- •Ministry of education and science of ukraine cHerkasy bohdan khmelnytsky national university course materials in grammar: syntax
- •Передмова
- •1. Simple sentence
- •Structural types of sentences
- •Structural classification of sentences
- •Types of elliptical sentences
- •Exercises
- •1.2. Communicative types of sentences
- •Declarative sentences
- •Interrogative sentences
- •Interrogative Sentences
- •General questions
- •Tag questions
- •Alternative questions
- •Suggestive questions
- •Pronominal questions
- •Rhetorical questions
- •Imperative sentences
- •Commands
- •Exclamatory sentences
- •Exercises
- •2. Subject
- •Ways of expressing the Subject
- •2.2. Structural Classification
- •2.3 Grammatical Classification
- •Exercises
- •3. The predicate
- •3.1. Structural classification of the predicate
- •Structural types of the predicate
- •3.2. Simple Predicate The simple verbal predicate proper is expressed by a verb in a synthetic or analytical form.
- •3.3. The compound predicate
- •The compound verbal phasal predicate
- •The compound verbal modal predicate
- •The compound verbal predicate of double orientation
- •The compound nominal predicate
- •The compound nominal predicate proper
- •Ways of expressing the predicative
- •The compound nominal double predicate
- •The compound nominal double predicate
- •Exercises
- •4. The object
- •4.1 Ways of expressing the object
- •4.2 Types of the object
- •Exercises
- •5. The attribute
- •5.1 Ways of Expressing Attributes
- •5.2 Types of the attribute
- •5.3 Apposition
- •Exercises
- •Exercise 3. Point out the apposition and say whether it is close or loose.
- •6. The adverbial modifier
- •6.1 Ways of expressing adverbial modifiers
- •6.2. Semantic classes of adverbial modifiers The adverbial of place
- •The adverbial of time
- •The adverbial of manner
- •The adverbial of cause (reason)
- •The adverbial of purpose
- •The adverbial of result (consequence)
- •The adverbial of condition
- •The adverbial of concession
- •Adverbials of attendant circumstances and subsequent events
- •The adverbial of comparison
- •The adverbial of degree
- •The adverbial of measure
- •The adverbial of exception
- •7.3. The absolute nominative constructions
- •Absolute Nominative Constructions
- •Absolute Nominative Constructions
- •Functions in the sentence
- •Exercises Exercise 1. Point out the kind of adverbial modifier, and state by what it is expressed.
- •Exercise 2. Point out the kind of adverbial modifier, and state by what it is expressed.
- •8. The composite sentence
- •8.1 The compound sentence
- •Types of Coordination
- •8.2 The complex sentence
- •Connectors
- •Types of subordinate clauses
- •The complex sentence with a subject clause
- •The complex sentence with a predicative clause
- •The complex sentence with an object clause
- •The complex sentence with an appositive clause
- •The complex sentence with an attributive clause
- •The complex sentence with an adverbial clause
- •Exercises
- •Exercise 2. Point out the coordinate clauses and comment on the way they are joined.
- •I should like to know what kind of books you are fond of.
- •Exercise 16. Define the kinds of attributive clauses and punctuate accordingly.
- •Exercise 17. Insert who, whom, that, which, as.
- •Exercise 22. Define the kinds of clauses introduced by as.
- •Exercise 23. Define the kinds of clauses introduced by since and while.
- •Variant II
- •Test Paper III The Adjective
- •Variant I
- •Variant II
- •Test Paper IV The Noun
- •Variant I
- •Variant II
- •5. Replace the word-combinations in bold type by the absolute possessive.
- •Test Paper V The Article
- •Variant I
- •1. Use the proper article with countable noun in the following sentences:
- •2. Use the appropriate articles with uncountable nouns in the following sentence.
- •3. Use the appropriate articles with Proper Nouns in the following sentences:
- •4. Translate into English:
- •Variant II
- •1. Use the proper article with countable noun in the following sentences:
- •2. Use the appropriate articles with uncountable nouns in the following sentence where necessary.
- •3. Use the appropriate articles with Proper Nouns in the following sentences:
- •4. Translate into English:
- •Credit test-paper
- •Variant I
- •Variant II
- •Task 2. Insert the required tense in the Passive Voice.
- •Variant II Task 1. Insert the Past Indefinite, Past Continuous, Past Perfect or Past Perfect Continuous.
- •Task 2. Insert the required tense in the Passive Voice.
- •Test Paper II Sequence of Tenses, Indirect Speech
- •Variant I
- •Task I. Use the appropriate form of the verb.
- •Task 2. Convert into indirect speech.
- •Variant II Task 1. Use the appropriate form of the verb.
- •Task 2. Convert into indirect speech.
- •Test Paper III Secondary Parts of the sentence
- •Variant 1
- •Variant II
The adverbial of manner
The adverbial of manner characterizes the action of the verb by indicating the way it is performed or by what means it is achieved. The identifying questions are how? in what way? by what means? Adverbials of manner are mainly expressed:
by adverbs or prepositional phrases (including gerundial phrases) introduced by the prepositions with, without, by, by means of, or with the help of, the latter three suggesting means.
e.g.: Hooper danced badly, but energetically.
She walked with short quick steps.
Thoughts are expressed by means of (with the help of) words.
by participial phrases and absolute constructions.
e.g.: I looked up again and saw that coming from the door behind Palmer, she had entered the room.
The adverbial of cause (reason)
The identifying questions why? for what reason? because of what? due to what? Most prepositions of reason are composite and the causal meaning of the phrase, and thus of the adverbial modifier, is due to the meaning of the preposition, for example, because of, due to, owing to, on account of, for the reason of, thanks to and some others. Adverbials of reason are expressed:
by prepositional nominal phrases. A number of polysemantic prepositions acquire causal meaning when combined with nouns denoting a psychological or physical state.
e.g.: You mean you’ve failed because of me?
She couldn’t speak for happiness (anger, fear, joy).
She cried out of fear (anger).
participial phrases
e.g.: I was happy just being with him.
by absolute constructions
e.g.: There being nothing else to do, we went home.
The adverbial of purpose
This adverbial answers the identifying questions what for? for what purpose? The meaning of purpose may be emphasized by the composite prepositions in order or so as, which are never used before an infinitive complex. It is expressed:
by an infinitive, an infinitive phrase or complex.
e.g.: Jane has come to help us.
I’ve repeated my words for you to remember them.
We hurried so as not to be late.
a noun, a prepositional phrase, nominal or gerundial, introduced by the preposition for.
e.g.: We reserved this table for lunch.
We use the thermometer for measuring temperature.
The adverbial of result (consequence)
The adverbial of result has no identifying questions. It refers to an adjective, a noun with qualitative meaning, or an adverb accompanied by an adverb of degree, such as too, enough, sufficiently, so... (as). The adverbial of degree too signals a negative result, enough suggests the necessary amount of quality to perform the action. The adverbial of result is expressed:
by an infinitive
e.g.: It is too cold to go out.
an infinitive phrase
e.g.: John was so fortunate as to get the first prize.
by an infinitive complex
e.g.: The lecturer spoke slowly enough for us to take down everything he said.
The correlative phrase so... as implies a realized action, unlike the phrase so as before adverbials of purpose suggesting a hypothetical event. Compare these sentences:
John was so fortunate as to get the first prize (and he got it) - result.
John trained hours so as to get the first prize for boating (we do not know whether he has got it or not) – purpose.