Tgv duplex – a train of the third generation

The high-speed line linking Paris and Lyon was opened for traffic in 1981. It was to solve the problems of the ever-increasing flow of passengers between France’s two largest cities. A high-speed train of the second generation (TGV) was specially developed for this line. At present, 150 trains a day operate on this railway in both directions. Traffic frequency during peak hours is 1 train per 5 minutes. Ridership has increased up to 17 million passengers a year. To increase the carrying capacity of the line, French National Railways has ordered from the company Alsthom 30 trains of the third generation. TGV Duplex is a high-speed double-deck train having 40% more seats than a conventional TGV. It consists of 8 trailers and 2 power cars made of lightweight materials. The train reaches a speed of up to 300 kmh. Extra capacity has been achieved by lowering the floor of the lower deck by 40 cm. Besides, the overall height of the vehicle was increased by 20 cm.

Despite the 40 % increase in the number of seats, the comfort level for passengers in second class has been enhanced by providing reclining seats and 7 cm more legroom1. Compared with previous TGV generations, TGV Duplex has a modern aerodynamic profile and a new braking system, which significantly reduce noise level. All cars are airconditioned and pressurized to prevent discomfort of passengers when running through tunnels at a high speed. Lower-deck accommodation is quieter than the upper deck as there is no through passage between cars. The passage along the whole train is only possible at the upper level. However, the view from the upper deck is far superior. Passengers with heavy luggage prefer the lower deck to save the effort of carrying their cases upstairs. Technically, the train is a triumph. It was built on previous TGV experience but a number of new technologies, equipment and materials were introduced to solve the very difficult problems connected with a double-deck car configuration.

Notes: 1legroom –пространство для ног

(B) Найдите в тексте английские эквиваленты следующих фраз.

1. постоянно возрастающий пассажиропоток

2. в обоих направлениях

3. частота движения в час пик

4. количество пассажиров

5. чтобы увеличить пропускную способность линии

6. сиденье с регулируемым наклоном спинки

7. по сравнению с TGV предыдущего поколения

8. все вагоны герметически закрываются

9. салон вагона на нижнем этаже

10. с технической точки зрения

(С) Ответьте на вопросы к тексту. Ответы переведите.

1. What train was specially developed for the high-speed Paris-Lyon line?

2. How many TGVs operate on this railway in both directions at present?

3. Are 17 thousand passengers a year carried by this railway?

4. Why has French National Railways ordered from the company Alsthom 30 trains of the third generation?

5. Now many cars does TGV Duplex consist of?

6. What differences are there between TGV Duplex and a conventional TGV?

7. What improvements have been made to enhance the comfort level for passengers in second class?

8. Why are all cars pressurized?

9. Can passengers and trainmen pass along the whole train?

10. Why do passengers with heavy luggage prefer the lower deck?

В А Р И А Н Т 2

Упр. 1. Формы Continuous (Present, Past, Future) и Perfect (Present, Past, Future) в действительном (Active) и страдательном (Passive) залогах.

(A) Перепишите предложения и переведите их. Выпишите сказуемые и укажите их видовременные формы.

Model: The train has already arrived at the station. Поезд уже прибыл на станцию. has arrived – Present Perfect Active (to arrive)

1. Railway construction began in China late in the 19th century and by World War II, more than 25,000 km of track had been laid down mainly in the eastern and northeastern parts of the country.

2. Rush hour is a period at the beginning and end of the working day when large numbers of people are traveling to or from work.

3. Arizona has recently adopted the law, according to which the length of trains is limited to 14 passenger cars or 70 freight cars in the interests of safety.

4. The program of railway reforms is being carried out now in Russia. Under this program, suburban and regional passenger services will be financed from local budgets. At the same time, the government has promised to fund inter-city passenger service.

(B) Перепишите предложения, поставив глагол в нужную форму, и переведите их.

1. The new American turbotrain (to cover – Present Perfect Active) a 230-mile distance between Boston and New York in 3 hours 15 minutes with four stops.

2. She (to tell – Past Simple Passive) in the enquiry office that the schedule of this commuter train (to change – Past Perfect Passive).

3. This railway line (to upgrade – Present Continuous Passive) to carry heavier volumes of freight and passenger traffic.

4. New models of lightweight carriages (to introduce – Present Perfect Passive) on the Japanese Railways. They (to consume – Present Simple Active) 50% less power than old models.

5. We (to arrive – Past Simple Active) at the railway station when the train (to approach – Past Continuous Active) the platform.

Упр. 2. Модальные Глаголы

Составьте предложения из двух частей, обращая внимание на перевод глаголов must, should, can, may, need.

1. All trains must be regularly serviced, …

2. To prevent wooden sleepers from decay, …

3. Passengers may pay the subway fare with tokens or …

4. The experience of operating fast trains on

5. Because electric locos can accelerate more rapidly, …

______________________________________________________________________________

a) more trains can run on the same track.

b) should be applied to other railways.

c) so that passengers can be sure that they are traveling in safety.

d) they may purchase a pass for a specific period of time.

e) they must be treated with creosote.

Упр. 3. Причастие I

Перепишите предложения и переведите их. Подчеркните причастия.

1. Chinese Railways lifted the maximum speed of passenger services to 140 kmh on seven key routes radiating from Beijing.

2. Some old steam locomotives are still being used on tourist routes in England, attracting a lot of foreign tourists.

3. The rail transport is a branch of industry playing a very important role in economical life of our country.

4. Having used aluminum instead of steel, the designers reduced the weight of the carbody.

5. Malaysia and Thailand, two of the most rapidly developing economies in southeast Asia, have great plans to upgrade and expand their railway networks.

Упр. 4. Причастие II

Перепишите предложения и переведите их. Подчеркните причастия.

1. A milk car is a specialized type of tank car designed to carry raw milk between farms and processing plants.

2. X 2000 high-speed trains introduced by Swedish railways in 1990 can run at a speed of 200 kmh on standard track.

3. When upgraded, the railway bridge will be used for the movement of heavy freight trains.

4. The first Siemens’s electric locomotive built in 1879 was so small that the driver straddled it like a horse but it could haul a train with 30 passengers.

