- •Ministry of education and science of ukraine cHerkasy bohdan khmelnytsky national university course materials in grammar: syntax
- •Передмова
- •1. Simple sentence
- •Structural types of sentences
- •Structural classification of sentences
- •Types of elliptical sentences
- •Exercises
- •1.2. Communicative types of sentences
- •Declarative sentences
- •Interrogative sentences
- •Interrogative Sentences
- •General questions
- •Tag questions
- •Alternative questions
- •Suggestive questions
- •Pronominal questions
- •Rhetorical questions
- •Imperative sentences
- •Commands
- •Exclamatory sentences
- •Exercises
- •2. Subject
- •Ways of expressing the Subject
- •2.2. Structural Classification
- •2.3 Grammatical Classification
- •Exercises
- •3. The predicate
- •3.1. Structural classification of the predicate
- •Structural types of the predicate
- •3.2. Simple Predicate The simple verbal predicate proper is expressed by a verb in a synthetic or analytical form.
- •3.3. The compound predicate
- •The compound verbal phasal predicate
- •The compound verbal modal predicate
- •The compound verbal predicate of double orientation
- •The compound nominal predicate
- •The compound nominal predicate proper
- •Ways of expressing the predicative
- •The compound nominal double predicate
- •The compound nominal double predicate
- •Exercises
- •4. The object
- •4.1 Ways of expressing the object
- •4.2 Types of the object
- •Exercises
- •5. The attribute
- •5.1 Ways of Expressing Attributes
- •5.2 Types of the attribute
- •5.3 Apposition
- •Exercises
- •Exercise 3. Point out the apposition and say whether it is close or loose.
- •6. The adverbial modifier
- •6.1 Ways of expressing adverbial modifiers
- •6.2. Semantic classes of adverbial modifiers The adverbial of place
- •The adverbial of time
- •The adverbial of manner
- •The adverbial of cause (reason)
- •The adverbial of purpose
- •The adverbial of result (consequence)
- •The adverbial of condition
- •The adverbial of concession
- •Adverbials of attendant circumstances and subsequent events
- •The adverbial of comparison
- •The adverbial of degree
- •The adverbial of measure
- •The adverbial of exception
- •7.3. The absolute nominative constructions
- •Absolute Nominative Constructions
- •Absolute Nominative Constructions
- •Functions in the sentence
- •Exercises Exercise 1. Point out the kind of adverbial modifier, and state by what it is expressed.
- •Exercise 2. Point out the kind of adverbial modifier, and state by what it is expressed.
- •8. The composite sentence
- •8.1 The compound sentence
- •Types of Coordination
- •8.2 The complex sentence
- •Connectors
- •Types of subordinate clauses
- •The complex sentence with a subject clause
- •The complex sentence with a predicative clause
- •The complex sentence with an object clause
- •The complex sentence with an appositive clause
- •The complex sentence with an attributive clause
- •The complex sentence with an adverbial clause
- •Exercises
- •Exercise 2. Point out the coordinate clauses and comment on the way they are joined.
- •I should like to know what kind of books you are fond of.
- •Exercise 16. Define the kinds of attributive clauses and punctuate accordingly.
- •Exercise 17. Insert who, whom, that, which, as.
- •Exercise 22. Define the kinds of clauses introduced by as.
- •Exercise 23. Define the kinds of clauses introduced by since and while.
- •Variant II
- •Test Paper III The Adjective
- •Variant I
- •Variant II
- •Test Paper IV The Noun
- •Variant I
- •Variant II
- •5. Replace the word-combinations in bold type by the absolute possessive.
- •Test Paper V The Article
- •Variant I
- •1. Use the proper article with countable noun in the following sentences:
- •2. Use the appropriate articles with uncountable nouns in the following sentence.
- •3. Use the appropriate articles with Proper Nouns in the following sentences:
- •4. Translate into English:
- •Variant II
- •1. Use the proper article with countable noun in the following sentences:
- •2. Use the appropriate articles with uncountable nouns in the following sentence where necessary.
- •3. Use the appropriate articles with Proper Nouns in the following sentences:
- •4. Translate into English:
- •Credit test-paper
- •Variant I
- •Variant II
- •Task 2. Insert the required tense in the Passive Voice.
- •Variant II Task 1. Insert the Past Indefinite, Past Continuous, Past Perfect or Past Perfect Continuous.
- •Task 2. Insert the required tense in the Passive Voice.
- •Test Paper II Sequence of Tenses, Indirect Speech
- •Variant I
- •Task I. Use the appropriate form of the verb.
- •Task 2. Convert into indirect speech.
- •Variant II Task 1. Use the appropriate form of the verb.
- •Task 2. Convert into indirect speech.
- •Test Paper III Secondary Parts of the sentence
- •Variant 1
- •Variant II
The compound nominal predicate
The compound nominal predicate falls into two types: compound nominal predicate proper and compound nominal double predicate.
|
|
The compound nominal predicate proper
The compound nominal predicate proper consists of a link verb and a predicative (nominal part). The link verb is the structural element of the predicate, as it joins the subject and the predicative. It expresses the grammatical categories of person, number, tense, aspect and mood.
According to their semantic characteristics link verbs fall into three groups: link verbs of being, of becoming, of remaining.
l. Link verbs of being: to be, to feel, to sound, to smell, to taste, to look, to appear, to seem, etc.
e.g.: He was seven.
Note how the link verbs to taste and to feel are translated into Ukrainian: Lemons taste sour. – Лимони кислі на смак. The fur feels soft. – Хутро м’яке на дотик. |
2. Link verbs of becoming: to become, to grow, to turn, to get, to make.
e.g.: The noise of the rattling dishes becomes intolerable.
3. Link verbs of remaining: to remain, to continue, to keep, to stay.
e.g.: She remained vexed with him.
Ways of expressing the predicative
The predicative can be expressed by:
1) a noun in the common case or in the genitive case.
e.g.: Miss Sedly’s father was a merchant.
The face was Victoria's.
2) an adjective or an adjective phrase.
e.g.: Ellen’s eyes grew angry.
She was full of enthusiasm.
The man was difficult to convince.
Note:
It should be remembered that in some cases a predicative adjective in English corresponds to an adverbial modifier expressed by an adverb in Ukrainian.
e.g. The apples smell good. – Яблука гарно пахнуть.
The music sounded beautiful. – Музика гарно звучала.
She looks / feels bad. – Вона погано виглядає / почувається
In English the verbs to smell, to sound, to look, to feel are link verbs and are the first part of the compound nominal predicate. The predicatives (which form the second part of these predicates) qualify the subject and can therefore be expressed only by adjectives.
3) a pronoun.
e.g.: It was he.
It’s me. (There is a growing tendency to use personal pronouns as predicatives in the objective case.)
She is somebody.
The hat is mine. (In this function only the absolute form of the possessive pronoun is used.)
Who are you?
She was not herself yet.
4) a numeral.
e.g.: He was sixty last year.
I’m the first.
5) an infinitive (or an infinitive phrase or construction).
e.g.: His first thought was to run away.
My idea is to go there myself.
The only thing to do is for you to whip him.
6) a gerund (or a gerundial phrase or construction).
e.g.: My hobby is dancing and his is collecting stamps.
The main problem was his being away at the moment.
7) a participle or a participial phrase.
e.g.: The subject seemed strangely chosen.
8) a prepositional phrase.
e.g.: She is on our side.
9) a stative.
e.g.: I was wide awake by this time.
10) an indivisible group of words.
e.g.: It is nine o’clock already.
11) a clause.
e.g.: That’s what has happened.