Second industrial revolution

[1] The machines developed in the first Industrial Revolution age (the 18th and early 19th centuries) were simple, mechanical devices compared with the industrial technology that followed. Changes in industry were so great that the period after 1860 has been called the Second Industrial Revolution.

New scientific knowledge was applied to industry as scientists and engineers unlocked the secrets of physics and chemistry. Great new industries were founded due to this scientific advance such as steel, chemicals, petroleum, electrical industries. They were larger and more productive than any industries existing before. Germany and the United States became the leaders, and by the end of the 19th century, they were successfully competing with Great Britain in the world market.

[2] The age of electricity began in 1882 when Thomas A. Edison introduced a system of electric lighting in New York City. Electricity was later applied to driving all kinds of machinery as well as powering locomotives and streetcars. Electric lighting quickly spread across the United States and was soon adopted in Europe. The electrical industry was dominated by large companies that developed new products and then manufactured and marketed them. These companies were based in Germany and the United States but sold their goods all over the world. They were the first multinational corporations. Companies like Westinghouse and General Electric helped to electrify cities in Europe, Africa, and South America.

[3] The steel and chemical industries used new technology that greatly increased production. The size of factories increased rapidly, employing more workers and using more machinery. These industries integrated all stages of production under a single corporate structure. They bought out competitors and acquired sources of raw materials and retail outlets. Corporations such as U.S. Steel and Standard Oil controlled all stages of manufacturing the product, from mining and drilling to delivering it to the customer.

[4] The larger size of business presented great challenges to¹ managers who administered enormous organizations with many branches and subsidiaries. Advances in communications and transportation helped decision makers to maintain control. The electric telegraph invented by S. Morse in 1844 was applied to relay commercial information about prices and markets. It was first used in the stock exchanges and on the railway transport. The telephone patented by A. G. Bell in 1876 became a useful tool for managers to keep in contact with the widely disperse² parts of their businesses. New methods of management were devised that stressed³ central control, planning, and using efficient production methods. One of the leading advocates of “scientific management” was Frederick Winslow Taylor.

[5] The Second Industrial Revolution marked great progress in the methods of mass production. More and more industries used interchangeable parts⁴ and machine tools. Electric power replaced steam power in factories. In 1913, Henry Ford introduced the assembly line in the manufacture of his cars. The assembly line greatly increased the speed of manufacture and soon it was used in many industries.

Notes: 1) to present great challenges to – ставить сложные задачи перед кем-л., значительно

усложнить работу кого-л., требовать решения сложных проблем

2) widely dispersed – находящиеся/расположенные далеко друг от друга

3) to stress – придавать большое значение чему-л.

4) interchangeable parts – взаимозаменяемые детали

Упр.10. Перепишите и письменно переведите 2 и 3 абзацы текста.

Упр.11. Ответьте на поставленные вопросы, выбрав правильный вариант(ы).

1) What countries were successfully competing with Great Britain in the world market at the end of the 19^th century?

a) Russia and the USA

b) France and Japan

c) the USA and Germany

2) When did the age of electricity begin?

a) when Thomas A. Edison invented the light bulb

b) when Thomas A. Edison introduced a system of electric lighting in New York City

c) when electricity began to be used for powering locomotives and streetcars

3) What was the main factor contributing to increasing production in the steel and chemical industries?

a) increasing the size of factories

b) using new technology

c) employing more workers and applying more machinery

4) Where was the electric telegraph invented by S. Morse first used?

a) on the railway transport

b) in the aircraft industry

c) in the stock exchanges

5) What was the new system of management called?

a) central management

b) scientific management

c) efficient production management

6) What plant was the assembly line first introduced at?

a) at the machine-tool plant

b) at the aircraft plant

c) at the automobile plant

В А Р И А Н Т 5

Упр.1. Перепишите предложения, поставив глагол в указанную видовременную форму, и переведите их.

1) When the government [to limit – Past Perfect Active] imports, it [to attempt – Past Indefinite Active] to control the amount of currency which [to leave – Past Continuous Active] the country.

2) As the modern industrial economy [to become – Present Continuous Active] more complex, increasing number of people [to require – Present Continuous Passive] in such services industries as banking and financial services, professional services, the repair of mechanical equipment, and government services.

3) The labor productivity [to increase – Past Indefinite Passive] by ten percent at this factory after new technology [to introduce – Past Perfect Passive].

4) Throughout history, various commodities [to use – Present Perfect Passive] as money, including seashells, beads, and cattle, but since the 17th century metal coins and paper banknotes [to become – Present Perfect Active] the most common forms of money.

5) The accounts of the company [to check – Past Continuous Passive] by the auditors all week long.