5. The things left behind by passengers on the trains or at the stations are usually taken to the Lost Property Office.

Упр. 5. ТЕСТ

Выберите нужное причастие (Participle I or Participle II)

1. Special signals ___ along the railroads help enginemen drive trains without accidents.

A. installing B. Installed

2. It is impossible to stop quickly the train ___ at such high speed.

A. moving B. Moved

3. The El Ferdan Railway Bridge ___ the Suez Canal is the world's largest drawbridge.

A. crossing B. Crossed

4. The Talgo is the first successful European tilting train ___ in Spain in the 1950s.

A. developing B. Developed

5. Carriage wheels, ___ over rail joints, produce the familiar sound “click-etty-click”.

A. passing B. Passed

Упр. 6. Задайте разделительные вопросы к следующим предложениям.

1. A lot of passengers were waiting for the train arrival on the platform the whole hour.

2. Ingrid went with John to the railway station to see him off.

3. The 50 km Channel Tunnel consists of three tunnels: two for rail traffic and a central tunnel for services and security.

4. The porter will help you to carry your luggage to the bus stop.

5. Railways cause less air contamination than other modes of transport.

6. One of the first railway bridges in Great Britain called “Britannia” has survived to our days.

Упр. 7. (A) Прочитайте текст и устно переведите его. Выполните упражнения, данные после текста, письменно.

O R I E N T E X P R E S S

The Orient Express is a luxury Trans-European passenger train running from Paris to Constantinople (now Istanbul) for more than 80 years. It covered a route of about 2,740 km that included brief stopovers in such cities as Munich, Vienna, Budapest and Bucharest.

The Orient Express was built by the International Wagons-Lits (Sleeping Cars) Company founded by the Belgian businessman Georges Nagelmackers. The train made its inaugural run in 1883. During its first journey, the passengers traveled from Paris to the Bulgarian port of Varna by train and were then ferried by steamship across the Black Sea to Constantinople. By 1889, however, the entire trip was by rail. The journey time from Paris to Constantinople was just over 67 hours, as against more than 81 at the train's inauguration. The Orient Express consisted of luxuriously furnished sleeping, restaurant and salon cars that housed smoking compartments and ladies' drawing rooms. With its Oriental rugs, velvet draperies, mahogany paneling, upholstered armchairs covered in Spanish leather, the OrientExpress was unmatched in luxuriousness and comfort. It was famous for its five course French meals as well as for its passengers, who were the elite of Europe's society, including royalty, diplomats or government officials. The glamour of the train also caught the imagination of numerous writers, among them Graham Greene and Agatha Christie, whose works helped to make it world-famous. Its service was stopped by World War I but resumed in 1919, with the route running from Paris to Lausanne, then via the Simplon Tunnel to Milan, Venice, Belgrade and Sofia. The train was then called the Simplon–Orient-Express.

After 1945, the train lost their prestige. The luxurious Wagons-Lits cars were replaced by ordinary coaches. Though the Orient Express name survived, the train had little resemblance to the original. However, the 1930s style has been fully recreated by an American businessman, James Sherwood. In the late 1970s, he bought pre-war Wagons-Lits sleeping cars and restored them to their original state. Since 1982, the privately owned Venice-Simplon-Orient Express luxury train has run from London to Venice.

(B) Найдите в тексте английские эквиваленты следующих фраз.

1. пассажирский поезд повышенной комфортности

2. короткая остановка в пути следования

3. первый рейс

4. перевозить на пароходе через Чёрное море

5. время в пути

6. мягкие кресла, обитые кожей

7. не имел себе равных по роскоши и комфорту

8. обеды из пяти блюд французской кухни

9. спальные вагоны повышенной комфортности заменили на обычные вагоны

10. купил спальные вагоны довоенной постройки и реставрировал их

(С) Ответьте на вопросы к тексту. Ответы переведите.

1. How many years did the Orient Express run from Paris to Constantinople?

2. What company were sleeping cars for the Orient Express built by?

3. When was the train launched?

4. Did the passengers travel all the way from Paris to Constantinople by train during its first run?

5. How many hours did it take the train to cover a route of about 2,740 km?

6. What cars did the Orient Express consist of?

7. What did salon cars house?

8. What was the train famous for?

9. When did the Orient Express lose its prestige?

10. What was done by an American businessman, James Sherwood to return to the Orient Express its good reputation?

В А Р И А Н Т 3

Упр. 1. Формы Continuous (Present, Past, Future) и Perfect (Present, Past, Future) в действительном (Active) и страдательном (Passive) залогах. (A) Перепишите предложения и переведите их. Выпишите сказуемые и укажите их видовременные формы.

Model: The train has already arrived at the station. Поезд уже прибыл на станцию. has arrived – Present Perfect Active (to arrive)

1. The Tay Bridge was built in Scotland in 1878 and collapsed in 1879 when a train was crossing it. It was one of Britain’s first serious rail disasters.

2. The Ukrainian government decided to resume the construction of the Metro, which was stopped because of financial difficulties. A lottery is being held and 40% of its income will be used to fund the work.

3. For many years, railway track has been laid and repaired by hard manual labor. Now this work is being done by means of up-to-date track machines and mechanisms.

4. In 1825, there were only 2 locomotives available for use on a public railway; by the turn of the century, their number had increased to 70,000.

(B) Перепишите предложения, поставив глагол в нужную форму, и переведите их.

1. The stationmaster (to say – Past Simple Active) that no trains (to arrive – Past Perfect Active) at the station during the night because of the heavy snowstorm in the mountains.

2. The reason for the freight train derailment (not / to find – Present Perfect Passive) yet.

3. Reinforced concrete and steel (to use / widely – Present Continuous Passive) now for the construction of modern bridges.

4. With the introduction of Centralized Traffic Control, the safety of railway operation (to improve / greatly – Present Perfect Active).

5. A lot of foreign correspondents (to come – Past Simple Active) in Japan when a new maglev train (to test – Past Continuous Passive).

Упр. 2. Модальные Глаголы

Составьте предложения из двух частей, обращая внимание на перевод глаголов must, should, can, may, need.

1. Drivers of express and fast trains must have …

2. In Hungary, students with valid Student Card and children between the age of 6 and 14 …

3. Passengers should keep their tickets …

4. The new automated control system will eliminate all types of accidents, …

5. A railway spokesman said the freight train driver spotted the danger …

______________________________________________________________________________

a) but couldn’t prevent the collision.

b) till the end of the trip.

c) which can be caused by the driver’s error.

d) may get train tickets 50% cheaper.

e) a rest after 3 hours of work.

