle" is to bind the hands; as a, fetter, from the Saxon, relates to the feet.To " manage" is, literally, to act with the hand, compounded with this noun and the verb ago to act. " Management" is now applied in a more general sense to denote the superintendence of a " manager." ' That which may be controlled is "manageable;" a horse that cannot be held in is " unmanageable." The labour of the hands, as distinguished from that of the brain, is called " manual." A " manufacture," as well as " manufacturer" and " manufactory," refers to what is made by hand. A small book, that is handy or may be easily carried in the hand when one is travelling, is called a " manual," or as it is now more usually described in plain English, a Handbook. To " manipulate" is to handle. A " maniple"meansa hand-full of soldiers, from manus and pleo to fill. To " manumit" is to send from the hand, that is, to grant freedom to a slave; from mitto to send. To " emancipate" is of somewhat similar signification, but indicates the act of a third person who takes the captive from the hands of another—compounded with capio to take. " Emancipation" is the act of an " emancipator." " Manifest" (from festim immediately) means what we can quickly or at once lay our hands upon—what is clear. " Maintenance" implies a keeping in the hand, compounded with teneo to hold; and to " maintain" is to keep with a strong hand; also applied metaphorically to holding an opinion firmly. A " manuscript," from manus and scriptus written, distinguishes a written from a printed document. " Manoeuvre" is a French word Anglicized, and means to do any thing dexterously, that is handily (dexter being the right hand). Like most military terms this word is of Norman origin, to be traced up to the Latin manus and opera works. The word is applied to cunning, and underhand devices to carry a point.

Mater (matris), a mother, gives " matron," and " matronly" or like a matron (such being the force of the affix ly by which English adverbs are usually formed); also " matronize," to act as a mother to a younger person. " Maternal'' means motherly, the Saxon and more endearing term. "Matrimony" and "matrimonial" also come from this root. When a student first enters a university he is said to "matriculate;" his " matriculation" being his adoption as a son to his alma, mater, or fair mother, as his college is designated.

Maturus is ripe, whence we have "mature;" and when a youth attains to years of discretion he is said to come to " maturity." The terms are also applied literally to fruits; which when unripe are called " immature." The latter word is more usually applied metaphorically to describe what is not ready or made perfect. " Premature" means ripe before the time, and the word is used to describe what only appears ready when really incomplete; and thence measures taken on the presumption that all is ripe for action, are said to be taken " prematurely," or before they are ripe.