Упр.2. Перепишите и переведите предложения, обращая внимание на употребление эквивалентов модальных глаголов to be allowed to, to be able to, to be to, to have to. Подчеркните эквиваленты модальных глаголов и соответствующие им варианты перевода.

1) As the company was not able to pay its debts to the creditors, it was useless to protest against selling the company’s real estate.

2) According to the special Copyright Act, nobody is allowed to reproduce and make copies of a book or a compact disc without the owner’s permission.

3) Last year, some African countries had to buy large quantities of foodstuffs from the European countries and the USA because they lost most of their crops due to drought.

4) Like many other European countries, France is to import a large portion of its energy supplies and industrial minerals that is why it has to balance the state budget by means of exporting agricultural and manufactured products.

5) In some countries, the worker is not able to claim for unemployment benefit, if he has been fired from his/her previous work.

Упр.3. Выберите модальный глагол или его эквивалент из предложенных вариантов. Предложения перепишите и переведите.

1) According to the customs regulations, passengers нельзя carry more than 10 packs of cigarettes.

a) are not allowed to b) is not able to c) was not to d) need not

2) At an auction, buyers должны quickly decide what price they are willing to pay.

a) were to b) will have to c) have to d) are allowed to

3) We не сможем advertise our firm on television because it is too expensive.

a) must not b) will not be able c) will not have to d) should not

4) The company пришлось lower the price of its goods because they were not in large demand.

a) were to b) had to c) was able to d) must

5) You можешь make a very good profit if you sell your shares at the right time.

a) are to b) should c) were to d) are able to

Ex.4. Перепишите и переведите предложения, обращая внимание на способы перевода герундия [Gerund].

1) The Industrial Revolution is the name given to the process of transferring from the agrarian, handicraft economy to the economy dominated by industry and machine manufacture.

2) Due to introducing euro in circulation in 12 of the 15 nations of the EU, travelers in Europe can now make purchases anywhere within the EU without changing money and without worrying about exchange rates.

3) In some countries, there are restrictions on what foreign tourists may bring in; for example, bringing alcohol to some Arab countries is strictly forbidden.

4) The English Tourist Board is a government-supported agency that promotes tourism by advertising, publishing promotional material, and encouraging the improvement of tourist accommodations, restaurants, and other amenities.

5) Several manufactures were accused of dumping, in other words selling goods abroad at a lower price than they were sold domestically.

Упр.5. Перепишите и переведите предложения, обращая внимание на значения ing-формы. Подчеркните Participle I одной чертой, Gerund – двумя.

1) Active money is money going from person to person and used by people in buying and selling goods or services.

2) Registering copyright according to the existing laws guarantees the author the exclusive privilege to distribute, reproduce, perform or display his creative work..

3) The speculator on the stock exchange wishing to sell securities in anticipation of a fall in their prices is called a bear.

4) There is always an element of risk in providing financial capital to a person starting his own business.

5) Withdrawing cash from their accounts by means of an ATM, bank customers receive a receipt showing the amount of the transaction and the account balance.

Упр.6. Перепишите и переведите предложения, обращая внимание на значения ed-формы.

1) A limited liability company or a corporation is headed by the board of directors elected by shareholders.

2) An income tax is a tax imposed by the government on the incomes of natural persons or on the profits of enterprises.

3) In 1948, The Netherlands formed a customs union with Belgium and Luxembourg called Benelux. It abolished all customs duties on goods moving between the three countries.

4) Some imported goods are more competitive than goods produced in this country.

5) The article published in the yesterday’s issue of “Financial Times” pays particular attention to the measures aimed at further increasing the interest rates.

Упр.7. Перепишите и переведите данные словосочетания, обращая внимание на особенности перевода определений, выраженных существительными.

1) railroad company owner 6) tax system reform

2) high-quality goods production 7) assembly-line repair

3) goods and services prices 8) profit tax increase

4) public relations manager 9) oil company securities

5) minimum-wage law 10) steel import restrictions

Упр.8. Поставьте сказуемые, данные в скобках, в отрицательную форму. Предложения перепишите и переведите.

1) Goodwill of the company [belongs] to tangible assets but it can be sold like any other property.

2) Many countries of the Third World got political independence after World War II, but they [have become] independent economically yet.

3) Developing countries [will be able to achieve] economic independence until they import less than they export.

4) In the USA, the prices listed on items in the department stores [include] sales tax; it is added to the bill by a cashier.

5) In the early 1970s, when inflation began to exceed 5 percent a year, President of the USA Richard M. Nixon established price controls, but the experiment [worked] well and was soon discontinued.

Упр.9. Прочитайте текст, устно переведите его и выполните упражнения, данные ниже.