Упр. 3. Причастие I

Перепишите предложения и переведите их. Подчеркните причастия.

1. The high-speed train running between Hiroshima and Kokura was entered in the Guinness Book of Records for the highest average speed – 261.8 kmh.

2. The volume of passenger transportation is increased in summertime because many people spend their holidays, traveling all over the country or abroad.

3. Netherlands Railways has recently started to refurbish its wagon fleet consisting of 50 cars, 15-years old.

4. Having improved tunneling technology, engineers considerably increased workers’ safety.

5. People living near railroad tracks often get so used to the sounds of passing trains that they rarely notice the noise.

Упр. 4. Причастие II

Перепишите предложения и переведите их. Подчеркните причастия.

1. Up-to-date and reliable automatic systems installed in Metro are used for controlling the movement of trains.

2. One of the American locomotives built in 1934 attracted much attention of the public, as it was the first locomotive driven by the diesel-electric engine.

3. When heated by sun, the rails become longer.

4. An experimental train made up of two ICE power cars and eight TGV Duplex doubledeck coaches will be tested in Germany this year.

5. Electric Locomotive Plant in Novocherkassk is the largest manufacturer of mainline electric freight and passenger locos, industrial electric locos and tractor units, as well as spare parts for all previously produced types of electric locos.

Упр. 5. ТЕСТ

Выберите нужное причастие (Participle I or Participle II)

1. The number of cars ___ a passenger train is much less than that of a freight train.

A. forming B. Formed

2. Refrigerator cars are used for transporting ___ meat and other perishable goods.

A. freezing B. Frozen

3. In 1883, the Orient Express began service from Paris to Istanbul, ___ six countries.

A. crossing B. Crossed

4. The first railway in Russia ___ steam traction was built in Nizhni Tagil.

A. using B. Used

5. The TGV Duplex is a double-deck tilting train ___ by SNCF (the French national railway company).

A. operating B. Operated

Упр. 6. Задайте разделительные вопросы к следующим предложениям.

1. Air-conditioning system in a railway car ensures a constant supply of fresh air in hot weather and heating the entire saloon in cold weather.

2. The Trans-Siberian Railway is divided into six railways in Ural, Siberia and the Far East.

3. George Pullman became well known for luxury sleeping cars called Pullman cars in his honor.

4. These express trains will proceed to the final destination without any stops.

5. Both direct and alternating current can be used on electrified railways.

6. Powerful track-laying machines have been developed for the building of railroads.

Упр. 7. (A) Прочитайте текст и устно переведите его. Выполните упражнения, данные после текста, письменно.

G O L D E N E A G L E T R A N S - S I B E R I A N E X P R E S S

The Golden Eagle Trans-Siberian Express launched in May 7, 2007 is Russia’s first luxury private train. It is a joint Russian-British project, which cost $25 million and took 7 years. The train serves the world's longest railway line from Moscow to Vladivostok as well as specially developed routes. One of them, the Silk Road goes on through Kazakhstan, stopping at Baikonur Space Centre, Uzbekistan and Turkmenistan, across Asia's largest and coldest Gobi desert in China with Beijing as the final destination.

The highest level of comfort and service offered to the train passengers justifies describing Golden Eagle as a real five-star hotel on the wheels. Prince Michael of Kent, one of the authors of the project, said at a reception at the British Embassy in Moscow that it was a dream for any Brit to drive a train, and added that two of his dreams, Russia and trains, had been united in the Golden Eagle project.

The Golden Eagle Express consists of 12 Gold and Silver class sleeping cars. The maximum capacity of the Golden Eagle is 132 passengers. There is 64 staff on board the train. The six Gold class carriages have 5 spacious sleeping compartments equipped with individual air conditioning and heating, lavatories, showers, under floor heating, wardrobe spaces, fridges, armchairs and tables. There are also LCD TV screens, state-of-the-art DVD/CD players, audio systems, Web access, attendant call buttons. The Silver class compartments have all of the same mod cons1 but are slightly smaller. The train includes a 35-seat bar car (the bar remains open until the last person leaves), two dining cars seating 64 each, a kitchen car, a laundry car and a storage car. Doctor and barber services are available to passengers as well. The menu of the Trans-Siberian dining cars features Russian and Siberian cuisine, from borsch to black caviar with vodka. The Golden Eagle leaves from Moscow, traveling almost 10,000 km at an average speed of 80 kmh to its final destination on the Sea of Japan. The route includes visits to Kazan, Yekaterinburg, Novosibirsk, Irkutsk, Lake Baikal, Ulan Ude, the Mongolian capital UlanBator, Khabarovsk and Vladivostok.

Notes: 1mod cons – современные удобства

(B) Найдите в тексте английские эквиваленты следующих фраз.

1. частный поезд повышенной комфортности

2. Шёлковый Путь

3. специально разработанные маршруты

4. пятизвездочный отель на колёсах

5. управлять поездом

6. багажный вагон

7. кнопка вызова проводника

8. к услугам пассажиров есть врач и парикмахер

9. вагон-буфет на 35 мест

10. ехать со средней скоростью

(C) Ответьте на вопросы к тексту. Ответы переведите.

1. When was the Golden Eagle Trans-Siberian Express put into operation?

2. Is it a joint Russian-British or Russian-Chinese project?

3. Why is Golden Eagle described as a real five-star hotel on the wheels?

4. How many sleeping cars does the Golden Eagle Express consist of?

5. How many passengers can the Golden Eagle take?

6. What mod cons are there in sleeping compartments?

7. Is there any difference between Gold and Silver class compartments?

8. What cars (apart from sleeping cars) does the train include?

9. What does the menu of the Golden Eagle dining cars feature?

10. Can passengers enjoy services of doctor and barber on board the train?

В А Р И А Н Т 4

Упр. 1. Формы Continuous (Present, Past, Future) и Perfect (Present, Past, Future) в действительном (Active) и страдательном (Passive) залогах.

(A) Перепишите предложения и переведите их. Выпишите сказуемые и укажите их видовременные формы.

Model: The train has already arrived at the station. Поезд уже прибыл на станцию. has arrived – Present Perfect Active (to arrive)

1. The Alaska state government has proposed to construct a railroad, which will link the rail networks of the US, Canada and Russia via a 90km rail tunnel beneath the Bering Straits.

2. The underground railway is the quickest, safest, most reliable and comfortable means of public transport, which is currently operating in 80 cities all over the world.

3. Sleeping cars were being used on American railroads since the 1830s; however, early sleepers were very uncomfortable for traveling over long distances.

4. It has been calculated that East Japan Railway Company sells 1,000 tons of tickets annually. These tickets are now being collected and re-used in the manufacture of cardboard and toilet paper.

(B) Перепишите предложения, поставив глагол в нужную форму, и переведите их.

1. The bridge, which (to build – Present Continuous Passive) now, (to use – Future Simple Passive) for the movement of both road and railway traffic.

2. When I (to come – Past Simple Active) to Baku in 1962, the first Metro line (to build – Past Continuous Passive) there.

3. Automatic block and other kinds of modern signaling (to introduce – Present Perfect Passive) on the railways to ensure safety of train movement at high speeds.

4. The train crew (to inform – Past Simple Passive) that the departure time (to change – Past Perfect Passive).

5. China (to plan – Present Continuous Active) to build six more mainlines and several branch lines to connect Tibet with other parts of China by 2020.

Упр. 2. Модальные Глаголы

Составьте предложения из двух частей, обращая внимание на перевод глаголов must, should, can, may, need.

1. A wagon must be cleaned before …

2. Stephenson's first steam locomotive could draw …

3. Passengers shouldn’t walk across the railway lines, …

4. Train tickets can be booked now through the Internet and via mobile phones, …

5. Electric train may be powered …

______________________________________________________________________________

a) either by electric loco or by motor cars.

b) though this method carries an additional surcharge.

c) a small train of loaded cars at a speed of 13 mph.

d) there is a footbridge at the end of the platform.

e) it will be used for another run.

Упр. 3. Причастие I

Перепишите предложения и переведите их. Подчеркните причастия.

1. In 1816, Richard Trevithick, British inventor of the first steam locomotive, went to South America to deliver engines to Peruvian silver mines, hoping to become wealthy but returned to England in 1827 penniless.

2. Car-Repair Plant in St. Petersburg is the largest enterprise in Russia performing all types of repair and modernization for passenger rolling stock.

3. Having built the world’s first electric locomotive, Werner von Siemens demonstrated it at the Berlin Exhibition.

4. Each railway station has at least two tracks, those for the arriving and departing trains.

5. The number and spacing of the sleepers depend on the weight of trains passing over the track.

Упр. 4. Причастие II

Перепишите предложения и переведите их. Подчеркните причастия.

1. A rail with a hidden defect can break suddenly. Hidden defects in rails can be detected with the help of a new device.

2. When first introduced, container cars were used only for carrying valuable goods.

3. Amtrak is the public company set up by Congress in 1970, which operates almost all the intercity passenger trains in the U.S.

4. The Great Train Robbery is an event happened in 1963 when a group of criminals robbed a British mail train and stole over £2 million. At that time, it was the largest amount of money ever stolen in the UK.

5. The powered cars are equipped with electric engines placed under the floor of the coach.

Упр. 5. ТЕСТ

Выберите нужное причастие (Participle I or Participle II)

1. The total length of the bridge ___ across the Volga at Saratov is about two miles.

A. building B. Built

2. While ___ Metro, people reduce the time of traveling from home to work and back.

A. using B. Used

3. Freight trains ___ of more than 80 cars are hauled by two locomotives.

A. consisting B. Consisted

4. One of the main advantages of the diesel locomotive is the low cost of the fuel ___.

A. consuming B. Consumed

5. When ___, the track will be used for high-speed movement.

A. upgrading B. Upgraded

Упр. 6. Задайте разделительные вопросы к следующим предложениям.

1. The heavy traffic on this section of track has caused considerable delays of trains.

2. The two-speed escalators will be installed at the new Metro stations.

3. The internal combustion engine was designed by Rudolf Diesel.

4. George went to the cinema to pass the time until the train arrived.

5. Safe operation of freight and passenger trains requires a reliable system of signaling.

6. All modern freight and passenger cars are fitted with automatic coupling and air brakes.

Упр. 7. (A) Прочитайте текст и устно переведите его. Выполните упражнения, данные после текста, письменно.

B L U E T R A I N

The famous Blue Train has run between Cape Town and Pretoria, South Africa, since 1939. The train derives its name from its blue locomotives, railroad cars and leather seats. It is still considered one of the most luxurious trains in the world. At present, it runs several times a month, covering the distance of 994 miles in 27 hours, including a sightseeing stop in each direction. The Blue Train is operated by the state-run Spoornet company. There are rumors that it will be sold to a private operator such as the Orient Express company. Details have not been confirmed. The train is air-conditioned. For cold weather, additional heating is provided under the marble tiles of most bathrooms. Each suite has its own bathroom with shower or tub. There are two train sets; one takes up to 74 passengers, the other takes 82. Each train consists of nine Deluxe coaches and two luxury carriages. In the Deluxe cars, there are four suites. One of the four suites has a bathroom with a tub while the other three have showers. All compartments contain two beds or one double bed as well as audio CD and DVD systems. Luxury cars have three compartments. Each suite is equipped with a bathroom and shower. They have audio CD and DVD systems as well as large-screen plasma televisions. In 1997, the train was upgraded to include interurban phones in all of its suites. Meals are served in the 42-seat dinning car and include delicious African and continental cuisine. Breakfast can be served either in the compartment or in the dining car. Snacks and drinks can be served in the compartment at any time. Passengers can call the "butler" any time of day or night from the in-room phone. Each Blue Train set has two classic lounges. High tea is served in the main lounge. The club lounge is the only area where smoking, including cigars, is allowed.

(B) Найдите в тексте английские эквиваленты следующих фраз.

1. один из самых комфортабельных поездов в мире

2. ходит несколько раз в месяц

3. остановка для осмотра достопримечательностей

4. в каждом купе имеется ванная комната

5. вагоны повышенной комфортности

6. поезд был модернизирован

7. блюда африканской и европейской кухни

8. либо в купе, либо в вагоне ресторане

9. комната для отдыха

10. ранний ужин с чаем

(С) Ответьте на вопросы к тексту. Ответы переведите.

1. How many years has the famous Blue Train run between Cape Town and Pretoria?

2. What does the train derive its name from?

3. How fast does the Blue Train cover the distance of 994 miles?

4. How many sightseeing stops do trains make en route?

5. What company is the Blue Train operated by?

6. Does each Blue Train take up to 74 passengers?

7. How many carriages do these trains consist of?

8. Are all compartments in the Deluxe cars equipped with audio CD and DVD systems?

9. Can breakfast be served only in the dining car?

10. Where is smoking allowed?

В А Р И А Н Т 5

Упр. 1. Формы Continuous (Present, Past, Future) и Perfect (Present, Past, Future) в действительном (Active) и страдательном (Passive) залогах.

(A) Перепишите предложения и переведите их. Выпишите сказуемые и укажите их видовременные формы.

Model: The train has already arrived at the station. Поезд уже прибыл на станцию. has arrived – Present Perfect Active (to arrive)

1. A fleet of 45 300kmh Eurotrains will operate on the 340km Taipei-Kaohsiung highspeed line, which is being constructed now in Taiwan.

2. The locomotive was moving at a high speed when the engine driver saw that the line had been damaged.

3. In the almost 40 years since it opened, the high-speed Shinkansen network (Japan) has carried over 6 billion passengers without a single serious accident.

4. Until recently, the price difference between the first- and second-class tickets on the Spanish Railways had amounted to 81%. This difference has been greatly reduced and now first-class fare is only 30% more expensive than second-class.

(B) Перепишите предложения, поставив глагол в нужную форму, и переведите их.

1. Within five years, the railway (to carry – Past Continuous Active) over seven million passengers annually.

2. Nowadays, crossties (to make – Present Simple Passive) of wood, concrete, steel. In some countries, plastic sleepers (to experiment – Present Continuous Passive) with.

3. The construction of the railway bridge (to complete – Past Perfect Passive) by the beginning of the navigation season.

4. Switzerland (to occupy – Present Simple Active) a special place in the history of railway electrification, because its engineers (to make – Present Perfect Active) a great contribution to this field and almost all its railways (to electrify / completely – Present Simple Passive).

5. The train (to delay – Past Simple Passive) because a tree (to fell – Past Perfect Active) across the line.

Упр. 2. Модальные Глаголы

Составьте предложения из двух частей, обращая внимание на перевод глаголов must, should, can, may, need.

1. The Trans-Europe expresses are equipped with interurban telephones …

2. This equipment must be carried in boxcars because …

3. The tickets shouldn’t be thrown away …

4. You needn’t leave for the railway station so early, …

5. In Metro, when the passengers get on the escalator, they should stand on the right …

______________________________________________________________________________

a) it requires protection against unfavorable weather conditions.

b) so that people, who hurry, can run by on the left.

c) I will give you a lift.

d) through which the traveler can contact office or home.

e) as inspectors may check them during the trip.

Упр. 3. Причастие I

Перепишите предложения и переведите их. Подчеркните причастия.

1. The bright flowers growing along the railroad attracted the attention of all the passengers.

2. About 250 trains operate daily on the Shinkansen network, running at 7.5-minute intervals during the morning and evening rush hours.

3. Having received a lot of complaints about the noise of trains passing near towns and villages, the railway built acoustic fencing along large sections of the track.

4. All the trains operating on the suburban lines are driven by electricity.

5. Indian Railways has designed and built a prototype double-deck car having seats for 148 passengers.

Упр. 4. Причастие II

Перепишите предложения и переведите их. Подчеркните причастия.

1. The passengers were surprised by luxurious interior furnishing and finishing of the recently refurbished carriages.

2. The new low-floor cars developed by Danish State Railways’ design office will be used for Intercity express services between Denmark and Sweden.

3. When drawn by electric locomotive, the trains may consist of more than 90 cars.

4. The main disadvantages of steel sleepers are their high price and the noise caused by trains passing over them.

5. Under the right circumstances, freight transport by rail is more economic and energy efficient than by road, especially when carried in bulk or over long distances.

Упр. 5. ТЕСТ

Выберите нужное причастие (Participle I or Participle II)

1. When first ___, the project of the Channel Tunnel construction seemed impracticable.

A. proposing B. Proposed

2. Tank cars ___ gas or cement should be made of aluminum or stainless steel.

A. transporting B. Transported

3. Today the Trans-Siberian Railway carries about 20,000 containers per year to Europe, ___ 8,300 containers from Japan.

A. including B. Included

4. Sleeping cars ___ with an air-conditioning system are very comfortable for long-distance travel.

A. equipping B. Equipped

5. The Kiev Railway Station is the city’s main terminal ___ more than 170,000 passengers a day.

A. serving B. Served

Упр. 6. Задайте разделительные вопросы к следующим предложениям.

1. Perishable goods should be carried in refrigerator cars.

2. The automatic train control facilitates the work of a locomotive driver.

3. George Stephenson built the world's first public railways: the Stockton and Darlington railway in 1825 and the Liverpool-Manchester railway in 1830.

4. An impact-resistant windscreen will reduce the risk of injury to the driver in case of any accident.

5. The construction of new railway lines is always preceded by long and thorough surveying work.

6. Long-welded rails have been used on main railways since 1960s.

Упр. 7. (A) Прочитайте текст и устно переведите его. Выполните упражнения, данные после текста, письменно.

E U R O S T A R

Eurostar is a high-speed passenger train operating from London to Paris and Brussels via the Channel Tunnel. It is run by a consortium of French railways (SNCF), Belgian railways (SNCB) and Eurostar UK Ltd. The train was launched in 1994. Eurostar covers the distance from London to Paris (about 307 miles) in 2 hours 15 minutes running at an average speed of 186 mph. The service is operated by the eighteen-carriage trains consisting of 2nd and 1st class cars.

Eurostar is completely non-smoking. Between autumn 2004 and autumn 2005 all Eurostars were refurbished with a new interior design. In the 1st class cars, the fare includes a hot 3-course meal and complimentary alcoholic and non-alcoholic drinks, all served at your seat. Two bar cars are at passengers’ disposal. They are located in cars 6 and 13 and serve tea, coffee, hot chocolate, beer, wine, sandwiches, crisps and hot snacks. The bar accepts credit cards as well as cash. You can eat and drink in the bar area (standing space only, there are no seats) or take your meal back to your seat. All seats on Eurostar must be reserved in advance. If you book your ticket at www.eurostar.com, you can choose which seat in which car you want. If you have small children, book seats in cars 1 or 18 (2nd class). These cars are at each end of the train, so less people walk through them to the bar. These cars are divided into compartments of 4 seats (with or without a table, your choice), which are much better for families than face-to-back airline-style seating. Children under 4 travel free on Eurostar. A special child fare applies to children from 4 to 11 inclusive. Children aged 12 and over travel at the adult fare. All children under 12 must travel accompanied by an adult. Passengers cannot take dogs or other pets on Eurostar, except for guide dogs. Unlike travelling by air, you don’t check in your bags when travelling by Eurostar. You keep them with you, placing small or medium size bags on the luggage racks above your head. Larger bags are placed on the big racks at the end of the coach. Also unlike air travel, there’s no weight limit. All bags taken onto Eurostar must have a label showing your name and surname.

(B) Найдите в тексте английские эквиваленты следующих фраз:

1. поезд был пущен в эксплуатацию

2. проходит расстояние

3. поезда, состоящие из 18 вагонов первого и второго класса

4. в стоимость проезда входит обед из трёх блюд

5. к услугам пассажиров имеется два вагона буфета

6. бронировать заранее

7. вагоны разделены на 4-местные купе

8. должны ездить в сопровождении взрослого

9. сдавать вещи в багаж

10. багажные полки

(C) Ответьте на вопросы к тексту. Ответы переведите.

1. Is Eurostar a high-speed passenger train operated by Eurostar UK Ltd?

2. How much time does it take the train to cover the distance from London to Paris?

3. Where are passengers allowed to smoke on Eurostar?

4. What is the difference between Eurostar's 2nd and 1st class cars?

5. What Web site can passengers visit to book train tickets?

6. Why should passengers traveling with small children book seats in cars 1 or 18?

7. Who can travel free on Eurostar?

8. What pets are passengers allowed to take on Eurostar?

9. Where is baggage placed on the coach?

10. Must passengers pay some extra money for their baggage if it is over

К О Н Т Р О Л Ь Н А Я Р А Б О Т А № 3

Прежде чем приступить к выполнению контрольного задания №3, Вам необходимо повторить следующие разделы курса английского языка:

1. Видовременные формы глагола в действительном и страдательном залогах.

2. Эквиваленты модальных глаголов to be to, to have to, to be able to, to be allowed to.

3. Неличные формы глагола [Participle I; Participle II; Gerund].

4. Правила перевода атрибутивных словосочетаний на русский язык.

5. Порядок слов в отрицательных предложениях.

В А Р И А Н Т 1

Упр.1. Перепишите предложения, поставив глагол в указанную видовременную форму, и переведите их.

1) During the World War II, Americans [to live – Past Perfect Active] under a controlled economic system: foodstuffs and essential goods [to ration – Past Continuous Passive], wages and salaries [to freeze – Past Perfect Passive], ceiling prices [to fix – Past Perfect Passive] and strikes [to forbid – Past Perfect Passive].

After the war, with the return to free market system, prices quickly [to increase – Past Indefinite Active].

At the end of 1946, the consumers [to pay – Past Continuous Active] nearly twice as much for food and clothing as such items [to cost – Past Perfect Active] in 1939.

2) Nowadays, a lot of companies [to engage – Present Continuous Active] in electronic commerce by means of the Internet.

Detailed information about companies’ products [to put – Present Continuous Passive] on their Web sites, and the customers [to have – Present Indefinite Active] an opportunity to compare qualities and prices of goods proposed by different firms.

Упр.2. Перепишите и переведите предложения, обращая внимание на употребление эквивалентов модальных глаголов to be allowed to, to be able to, to be to, to have to. Подчеркните эквиваленты модальных глаголов и соответствующие им варианты перевода.

1) Japan is known as a small country with large population, which was able to overtake such powerful industrialized country as the USA in some fields of economy.

2) Purchasing on credit, the buyer becomes the owner of the goods but he does not have to make payment for it at once.

3) According to government regulations, commercial banks in America and Japan are not allowed to trade in securities.

4) The company had to pay a heavy penalty imposed by the state tax commission because it owed huge sums to the state budget and to the national pension fund.

5) Loan is a sum of money, which is borrowed by a person, or a business from another person, business or bank, and which is to be repaid within a certain period of time with interest.

Упр.3. Выберите модальный глагол или его эквивалент из предложенных вариантов. Предложения перепишите и переведите.

1) I придётся borrow from the bank to buy the flat.

a) shall be able to b) shall have to c) can d) should

2) In order to compete in the market successfully the company следует spend enough money on advertising.

a) is able to b) have to c) should d) was to

3) Demand is the quantity of a specific commodity that people want and могут buy during a specific period.

a) will be allowed to b) have to c) are able to d) were to

4) The firm должна была start the production of new equipment at the end of the year.

a) must b) was to c) might d) will be allowed to

5) According to Trade Union restrictions, it нельзя employ youths in some industries and many services sectors.

a) is not allowed to b) are not to c) was not able to d) should not to

Упр.4. Перепишите и переведите предложения, обращая внимание на способы перевода герундия [Gerund].

1) By using the automated teller machines, bank customers are able to withdraw cash from their accounts at all times of day or night.

2) Merger is combining two or more commercial organizations into one with the aim of increasing efficiency and avoiding competition.

3) On learning that the company had sold his invention without speaking to him, the scientist was shocked. He accused the company of violating the Copyright Act.

4) Counterfeiting money is one of the oldest crimes in the history of humankind.

5) For improving the image of the company, the marketing manager suggested sponsoring the national team in some popular sport.

Упр.5. Перепишите и переведите предложения, обращая внимание на значения ing-формы. Подчеркните Participle I одной чертой, Gerund – двумя.

1) The biggest Stock Exchanges function in London, New York City, Tokyo and Frankfurt-on-the Main, providing round-the clock operation of the stock exchange market.

2) The process of slowing down the inflation rate is sometimes called disinflation. This term should not be confused with the term deflation meaning a fall in the general level of prices.

3) This company specializes in producing small-size farm machines and it is successfully competing with other leading producers in the world market.

4) Trying to stop the growth of unemployment, the government is taking various measures, including granting subsidies to producers who provide additional jobs in their enterprises, creating new jobs in state industries as well as establishing retraining centers for redundant workers.

5) In the 1960s, many developing countries with low productivity and low income began borrowing large sums of money from Western banks in order to industrialize.

Упр.6. Перепишите и переведите предложения, обращая внимание на значения ed-формы.

1) If added, all households’, firms’ and the government’s expenditures for goods and services make up the nation’s total spending.

2) As manufacturing and industry increased during the Industrial Revolution, the percentage of the labor force employed in agriculture markedly decreased, especially in Western Europe.

3) To my mind, the slogan used in our advertising campaign must be changed because it is too dull and does not produce any impact.

4) The demanded quantity of goods depends on a particular market, the number of consumers, their tastes and even the season of the year.

5) For 40 years after 1945, countries in Eastern Europe had a planned economy in which market mechanisms played only a minor role.

Упр.7. Перепишите и переведите данные словосочетания, обращая внимание на особенности перевода определений, выраженных существительными.

1) goods delivery price 6) wages and salaries increase

2) new quality-control program 7) city power supply system

3) machinery service life 8) safety engineering rules

4) market-economy country 9) labor economics expert

5) debt cancellation agreement 10) demand and supply assessment

Упр.8. Поставьте сказуемые, данные в скобках, в отрицательную форму. Предложения перепишите и переведите.

1) Labor like that of a musician or a librarian, although useful, [increases] material wealth of society, that is why it is called unproductive labor.

2) Although the economic study had been done at the request of the government, the latter [followed] the recommendations of the analysts.

3) My report about exports of foodstuffs to developed countries [have been finished] yet but I have already found the necessary data in the Internet.

4) The goods prices [vary] greatly within a particular market as all sellers impose practically the same prices.

5) When economic and political situation [is steady] in the country, it [is safe] to store wealth in the form of money.

Упр.9. Прочитайте текст, устно переведите его и выполните упражнения, данные ниже.

ORGANIZATION OF PETROLEUM EXPORTING COUNTRIES

[1] Few citizens of the industrialized nations had ever heard of the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) until 1973, when it imposed an oil embargo on the United States and raised the price of crude oil by 70 percent. The name of the oil cartel suddenly became a household word¹.

[2] Before OPEC was founded in 1960, the system of petroleum production and distribution was controlled by large oil companies in Europe and the U.S. By keeping the price of petroleum and its derivatives low, the companies had become very profitable, and they also had made the industrialized nations dependent on cheap oil. As a result, petroleum became a leading factor in the prosperity that occurred in North America, Western Europe, and Japan after World War II.

[3] Many of the nations with large petroleum reserves, however, were very poor, particularly those in the Middle East. In the 1950s, these countries became more nationalistic and unwilling to² have a valuable and unrenewable resource continue to bring them small profits. In September 1960, five nations – Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, Saudi Arabia, and Venezuela – established the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries in order to coordinate the petroleum production and export policies of its members. Six other nations – Qatar, Indonesia, Libya, United Arab Emirates, Algeria, and Nigeria – joined later.

[4] For nearly 13 years, OPEC was a relatively weak organization with little impact on oil company policies. This situation changed dramatically in 1973. The USA and several Western European nations had supported Israel in the Arab-Israeli conflict. In retaliation³, the Arab members of OPEC imposed a temporary embargo on oil shipments to countries friendly to Israel and raised the price of crude petroleum from $3.01 to $11.28 per barrel. This resulted in a gasoline shortage in many countries and greatly increased the cost of gasoline.

Throughout the rest of the 1970s, OPEC increased oil prices several times. By 1980, a barrel of crude oil had risen to 30 dollars. As a result, OPEC nations amassed great wealth while Western nations experienced inflation, recession, and high unemployment.

[5] The U.S. and other Western nations had taken measure to reduce their dependence on OPEC. These countries began expanding their use of other energy sources such as coal and nuclear power, increased drilling for their own oil reserves and strengthened relationships with other petroleum-producing nations, such as Mexico. In turn, OPEC nations found themselves sitting on large stockpiles of oil, with lower demand among Western nations. OPEC had to cut petroleum prices, which continued to fall throughout the 1980s.

[6] In early 1990, the cost of a barrel of crude oil accounted for $14. OPEC tried to stabilize the price by setting limits on the amount of oil produced by each member. Kuwait’s refusal to cut production resulted in Iraq's invasion of Kuwait in 1990, which set off the Persian Gulf War⁴. When the UN imposed embargo against oil exports from Iraq and Kuwait, the rest of the OPEC countries voted to increase their petroleum production. For several years after the Persian Gulf War, OPEC did little to change the production and pricing of petroleum. In 1997–98, however, oil prices collapsed. A widespread economic crisis in Asia led to a sharp drop in demand for oil. After the crisis passed, oil prices went back up.

[7] Nowadays, OPEC countries supply about two-fifths of the world's oil consumption and possess about three-fourths of the world's proven oil reserves. However, the organization's influence has been greatly reduced because of internal dissents⁵, the development of alternative energy sources in the West, and exploitation of oil sources in non-OPEC countries.

Notes: 1) household word – хорошо знакомое/повседневное слово

2) became more nationalistic and unwilling to… – начали бороться за свою независимость и уже не хотели, чтобы…

3) in retaliation – в ответ, в ‘отместку’

4) to set off the Persian Gulf War – развязать войну в Персидском заливе

5) dissents – разногласия

Упр.10. Перепишите и письменно переведите 3 и 4 абзацы текста.

Упр.11. Ответьте на поставленные вопросы, выбрав правильный вариант(ы).

1) When did the name of OPEC suddenly become a household word?

a) when this oil cartel was founded in 1960

b) when it increased the price of crude oil by 70 percent in 1973

c) when OPEC imposed an embargo on oil shipments to the USA

2) Why did five Middle East nations establish the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries?

a) in order to increase world’s oil prices

b) in order to take the petroleum production in their hands

c) in order to coordinate the petroleum production and distribution

3) Why did the Arab members of OPEC impose an embargo on oil shipments to the USA in 1973?

a) because the USA had invaded Iran

b) because the USA had supported Israel in the Arab-Israeli conflict

c) because these countries wanted to reduce their dependence on the USA

4) What was the result of increasing oil price by 70 per cent?

a) large oil companies in the USA and Western Europe amassed great wealth

b) OPEC nations made enormous profits

c) the cost of gasoline greatly increased in many countries

5) What measures had Western nations taken to reduce their dependence on OPEC?

a) these countries started developing their own oil fields

b) these countries strengthened relationships with such oil-producing nations as Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, Saudi Arabia, and Venezuela

c) these countries began using other energy sources such as coal and nuclear power

6) Why did OPEC have to cut petroleum prices in the 1980s?

a) because OPEC wanted to help Western nations to cope with inflation and recession

b) because there was oil overproduction all over the world

c) because oil demand among Western nations greatly lowered

В А Р И А Н Т 2

Упр.1. Перепишите предложения, поставив глагол в указанную видовременную форму, и переведите их.

1) The approval of the new tax law [to cause – Present Perfect Active] considerable discontent in commercial circles.

2) At the end of the 20^th century, the unemployment [to grow – Past Continuous Active] rapidly not only in the countries of the Third World but also in economically developed countries.

3) Nowadays, employees [to pay – Present Indefinite Passive] either in cash or by check, but direct payments into the employee’s bank account [to become – Present Continuous Active] more and more popular.

4) Twenty new workers [to hire – Past Indefinite Passive] for temporary job after the company [to receive – Past Perfect Active] the rush and heavy order for the delivery of their products into one of the developing countries.

5) In Norway, both the euro and the national currency, the crown, [to use – Present Continuous Passive] in circulation now.

Упр.2. Перепишите и переведите предложения, обращая внимание на употребление эквивалентов модальных глаголов to be allowed to, to be able to, to be to, to have to. Подчеркните эквиваленты модальных глаголов и соответствующие им варианты перевода.

1) Only certified public accountants are allowed to estimate the accuracy of a company’s financial statements.

2) In order to avoid risks, investors have to assess the likely future returns from their investments in advance.

3) With the beginning of “perestroika” in this country, a number of enterprises were not able to adjust to new economic conditions. Some of them went bankrupt; others had to be closed down because they were unprofitable.

4) Domestic firms are to raise efficiency of their production because international trade increases competition among producers.

5) Some economists think that such rapidly developing Asian countries as China and Taiwan will be able to overtake the USA in the production of high-tech equipment in the nearest future.

Упр.3. Выберите модальный глагол или его эквивалент из предложенных вариантов. Предложения перепишите и переведите.

1) Until the 19^th century, people могли travel freely between most countries without a passport.

a) was allowed to b) were to c) were able to d) may

2) Part of the company’s profits должна be put into the business development.

a) is to b) shall have to c) is allowed to d) were to

3) I hope that our company сможет compete with the larger manufacturers.

a) will have to b) can c) will be allowed to d) will be able to

4) If you want to quit the job, you должен give a month’s notice.

a) may b) have to c) could d) is able to

5) Exchange rate is the price at which you можешь buy and sell foreign currency.

a) could b) are to c) had to d) can

Упр.4. Перепишите и переведите предложения, обращая внимание на способы перевода герундия [Gerund].

1) Consumers have already appreciated the convenience of buying expensive durable goods such as cars, TV sets or washing machines on credit terms.

2) Boom is a period of intense business activity when a growth of demand for all the commodities results in increasing industrial production.

3) Under conditions of hyperinflation, withdrawing national currency from circulation and issuing a new monetary unit is the only possible decision.

4) In translating the terms ‘counterfeiting’ and ‘forgery’, one should take into consideration that there is a slight difference between them.

Counterfeiting means making false money, securities, and, sometimes, consumer products. Forgery means falsifying documents such as checks, passports, driver's licenses, credit cards, birth certificates, Social Security cards, wills, theater tickets, or identification cards.

Упр.5. Перепишите и переведите предложения, обращая внимание на значения ing-формы. Подчеркните Participle I одной чертой, Gerund – двумя.

1) Before manufacturing a new product and putting it on sales, market research should be carried out. Marketing system is used not only for introducing new products in the market but for increasing sales of an existing product as well.

2) The company’s manager makes many important decisions concerning hiring and firing employees, distributing duties among them, evaluating the company’s activities.

3) Taking into account the company’s high reputation among businesspersons, the creditors have agreed to its paying the debt in a month.

4) The International Monetary Fund was set up during the World War II with the aim of encouraging economic cooperation between the countries in the post-war period.

5) The number of students specializing in finance, credit and accountancy is constantly growing in this country.

Упр.6. Перепишите и переведите предложения, обращая внимание на значения ed-формы.

1) Canada is known throughout the world for its rich natural resources and for the great amount of grain raised by its farms, but it is manufacturing industries that employ more people than agriculture, mining, forestry, and fishing combined.

2) A place where coins are minted according to exact compositions, weights, and dimensions, usually specified by law is called a mint.

3) Gross Domestic Product is the total market value of goods and services produced within a country during some period, usually one year.

4) The Copyright Act adopted by the US Congress in 1976 created the legal foundation for protecting the work of many industries, for example music recording industry, motion picture industry, book publishing industry, etc.

5) The first minimum wage in the U.S. enacted by Massachusetts in 1912 applied only to women.

Упр.7. Перепишите и переведите данные словосочетания, обращая внимание на особенности перевода определений, выраженных существительными.

1) labor productivity increase 6) interest rate cuts

2) debtor creditor relationships 7) seven-day goods delivery

3) economy recovery problem 8) product quality index

4) revenue growth prospects 9) salary deduction

5) European Union member-countries 10) oil production decline

Упр.8. Поставьте сказуемые, данные в скобках, в отрицательную форму. Предложения перепишите и переведите.

1) Less developed countries got political independence more than 50 years ago, but they [have reached] a high level of living standards of industrialized countries yet.

2) The level of living [varies] greatly in main industrialized countries, it is relatively the same.

3) A bank [will grant] you a loan to start a company if you [have] a business plan.

4) The goods produced by the members of the European Economic Community [are subjected] to high taxes and sometimes are duty-free.

5) He lent me the money but he [trusted] me completely and asked me to give him an IOU.

Упр.9. Прочитайте текст, устно переведите его и выполните упражнения, данные ниже.